CC BY
33
MSC 70Q05
DOI: 10.14529/ mmp170203
THE MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF THE DYNAMICS OF SYSTEMS WITH REDUNDANT COORDINATES IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF STEADY MOTIONS
A. Ya. Krasinskiy, A.N. Ilyina
Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow, Russian Federation E-mail: krasinsk@mail.ru, happyday@list.ru
This paper describes a method of use of equations in M.I'. Shul'gin's form in Lagrangian variables for steady motion stability and stabilization problems of systems with geometric constraints. These equations of motion are free from Lagrange multipliers; we substantiate their advantage for solving stability and stabilization problems. Depended coordinates corresponding to zero solutions of characteristic equation are allocated in the disturbed equations of motion. These variables are necessarily present in systems with geometric constraints for any control method. It is suggested to present equations of motion in Routh variables for finding stabilizing control coefficients; Lagrangian variables are more useful for constructing an estimation system of object state. In addition to previous results, we evaluate the ability to reduce the dimension of measured output signal obtained in conformity with the chosen modelling method. Suppose the state of system is under observations and the dimension of measurement vector is as little as possible. Stabilizing linear control law is fulfilled as feedback by the estimation of state. We can determine uniquely the coefficients of linear control law and estimation system can be determined uniquely by solving of the corresponding linear-quadratic problems for the separated controllable subsystems using the method of N.N. Krasovsky. The valid conclusion about asymptotical stability of the original equations is deduced using the previously proved theorem. This theorem is based on the nonlinear stability theory methods and analysis of limitations imposed by the geometric constraints on the initial disturbances.
Keywords: geometric constraints; redundant coordinates; M.F. Shul'gin's equations; stability; stabilization; steady motion.
Introduction
Working out of control methods for nonlinear dynamic systems (control "in the large" [1]) is a typical issue both of modern control theory and technical practice. At the same time optimal utilization (energy, informational, computational and so on) at every mode of systems operation remains the most significant requirement for the modern and perspective automation. In this context, an optimization that is realized in real time during a control process becomes the central problem of the modern stability theory.
In practice, information about an object state is presented as a measurement vector. Generally, the dimension of this vector is much less then the dimension of the state variables vector. So an important stage of applied problems solution is analysis of experimental data to make estimation of the controlled object state optimal and suboptimal [1,2]. Thus, constructing of nonlinear mathematical models and practical application methods are required for control analysis of modern technical devices. The methods are used for possibly complete employment of properties of an object proper (without any additional actions) motions (modes of operation), reducing the number of equipped actuators (dimension of control), and for decreasing measuring information quantity for control law design.
Review of Previous Results
There are many alternatives to make a valid choice of a dynamics modelling method for a certain class of problems in analytical mechanics. Ease of use and simplicity of the model directly depends on the chosen form of equations of motion and the type of variables these equations consider.
As it is well known [3, p. 5-6], Lagrangian, Hamilton's variables or some other parameters can be assumed as main variables describing the state of a mechanical system with independent Lagrange's coordinates. Eouth suggested to use a combination of Lagrangian and Hamilton's variables. Eouth's equations are equal to both equations presented in Lagrange's form and equations presented in Hamilton's form [3, p. 7]. Which method you use will be based upon your requirements.
If a system is a subject to constraints it makes the procedure of a choice of the most suitable generalized coordinates more complicated. In the article it is supposed that configuration of a system is restricted by geometric constraints. In numerous actual technical tasks, particularly, in the problems of control for multilink manipulators and other mechanotronic systems it is advisable [4-8] to describe configuration of mechanical component of the system by n + m parameters, where n is the number of the system degrees of freedom.
Then m of these n + m parameters are called redundant coordinates. There are m independent equations that include these n + m parameters.
d(Fh Fm)
Fk (qi,..-qn+m) = 0, к = 1,m; rank——^^-- = m. (1)
o(Qi,... qn+m)
Eliminating of the dependent coordinates from (1) is quite difficult and in many cases leads to cumbersome formulas, especially when trigonometrical functions [8, p. 288] are included in the equations.
It is useful to consider systems with geometric constraints as systems with redundant coordinates. Numerous works on analytical mechanics were devoted to the dynamics of such systems. At the same time the stability and stabilization problems of steady motion have not been studied enough for systems with redundant coordinates despite the great theoretical and practical significance.
Different forms of equations of motion [4-7] were analyzed in [9,10] for systems with geometric constraints. It was shown that accurate mathematical model can be constructed relatively simple if equations in M.F. Shul'gin's form are used. It is also necessary to take into account geometric constraint equations differentiated once with respect to time. Thus, in general, a common examination methodology for the stability and stabilizations of steady motions problems was created for systems with geometric constraints. Theorem 1 about asymptotical stability was proved in [10] using the theory of critical cases [11-13] and taking into account the restrictions on the initial disturbances. It was proved in theorem 1 that an equilibrium position of a system with redundant coordinates is asymptotically stable if the number of zero roots of characteristic polynomial is equal to the number of constraints and the real parts of the other roots are strictly negative. A number of theorems was proved [14] about the sufficient conditions of solvability by the method [15,16] for stabilization problems on the assumption of incomplete state information. These theorems are based on theorem 1 and Malkin's theorem about stability at permanent acting disturbances [12, p. 315-317]. Effectiveness of the developed method was shown [17] by the
example of an accurate solving the equilibrium position stability and stabilization problem of one of the most popular bench system called BALL AND BEAM [18,19].
Problem Statement
In general, considering systems in Eouth's variables essentially simplifies [3, 10, 14-16, 20-22] the procedure of linear stabilizing control coefficients determination for stabilization problems. But Eouth's variables are very disadvantageous [21, 22] for the control implementation while solving the asymptotic stability problems with respect to all variables on the assumption of incomplete state information. In this case required information cannot be obtained directly from the information sensors. Using Lagrangian variables gives additional abilities to reduce the dimension of measuring vector. But the procedure of stabilizing control coefficients determination is essentially more complicated if Lagrangian variables are used. Application of this variables considerably complicates the analysis of original (nonlinear) equations structure in the system closed by the designed control law. When control acts on a part of components of a cyclic coordinates vector in any way the number of zero roots of the characteristic equation is more then the number of geometric constraint equations.
In the work we suggest the approach based on application of different mathematical models of the same controlled mechanical system at different stages. Eouth's variables can be used to design the control law that stabilizes the prescribed undisturbed motion. Lagrangian variables are handy for getting the information about the state of the system. The first stage, the determination of the control law coefficients when the dynamics is described in Eouth's variables, has been studied [14-16] quite extensive. So this work is devoted to the constructing of a nonlinear system dynamics model for systems with geometric constraints in general case if equations of motion are presented in Lagrangian variables. Then we develop the method [15,16,21] for dataware of the control loop in the stabilization problem on the assumption of incomplete state information.
1. M.F. S Imp gin's Equations in Lagrange's Variables 1.1. General Case
Suppose configuration of a mechanical system is specified by parameters q\,..., qn+m, where n is the number of the system degrees of freedom. The system configuration is limited by m independent relations (1) (geometric constraints) between q1}...qn+m■ Without loss of generality coordinates qn+1,... qn+m can be considered as redundant. For convenience, introduce some vectors (the prime denotes transposition):
r' = (qi,...,qn) , s' = (qn+i, ■■■qn+m) , q' = (r', s') , F' = (Fi,..., Fm) ; (2)
Then, in the vector-matrix form equations (1) can be written as
Kinematic (holonomic) constraints can be obtained by differentiating (3) with respect
F (r',s') = 0.
(3)
to time:
dF dF
(4)
The depended velocities vector can be expressed from (4):
(dFN
s = 4 as7
') ' { dr')
idFs
г=в q r в ta)=-^Г-®'
The general view of the kinetic energy is:
1
T = T2 + Ti + To = -^à (q) q + d' (q) q + To (q) ,
where â
càrr càrs àc sr àc ss
2
(5)
(6)
àc rr (q)
( Iii (q) ■
àc ni (q) ■
àsr (q) = à'rs (q) , iss (q)
is a symmetric matrix,
àin (q) \
àc
àrs (q)
(q)
( à(n+i)(n+i) (q)
( ài(n+i) (q) ■■■
\ àn(n+i) (q) ■■■
à(n+i)(n+m)
(q)
à(n+m)(n+m) (q) J
ài(n+m)
(q)
àn(n+m) (q) J
d(q) = (
y a(n+m)(n+1) (q) •
Eliminate the depended velocities (5) from expression (6) for the kinetic energy
T* (q, r) = T* + T* + To = 2r'a (q) r + d' (q) r + To (q) , a (q) = arr + 2 • arsB + B'assB, d' (q)
d'r + à\B.
.
(7)
Suppose the system is affected by potential forces with energy n(ç) and nonpotential position forces Qr (q,q), Q« (q, q) corresponded to coordinates r, s. Let Q*(q,r) and Q*s(q,r) denote the nonpotential forces after eliminating the dependent velocities using (5). Then the vector-matrix equations in M.F. Shul'gin's form [4] in Lagrangian variables can be written as
ddLS dLS Q's + B (q) ( + Q's) , (8)
dt dr dr r \ ds
where L*(q, r) = T*(q, r) — n(q) is the Lagrange function.
Remark 1. Equations (8) can be considered as a special case of Voronetz equations for nonholonomic systems with integrable kinematic constraints. This fact gives an opportunity to apply all methods of researching nonholonomic systems dynamics. From the other side, this equations have fundamentally different structure due to the lack of nonholonomic terms. Consequently there are some interesting features, which should be examined.
1.2. Shulgin's Equations in the Presence of Cyclic Coordinates
Suppose there are cyclic coordinates in the sense of [4] among the independent parameters q1,...,qn describing the system configuration. Then, the explicit form of vector-matrix equations of motion must be deduced.
Let ¡3 = (qi+1,..., qn) denote a vector of cyclic coordinates and a = (q1,..., qi) denote a vector with components consists of the rest of the independent coordinates. So the vector r of the independent coordinates is: r = (a 3 )• Then, since coord mates 3 are cyclic
dF = dB dß = 0 dß
dT
0 aß
д П 0- dß
0.
(9)
Consequently, the depended velocities are evaluated from geometric constraint equations (1) differentiated with respect to time as follows:
dF , dF. . (dF )-1 (dF). n. ..
daa + d7s = 0 ^ s = " U7J (^d^J a = B«(a>s)a (10)
Let the kinetic energy have the form similar to (6) but here
(daa dap das \ / a \ / da
dpa app aps I , q = I P I , d = I dp asa asp ass ) \ s J \ ds
After eliminating the dependent velocities using (10) the kinetic energy expression is:
where
t*4 aaa ::)( a)+(da)( a)+T*
aaa — daa + 2aasBa + BaassBa; aap — aap + Badsp■ apa — aap■ app = dpp; d'a = da + dsBa; d!p = ddp.
(11)
Lagrange function is L*(a,s,a,/) = T* — n. If there are not nonpotential forces corresponded to the cyclic coordinates equations can be written as
if — f = Qa + Ba (f + «)■ If = 0. <»>
It is handy to write equations (12) in the scalar form for the further analysis of the system:
a q + a q + (daYs + daYs B — 1 daxs 1 B daxs \ q q + aY&qS + aYOqa + ^ Qqx + B v) 2 dqY 2 B VY 9q^ qxq$ +
.(daYQ + daYQ B _ dax° B daxa\ q q _ 1 I daTa + b daTa \ q q +
+ ^ dqx + dqM dqY B VY dq^ ) )2 ^ dq7 + B VY dq^ J qT q° +
I P _ oax° D dax° \ A A _ 1 I °aTa i R oaTq
Btix c.. BtiY aq^
+ (dd^ + ddY B _ ddx _ B ddx\ q _ ( dd^ + B dd^ \ q_
+ ^ dqx + dqM dqY qX ^ dq7 + B VY dq^ I q°
d(T0-n) B d(To-n) = Q* + B Q* ■ ' dq^ dq^ = Q( + Q
(13)
qS + aiaqa + + ^B^x) qxqS + (l^ + ^ +
^£ + SB»x) qx = 0.
Repeated indexes are summed over the values: j,8,x = C,a,T = l +
1,... ,n; = n + 1,... ,n + m. In addition to equations (13) it is necessary to take into account differentiated geometric constraint equations (10) or in the scalar form
qv = Bxqx- (14)
As obviously follows from (12) the system has cyclic integrals. Holonomic systems always [3-5] have steady motions:
a = 0; a = a0 = const; /3 = cp = const s = s0 = const. (15)
Constants a0,cp,s0 can be determined from
-1 ((tr)0 + B>"<(0) (id) cv* - ((Ha)0 + B„(0) (%)o) C-
- (Щ—1)0 - B„Щ—1)^ = QUao.So,0,ce) + B„(0)Ql(ao,sa,Q,c0). '
Notation (.. .)0 h Bpv(0) means that the expressions are calculated at a steady motion (15).
Remark 2. According to (16) there is a system of l equations with respect to n + m unknowns. It is necessary to take into consideration the geometric constraint equations (1) as before. Thus, the dimension of the manifold of holonomic systems steady motion is more or equal to n — l, where n — l is the number of the cyclic coordinates.
Remark 3. Stability of the system motion in regard to cyclic impulses ^^ directly follows from the equations of motion (12). Steady motion is not stable with respect to the cyclic coordinates in the general case (in the case of nonasymptotic stability with respect to the cyclic velocities). If we use control that provides an asymptotic stability with respect to the cyclic velocities, unperturbed steady motion will be stable with respect to the cyclic coordinates.
2. Stabilization of a Steady Motion of Systems
with Geometric Constraints under the Assumption of Incomplete State Information
2.1. Equations of Disturbed Motion in the Neighborhood of Steady Motions
Introduce some initial disturbances: a = a0 + x; s = s0 + y; / = c^ + w and assume that nonpotential forces corresponding to the coordinates of position have the following structure:
Q*a = faaa + fasS + Qaaa + QasS + Q^'; Q*s = fsaa + fssS + Qsaa + QssS + Q. (17)
Coefficients are calculated at a steady motion (15). Let the upper index (2) denote degree of lowest term in the expansion of the corresponding expression.
Remark 4. This form (17) of forces is chosen for simplicity. The suggested methodology allows to work with nonpotential forces of any form.
Then, using (13), the vector-matrix equations of disturbed motion with the first approximation separated can be written as
Alx + A2W + (c)Vi + Da — F^ X + CV 2 + Df3 — F]) w+
+
x+
Cl 0 (g) 0 + B'a(0)C2 + ¿flte - Ga
C + (1?)0 (£)0 + В'„№'\ + os<S\ce - G.] y = x!?\x,y,x,w); (18)
A3X + A4w + (c pФ3 + D^ X = xf\x,y,x,w); y = Ba(0)X + B<0:){x,y)X; Ba\x,y) = Ba(a0 + x,S0 + y) - Ba(0);
where
Ai = Wa^s (0)||, A2 = \\a(a (0)||, A3 = ||aCT-0)||, Ai = \\a0
r< _ ( d2W A n — ( d2W A n — ( d2W \ n — n' . Ci = ^ dqx dqj 0 ' C = dqx dqj 0 ' C = ^ ^ dqJ o , C = C ;
Da = Wdx + Bvx — — |o' dp = | — (+ ||o>
Fa = faa + fasBa(0) + B'a(0)fSa + B'a(0)fssBa (0), Fp = fap + B'a(0)fsp ■
Ga = 9aa + B'a(0)Qsa, Gs = Qas + B'a(0)Qss,
= || + ^Bvx — — ||0, *2 = ||^
^ = — (^ + , = 1|| d~t |o> ^2 = 1|| d-t |o>
3
daTa | da
+ oaTQ B dqx + dqn vx
Dp = || ft + dt B,xHo, W = n — T0.
0 qx
Then, following [21], determine variables corresponding to zero roots of the characteristic equation via the linear substitution [23]:
z = y — Ba (0)x. (19)
System (18) can be written as
AiX + A2W + ($a — Fa) x + (r - Fp) w + Kx + Sz = xa\x,z,x,w); ^q^ A3X + A4W + $px = Xp2\x, y,x,w), Z = bO~\x, z)x;
$a = Cp tfi + Da, $p = Cp ^3 + Dp, r = c'p ^2 + Dp; K = Ci + Ba(0)C2 + C3Ba(0) + Ba(0)C4Ba(0) + CB+ +cp^2Cp + C(^2cpBa(() — Ga - GsBa(0);
C B = (BO „( W 0+(B) „( W 0 Ba(°)-
Notice that the matrices Ga,Gp, Fa, Fp are composed of coefficients of linear in position coordinates and velocities terms of the nonpotential forces Qa,Qs. Also it is necessary to
CB
geometric constraint equations (1) and can be lost in case of linearization of the geometric constraint equations. Components of the matrices $p, r depend (in contrast to [20,24]) not only on the quadratic in velocities terms of the kinetic energy but on the linear in velocities of position coordinates terms, also.
Thus, we deduced the general form of the mathematical model for the stability and stabilization problems of steady motion for systems with geometric constraints and n — l independent cyclic coordinates to nonlinear vector-matrix equations in Lagrangian variables. It is significant that for the construction of the model substitution (19) was
z
which are always present. Then, it is possible to deduce some statements about sufficient conditions of stability and instability of undisturbed stationary motion by determining the position of the other roots of the characteristic equation, analogously to [22]. In the case of instability it is possible to consider a stabilization problem of undisturbed motion. Instability takes place if det K < 0, in particular. The information about the state vector of the object can be incomplete. For definiteness let's consider one of the possible stabilization problem statements. For simplicity we examine the simplest variants of measurement vector structure.
2.1.1. Stabilization Control by the Cyclic Coordinates under the Assumption of the Incomplete Information About the State
Suppose the control action u is acted upon by all components of cyclic coordinates vector. Then system (20) with this control takes the form
AiX + A2w + (Фа - Fa) X + (Г - Fp) w + Kx + Sz = Xja\x, z, X, w) A3X + A4w + Фв X = u + X^2; Z = B{a\x, z)X.
(21)
The canonical first order system derived from equations (20) is:
£ = + Vu + Zz + S(2)(C,z), Z = B^(x,z)xh C' = (x',x1,w' ); (22)
0 Ei 0 \ ( 0
N = I —biK —bi($a — Fa) — b2$p —bi(r — Fp) I , V = I b2 — bK —b3($a — Fa) — —b3(r — Fp) lb*
( 0 \
Z = I -biS I , s(2)
-b3S
0
biX(2) + b2X(2) A-i = ( bl b2
V b3X(2) + b4X{2) )
A-* = ( bi b2 )
A = b3 b4
where bi; b2, b3, b4 are submatrices of dimensions l x l, l x (n - l), (n - l) x ^d (n -l) x (n - l) accordingly. Then introduce the simplest variants of matrices for coefficients of measurement vector linear approximation oi = Ei
Ei = ( Ei 0 0 ) ; £2 = ( 0 Ei 0 ) ; S3 = ( 0 0 En-t ) .
The estimation system for obtaining the required information to form the stabilizing control is:
I = Ni + Vu - Lk (Ek i - o^j , i = (x ,xi,w^J . (23)
Theorem 1. If for system (22) the following conditions
rank (V NV N2V ... Nn+l-iV) = n + l; (24)
rank (E'k N Ek ... Nn+l-iEk) = n + l; k = 1, 2, 3, (25)
hold, then there is a linear control
Uk = Лк ik (26)
stabilizing steady motion (15) to asymptotic stability with respect to all variables. Here ik
Ok
solution of the stabilization dual problem
¡1 k = N'^k + EkVk, Vk = Lk¡ik, k = 1, 2, 3. (27)
Proof. Separate the controllable subsystem
t = Ni + Vu (28)
Вестник ЮУрГУ. Серия «Математическое моделирование и программирование» (Вестник ЮУрГУ ММП). 2017. Т. 10, № 2. С. 38-50
from system (22). The observability condition (25) of subsystem (28) is the sufficient condition of the ability to determine uniquely the matrices Lk in (23) by solving dual linear-quadratic problems using the method of N.N. Krasovsky [12, p. 475-514] for systems (27). Thus, if the conditions (24), (25) hold there are [25] matrices Ak and Lk such that the real parts of the roots of systems (28) and (23) characteristic equations are negative. The components of the matrices Ak and Lk can be determined uniquely by solving the corresponding linear-quadratic problems using the method of N.N. Krasovsky. As the structure of the closed nonlinear system (22) meets the conditions of theorem 1 [10] it is asymptotically stabilized by the control law (26).
□
Remark 5. Obviously, depending on h, we can say which rows of matrix N are determinative for the observability conditions fulfillment: if h = 1 (position coordinates perturbation) the first l rows of N are significant, if h = 2 (cyclic velocities) then the next l rows of N and, finally, if h = 3 (depended coordinates perturbation) then the last n — l
N
Remark 6. In particular, the required condition for building the estimating system by the developed method cannot be fulfilled if r — Fp = 0. An analogous result for holonomic systems with independent coordinates and the kinetic energy T = T2 was obtained in [24]. In this case the structure of a measuring vector should be changed. One of the possible variants is adding to the vector some components of the velocities vector. In principle, in Lagrangian variables all components of this vector can be directly measured. Thus, the measured signal can comprise disturbances of the cyclic velocities, i.e., if the estimation system is not constructed in Eouth's variables the structure of the measurement vector can be essentially different (compare with [14-16,21,22]). In the first
N
Selection of components of velocities disturbances from the measurement vector depends on its structure. The minimal dimension of the measurement vector is determined [26] by the number of nontrivial invariant polynomials of the matrix and corresponded hardware. The dimension of the control vector due to the chosen way of stabilization and types of variables in the problem is equal to the number of the cyclic coordinates and cannot be decreased (compare with [14]).
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Received April 1, 2016
УДК 531.36 Б01: 10.14529/ттр170203
О МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОМ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИИ ДИНАМИКИ СИСТЕМЫ С ИЗБЫТОЧНЫМИ КООРДИНАТАМИ В ОКРЕСТНОСТИ УСТАНОВИВШИХСЯ ДВИЖЕНИЙ
А.Я. Красинский, А.Н. Ильина
Московский авиационный институт, г. Москва
В переменных Лагранжа разрабатывается применение свободных от множителей связей векторно-матричных уравнений движения к задачам устойчивости и стабилизации установившихся движений систем с геометрическими связями. В уравнениях возмущенного движения выделяются обязательно присутствующие при любом способе управления переменные - зависимые координаты, соответствующие нулевым корням характеристического уравнения. Обосновываются преимущества использования уравнений в форме, предложенной М.Ф. Шульгиным. Разрабатывается подход, основанный на применении модели в переменных Рауса на этапе определения коэффициентов стабилизирующего управления и модели в переменных Лагранжа для построения системы асимптотической оценки фазового состояния объекта. Анализируются дополнительные в сравнении с ранее полученными результатами возможности сокращения размерностей вектора измерений, доставляемые выбранным способом моделирования. Стабилизирующее линейное управление реализуется в виде обратной связи по оценке фазового состояния, полученной по измерению возможно меньшей размерности.
Коэффициенты управления и системы оценивания определяются решением методом H.H. Красовского соответствующих линейно-квадратичных задач для выделяемых управляемых подсистем. Заключение об асимптотической устойчивости в силу этих нелинейных уравнений следует из ранее доказанной теоремы, основанной на методах нелинейной теории устойчивости и анализе условий, накладываемых геометрическими связями на начальные возмущения.
Ключевые слова: геометрические связи; избыточные координаты; уравнения М.Ф. Шульгина; устойчивость; стабилизация; стационарные движения.
Литература
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Александр Яковлевич Красинский, доктор физико-математических наук, профессор, кафедра «Теория вероятностей», Московский авиационный институт (г. Москва, Российская Федерация), krasinsk@mail.ru.
Анастасия Николаевна Ильина, старший преподаватель, кафедра «Теория вероятностей», Московский авиационный институт (г. Москва, Российская Федерация), happyday@list. ru.
Поступила в редакцию 1 а,прем,я 2016 г.
