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Section 3. Geography
Section 3. Geography
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-18-19
Abdulkasimov Ali, doctor of geographical science, professor Davranov Kamoliddin, senior teacher Samarkand state university, Uzbekistan R-mail: [email protected]
The issue of protection of anthropogenic landscape intermountain basins Central Asia
Abstract: The current issues of man-made landscapes, which are widespread in large intermountain basins of Central Asia, which constantly maintain and manage human activities. It is noted that intermountain basin is rich in minerals and construction materials. As a result of mining any man-made landscapes, habitats and areas is constantly increasing. Reclamation of man-made landscapes is essential in the optimization of their condition and the protection of ecological environment. It is recommended to develop a network of nature reserves, game reserves, national parks and recreational reserves.
Keywords: protection of man-made landscapes, recreational reserves, reclamation of technogenic geocomplexes, optimization and security, environmental protection measures, national parks, ancient residential landscapes, archaeological sites, salinization, related phenomena.
Anthropogenic landscape complexes — irrigated agricultural, residential, industrial, water, rain-fed agriculture, travel, recreation, ancient residential — an integral part ofthe structure of modern natural complexes whose functioning is constantly maintained production and economic activity. The complexity of the structure and different anthropogenic landscapes in the organization and management of security systems requires special attention to the originality of its natural conditions and the zonal and regional peculiarities [1, 46-51].
Issues of protection of man-made landscapes are highly relevant, as well as the protection of natural systems. Ongoing support health and integrity of anthropogenic landscapes at a high level, resolution and management — it is air protection residential and industrial landscapes from pollution, water landscapes (reservoirs, ponds and irrigation canals) from a strong destruction of biomass, siltation and pollution from agricultural landscapes drought and dry winds, wind and water erosion, secondary salinization and water logging, the organization of recreational reserves, reclamation of natural and man-made systems, etc. These activities contribute to the economic potential of all categories of transformed landscapes. On this occasion D. L. Armand writes: "In nature can be affected so that any changes made to it will result in only partial changes in its enrichment. But for this you know well its mechanism. And it is much more difficult than the cleverest cybernetic machine" [2, 19-20].
In heavily transformed landscape complexes, along with positive changes and negative changes occur. Therefore, in the structure of man-made landscapes are often observed disturbed landscapes, is a product related phenomena positive impact of human activities on the environment. Anthropogenic badlands, gullies on loess heavily eroded and eroded gray soils, irrigation ravines, secondary salinization and wetlands — is the result of related phenomena that occur during development, irrigation and the use of landscape complexes. Therefore, the complexity of the mechanism of nature requires enormous labor and knowledge, scientific soundly measures used in the rational
use of natural resources, identify regional patterns and their differentiation, and anticipate the expected changes and related phenomena, as well as their impact on geographically contiguous landscapes.
Large intermountain basins of Central Asia are quite rich in minerals and construction materials, widely used in the national economy. In geocomplexes mining areas as a result of the general mining has changed dramatically, and any man-made (career-dumping) complexes, habitats and areas from year to year. Reclamation of man-made landscapes is of great importance to optimize their system and environment. Land reclamation is now becoming more and more landscape-ecological and environmental aspects. It is seen not only as a measure to increase the area of agricultural land, but also as a system of measures aimed at restoring the entire chain of damaged natural bonds or to establish a violation to more stable, highly productive and natural and economic systems [3, 139-144]. Man-made landscapes, are subject to reclamation in Karatepa, Agalyk, Ingichka, Zarmitan, Mardjanbulak, Koytash (Samarkand Basin) Kyzylkiya, Kokyangak, Tashkumyr, Shurab, Sulukta, Haidarkan, Changyrtash (Fergana valley), Uzkyzyl, Lyalmikar, Kokayty (Surkhandarya depression), Chilik Koskuduk, near Panfilov (Ili Basin) and others.
In large intermountain basins special care is also evident in so widespread in Central Asia ancient residential rural and urban landscapes that contains a structure of an ancient man-made landscapes and their formation history. These ancient residential landscapes are Afrosiab, Sapalli, Old Termez, Ayritom, Zartepa, Bandyhan, feels and others are constantly under protection. Some of them declared a state of archaeological reserves, such as Afrasiab.
Thus, the task of caring for Nature Conservation as part of the natural and man-made landscape of the complexes, the combination ofwhich are most pronounced in large intermountain basins of Central Asia. The structure of the intermountain basins, landscapes are so complex and diverse that the activities undertaken for the protection of should take into account their regional and local character
Specialization of agriculture — as the solution to the problem of employment (a case study of Samarkand region)
of the natural environment, as well as their characteristic physical and geographic phenomena. "Before we allow the slightest change in any of the components of nature conservationist must ensure that he understands the unity of the natural environment. It must first examine the effects of natural phenomena and conditions, and then choose how to protect natural resources [4, 38-39].
In large intermountain basins of Central Asia and framing their slopes are unique natural objects and samples of typical landscapes requiring conservation and support their optimal conditions. In Samarkand basin and its surroundings such objects are Amanku-tan gorge — terraced slope-WIDE forest landscapes, upper plane trees — Grove millennial plane trees with powerful springs, Nav-ka — Grove poplar-plane-tree plantations with springs having a large flow rate, a very rare and sporadic in the mountains of Aktau
juniper forest landscape, located in the pool and Takabaysay Tutak-say typical carst landscape on the plateau Kyrktau, outlier-lowland semi-desert landscape with exposures of Paleozoic rocks (Chupana-ta). In general, large intermountain basins of Central Asia are unique not only their individual plots, and are remarkable in terms of nature of each of them [5, 18-20].
The scientific and technical progress, actively and comprehensively affecting the development of the structure and dynamics of landscapes, it is necessary and commandments nationwide cause. In Issyk-Kul basin reserve regime has been operating since 1948, which can be recommended for other major intermountain basins of Central Asia. Consequently, the development of a network of nature reserves, game reserves, national parks and recreational reserves urgent and important problem.
References:
1. Abdulkasimov A. A. Control and protection of landscapes intermountain basins of Central Asia.//Geography and natural resources. -Novosibirsk, - 1991. - № 2. - P. 46-51.
2. Armand D. L. We and our grandchildren. Part 2. - M.: Thought, - 1966. - 254 p.
3. Motorina L. V. Objectives of land reclamation in the reproduction of exploited natural resources.//Questions of Geography, - No 108. - M.: Thought, - 1987. - P. 139-144.
4. Parson R. Nature presents the bill. - M.: Progress, - 1969. - 567 p.
5. Abdulkasimov A. A., Davronov K. K., Razikova Z. E. The protection of man-made landscapes intermountain basins of Central Asia.//Ac-tual problems of development of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre. - Samarkand, - 2014. - P. 18-20.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20534/ESR-17-1.2-19-23
Zokirov Sayidfozil Sayidakbarovich, (PhD), Institute of Forecasting and Macroeconomic Research,
Tashkent (Uzbekistan) Ibragimov Lutfullo Ziyadullayevich, (PhD student)
University of Alexandru loan Cuza, Iasi (Romania) E-mil: [email protected]
Specialization of agriculture — as the solution to the problem of employment (a case study of Samarkand region)
Abstract: The agrarian situation of Samarkand city which located in the center of the Republic was studied in the following article. The main meaning of the research is that the author tried to pay attention to the briefly study of agriculture of the region ant its place in the Republican agriculture. In addition, it is estimated as main factor of occupancy of the population and development of agriculture. The main factors are indicated for the development of agriculture and specialization according to the analysis. The process of specialization of production of vegetables, cotton, livestock, gardening, tobacco and others branches in agriculture in the districts of the region influenced to the occupancy of population.
Keywords: Specialization of agriculture, potential of the region, agro-industrial, agricultural products, agricultural sector, economic development, employment of population.
Introduction. Uzbekistan geography scientist professor Abdusa-mi Soliyev said that, this plain is from southern east to the northern west direction, it is considered to be the socio-economical "pavement" and unique root of this historical-geographic area [1]. Samarkand region is one of the important regions to the national economy of Uzbekistan. The provincial agriculture is in the direction of the regional agro-industrial agriculture, and of 75 percent of agricultural GDP [2].
The development of agriculture is depend with Zarafshan River in the region. Zarafshan River is important in providing agricultural crop lands with water and its old tributaries such as, Sazagonsoy, Ohakliksoy, Omonqotonsoy, Qoratepasoy, Urgutsoy, Oqtepasoy, Tosinsoy is of great importance and they are managed
by human [3]. It should be noted that the water regime of the Zaraf-shan River is much more comfortable to provide water to all kinds of cultural crops during the growing season [4]. The largest water reservoir among water reservoirs built in region is considered Kat-takurgan water reservoir. This water reservoir plays an important role in the agriculture of Samarkand and Bukhara regions. This water reservoir provides 94 thousand hectares of area of Samarkand and Bukhara regions with water. As the result, the irrigation supply is enhanced in nearly 150 thousand hectares of area [5].
Agricultural potential of region is high and it is on the 3rd place in quantity of agricultural products after Tashkent (12.6%) and Andijan (10.2%) in republic (Table 5). In region cotton-growing,
