48Innovative Technologies in Teaching Foreign Languages and Learner Assessment in Online Education Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute of Tashkent region
THE LINGUACULTURAL ROLE OF INCANTATIONS IN LINGUISTICS
Gulrukh Khusan kizi Norbekova
English language teacher Jizzakh state pedagogical institute, Uzbekistan gulruh. bonny@gmail .com
ABSTRACT
The article is devoted to the study of the linguistic features of incantations. The features of fairy tales, in which the linguistic game is most clearly manifested have been analyzed. The article focuses on magic spells from the books by J. Rowling's "Harry Potter" which revealed the techniques of linguistic games. The article also views semantic, structural and etymological aspects of incantations.
Keywords: incantation, linguistic game, fairy tale, language game, word formation.
INTRODUCTION
An incantation is a chant or formulaic use of words invoking or suggesting magic or ritual. A formulaic use of words to create magical effects. Incantation derives from a Latin word meaning "to consecrate with charms or spells," and, indeed, charms, spells, chants, and conjurations all employ the apparatus of sympathetic magic. Incantations, whether spoken or chanted, are characteristic of archaic poetries everywhere, which have always employed the rudimentary power of repetition to create enchantment. Oracular and prophetic poets rely on what Roman Jakobson calls "the magic, incantatory function" of language to raise words beyond speech, to create dream states and invoke apocalyptic forces, dangerous transcendent powers. The Orphic poets and Hebrew prophets, as well as those outsize vatic figures who identify with them (Christopher Smart, William Blake, Walt Whitman, Robert Desnos), deliver incantations formally, not haphazardly, and harness the rhythmic power of repetition through parallel structures and catalogs. Here is a statement from "The Song of Amergin," which was said, as Robert Graves has pointed out, to have been chanted by the chief bard of the Milesian invaders as he set his foot on the soil of Ireland, in the year of the world 2736 (1268 BCE) [4].
METHODS AND DISCUSSION
The linguistic game is a characteristic feature of magic fairy tales. And this is not just a game for the sake of a game. With using various techniques in a fairy tale
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Innovative Technologies in Teaching Foreign Languages and Learner Assessment in Online Education Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute of Tashkent region
the same magical atmosphere is created, which allows you to plunge into another world, the world of fairy tales and magic. Traditions fairy tale to the fullest can be traced in J. Rowling's books about Harry Potter. Understanding the techniques language games that she uses in books, allows you to penetrate deeper into the atmosphere and the magical world of these books, create a different level of reading of the text. Back in the XX century, T. Kuhn [2, p.300] began to develop language game theory, but very long theory remained only in the plans. F. de Saussure put forward a theory closest to the final work on the language game [1, p.432]. Only in 1941 did the German linguist L. Wittgenstein published a book containing the final theory of linguistic the game, as well as its conditions and specificity. In the mentality of native speakers, language play is associated with deliberate playful use of language in the very broad sense of the word, with diverse frivolous abuse of words and sounds, with playing on the basis of new unexpected forms of words, with all kinds of puns, witty jokes and popular humorous aphorisms [3, p.126].
There are also many titles in J.K. Rowling's books that require cultural and historical commentary to reveal the allusions they contain. A sinister store that sells not-so-legal witchcraft items, especially ingredients for black magic, is called Borgin and Burkes. The surname of the first owner of the store refers to the famous Italian family Borgia, who became famous, in particular, as famous poisoners. The surname of the second owner is an allusion to the famous Irish murderer William Burke. He strangled his victims and sold the bodies to doctors for autopsies. This surname became the basis for the English verb to burke "to choke."
RESULTS
J. Rowling's penchant for linguistic games is also manifested in spells widely used by all wizards from the book "Harry Potter". In the course of working with the dictionary, several structural features were noticed. And an attempt was made to divide them into groups according to the peculiarities of their structure. Let's look at the component structure of spells first. By the number of components, spells can be divided into 3 subgroups: simple spells; compound spells; spells in the form of a phrase.
The first subgroup includes spells with only one word, such as Expulso or Flagrate. After analyzing the dictionary, it was noticed that all such spells are formed mainly from verbs or adjectives. For example, Expulso is derived from the Latin verb expulso (to beat, drive away, drive away) and is used to explode.
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The next subgroup is compound spells. Such spells are made up of two parts combined into one compound word. For example, Levicorpus or Morsmordre. In this subgroup, several basic models are presented, according to which these complex words are formed.
As for the morphological structure of the considered complex words - there are two main ways of word composition - when the whole words are combined or when only the stem of the word is taken.
The third subgroup is spells in the form of phrases. They also consist of a noun and a verb acting on it, but in this case the words in the spell stand separately and form a free phrase, such as, for example, Wingardium Leviosa or Expecto Patronum. Reading the Harry Potter books in English, you will notice that the meanings of most of the spells are fairly clear. Take Lumos for example. This root is found in the words illumination, luminescence. By choosing the same root words and correlating the meaning, it is easy to establish that the word Lumos is derived from the Latin word lumen "light". It is just as easy to establish the etymology of the Imperio spell using the cognate words emperor, empire. It is derived from the Latin verb imperio, which means "I rule".
Consequently, the assumption arises that the spells in the novels are derived from Latin roots, that is, they have a Latin etymology. This semantic transparency is due to the fact that English and Latin are closely related to each other. Latin borrowings represent a huge layer of modern English. Thus, for the English, JK Rowling's play on words in spells is more understandable, since many English words were borrowed from Latin. Only the form of words in which Latin endings are present is unusual. As you know, English is an analytical language, and it lacks the endings of word forms, as in Latin. But semantically, modern English words are closely related to the Latin ones from which they originated. Examples of this technique include spells such as Confundo, Deletrius, Expecto Patronum, and Obscuro. Let's consider these examples in more detail.
-Confundo. Comes from the Latin word confundo, which translates as "confused, distorted." In English there is an analogue - the word confused, which means "confused, confused", thus, English reader can understand the meaning of this spell.
CONCLUSION
The use of the Latin language to form spells can be explained by two reasons. Firstly, the author uses the language of science generally accepted for European countries, which until the 19th century was considered Latin, it was in it in the
Innovative Technologies in Teaching Foreign Languages and Learner Assessment in Online Education Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute of Tashkent region
Middle Ages that teaching was conducted in most universities in the world. Secondly, many of the other concepts in the Harry Potter series also have their roots in the roots of this language. For example, the word dementor is derived from the Latin verb demento - to deprive the mind and is cognate with the name of a disease such as dementia (senile dementia). In the formation of spells, other languages are also used, and not only European, such as Greek, Italian, French, but also African and Asian languages.
REFERENCES
1. Saussure F. de. General linguistics course. - Yekaterinburg: Ural Publishing House. University, 1999 .-- 432 p.
2. Kuhn T. The structure of scientific revolutions. - M .: Progress, 1977.300 p.
3. Simakina M.A., Golodova O.A. The term "language game" in linguistics // In the collection: Problems of teaching a professionally-oriented foreign language at the university. Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. - 2017 .-- S. 126-128.
4. Tolkien J.R.R. About fairy tales - M .: 1992. http: //fairypot.narod.ru/story/Tolkien.htm
5. https://poets.org/glossary/incantation
