CC BY
14THE INFLUENCE OF MOTHER'S EXTRAGENITAL PATHOLOGY ON THE FORMATION SPLEENS OF OFFSPRING IN THE EARLY PERIOD POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS
Sultanova D.
Bukhara State Medical Institute, Department of Biological Chemistry Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Abstract
The effect of chronic toxic hepatitis in a female rat on the growth and development of the spleen of offspring in the period of early postnatal ontogenesis has been researched. It was found that chronic maternal hepatitis leads to a pronounced lag in the formation of the spleen during the period of pure breastfeeding, the transition of rat pups to a mixed diet had a positive effect on the formation of structural and functional zones of the spleen.
Keywords: early postnatal ontogenesis, hepatitis, development, spleen, rat pups.
The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ in humans and mammals, making a significant contribution to the development and maintenance of the cellular and humoral immune response, innate and acquired immunity, the quantitative and qualitative composition of immunocytes in blood, lymph and other lymphoid organs [1, 2, 3]. Interaction and establishment of connections accompany its development in early postnatal ontogenesis between hematopoietic and stromal cell populations of numerous microanatomical zones on the territory of the organ.
Chronic hepatitis is one of the common diseases, and is often the cause of extragenital pathology, among women of fertile age [4, 5, 6]. Naturally, a violation of the functional condition of the liver during pregnancy and breastfeeding has a negative effect not only on the mother's body, but also on the developing offspring [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. At the same time, in the literature available to us, we were unable to find works devoted to the research of the influence of a chronic mother on the formation of the spleen of the offspring during the period of breastfeeding. In this regard, the purpose of our work was to research the effect of experimental toxic maternal hepatitis on the structural and functional development of the spleen of the offspring during the period of early postnatal ontogenesis.
Material and methods
The experiments were carried out on 50 sexually mature female white outbred rats weighing 130-150 g. All animals were quarantined for two weeks to exclude infectious diseases. Animals were divided into 2 groups (25 rats in each): experimental and control. A model of heliotrinic hepatitis was prepared by weekly administration of 0.05 mg of heliotrin per gram of body weight for 6 weeks. The control group received sterile saline instead of heliotrin. In the future, the course of pregnancy was monitored. It should be noted that the experiments were carried out in accordance with the requirements of the "European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Scientific Purposes" and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki on the humane treatment of animals. 10 days after the last injection, males were added to the females. In the future, the course of pregnancy was monitored. The pups were decapitated under light ether anesthesia on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 30th days after birth. Pieces of the spleen were fixed in 12%
neutral formalin or Bouin's liquid, and after the appropriate wiring, they were embedded in paraffin. Sections 5-7 ^m thick were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and used for morphological and morphometric researches. Statistical processing of the data obtained was carried out using computer programs.
Results and discussion
Consequently, to our research, it was found that the rat spleen undergoes certain structural and functional rearrangements in the process of postnatal growth. In newborns, during the first days after birth, the spleen parenchyma is mainly represented by red pulp. Outside, the organ is covered with a thin connective tissue capsule, from which delicate layers of connective tissue extend into the organ. During this period of postnatal life, the spleen of rats is characterized by the presence of many erythroid cells at various stages of differentiation, diffusely distributed lymphoid cells, granulocytes and megakaryocytes, as well as the absence of a formed white pulp. On the 3rd day of postnatal development, it is characterized by the relative development of the cellular components of the red pulp, pronounced processes of thrombocytopoiesis and erythropoiesis, the appearance of muscle-type arteries and the beginning of the formation of the lymphoid apparatus of the spleen. For the 7th day of postnatal development, significant rearrangements of the stroma and parenchyma of the spleen are characteristic. During this period, the formation of the reticular base of the organ, the pronounced development of the vascular system and the differentiation of the red and white pulp take place. On the 14th day, further formation of the stroma and parenchyma of the spleen is observed. This period is characterized by a decrease in the rate of erythropoiesis and thrombocytopoiesis in the spleen, and, on the contrary, the intensification of the processes of lymphocytopoiesis and the formation of the white pulp of the organ. On the 21st day of postnatal ontogenesis, the predominant development of the white pulp of the organ is observed. In this case, there is an increase in the number and expansion of the diameter of the lymph nodules. It should be noted that in the lymph nodes. As in the previous study periods, germinal or light centers are not clearly expressed. At the same time, in each nodule during this period, it is possible to distinguish three zones. Along with the periarterial and marginal zones, an intermediate zone located between
the indicated zones is identified during this period. Thus, on the 21st day of postnatal development, the formation of a white pulp occurs, where the processes of lymphocyto, plasmacytopoiesis and antibody formation take place. At the same time, the intensity of erythropoiesis and thrombocytopoiesis significantly decreases. The increase in the number of macrophages
Influence of toxic maternal hepatitis on some anthropometric parameters and spleen mass of rat pups in the dy
in the red pulp probably indicates that during this period the spleen begins to actively function as a hematopoietic organ. Further growth of the organ is accompanied by its quantitative and qualitative changes. By the 30th day of postnatal growth, the spleen acquires a structure characteristic of the spleen of adult animals.
Morphometric indicators of the thymus A group of animals Age of animals (in days)
1 3 7 15 21 30
Rat weight, g C 5,6±0,08 6,0±0,09 8,9±0,11 18,6±0,43 29,1±0,82 42,3±0,75
E 5,1±0,11 5,3±0,13 8,1±0,12 16,9±0,42 26,8±0,55 34,7±1,14
Rat body length, mm C 27,1±0,47 33,0±0,58 44,2±0,39 51,6±0,52 55,2±0,88 57,6±0,96
E 23,9±0,43 27,1±0,52 36,4±0,48 41,5±0,52 47,6±0,82 51,6±1,05
Absolute mass of the spleen, g C 7,4±0,34 20,9±0,89 31,6±1,04 67,7±2,92 78,6±3,58 138,1±4,84
E 8,3±0,36 16,0±0,45 22,9±0,69 71,9±3,12 119,6±4,13 181,6±4,25
Average number and diameter of lymph nodes in the spleen of rats in the dynamics of early postnatal ontogenesis
№ The investigated parameter A group of animals The investigated parameter
7 14 21 30
1 Average number of nodules C 5,8±0,10 7,3±0,22 8,7±0,31 12,5±0,31
E 4,7±0,11 6,2±0,13 7,6±0,24 12,3±0,25
2 Average diameter of nodules C 176,4±1,6 278,5±3,3 329,6±2,5 338,2±3,2
E 160,4±1,8 261,3±2,6 322,3±3,2 335,8±2,9
A completely different picture was observed in the research of the spleen of rat pups born to mothers with chronic toxic hepatitis, where there was a significant delay in the postnatal formation of structural and functional zones. On the 7-14th day of the experiments, the parenchyma of the lymphoid follicle consisted mainly of diffuse lymphoid tissue without clear between the red and white pulp of the organ. The sub capsular sinuses were significantly dilated. The absence of formed lymphatic follicles during this period is characteristic of the spleen and, as established by other researchers [12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18] for the lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. On the 14th day, only the formation of small lymphoid follicles was observed in the rat pups of the experimental group, but their number of diameters was significantly smaller and lower than those in the spleen of the control group of rat pups. In the control group, during this period, sufficiently formed lymphatic follicles were revealed. Even by the 21st day of the postnatal period, the lymphoid tissue of the spleen in rats of the experimental group remained hypoplastic, without clear boundaries of various structural zones of the lymphatic follicles.
It is known that the postnatal formation of lym-phoid tissue depends on many internal and external factors, among which an exclusive role is assigned to environmental antigens. With exogenous antigenic exposure, a significant acceleration of the formation of lymphatic follicles and the differentiation of their structural and functional zones was noted [17, 18, 19, 21,22]. However, the natural formation of lymphoid tissue under the influence of environmental antigens can occur only under the condition of the normal course of the processes of embryonic formation and intrauterine
development of the organs of the immune system. Undoubtedly, chronic hepatitis, accompanied by a number of metabolic disorders in the body, changes the natural course of embryonic development of organs and systems, including the immune system, and in particular the spleen. These disorders continue to manifest themselves in the postnatal period of life. Our data indicate a significant delay in the postnatal development of the spleen system in toxic hepatitis of mother.
Thereby, because of our research, it was found that in rats born to females with chronic heliotrinic hepatitis, the structural and functional formation of the spleen lags behind in the initial period of breastfeeding, the transition of rats to mixed feeding has a positive effect on the development of the spleen. Consequently, prophylactic treatment of pups from mothers with toxic hepatitis should be carried out, most likely, starting from the antenatal period and continued during breastfeeding.
References
1. Afanasyeva M.A. Development of the immune system in the ontogenesis of rats: neuroendo-crine-immune interactions: author. dis. to apply for an account. step. Cand. biol. Sciences: spec. 03.00.17 "Physiology" / M. A. Afanasyeva. - M., 2009. -- 22 p.
2. Khasanov B.B. (2020) Experimental chronic toxic hepatitis and hematological features in the dynamics of lactation in mother and property // International Scientific Journal Theoretical & Applied Science-ISSN: 2308-4944 (print) e-ISSN: 2409-0085 (online)Year: 2020 Issue: 05 Volume: 85 Published: 28.05.2020 http://T-ScieUCe.01g
3. Kashchenko S.A. et al. The structure of the
spleen of white suckling rats /medico - biological bulletin 2013, volume 16, No. 1, part 1 (61). - S.104-106.
4. Khasanov B. B. (2020) EXPERIMENTAL CHRONIC TOXIC HEPATITIS AND HEMATOLOGICAL FEATURES IN THE DYNAMICS OF MOTHER'S AND THE OFFSPRING LACTATION. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(09). 1367-1373.
5. Volkov V.P. A new algorithm for the morpho-metric evaluation of the functional immunomorphol-ogy of the spleen. Universum: Medicine and pharmacology: electronical scientifically journal. 2015; 5-6 (18) [Electronic Resource]. URL: http://7univer-sum.com/ru/med/archive/item/2341. (Date of access April 10, 2017).
6. Khasanov B.B. (2004) Features of the reproductive function of female rats and the development of offspring under infectious and toxic effects. Infection, immunity and pharmacology. No. 1. 106-108.
7. Azizova F.X. (1997) and others. Structural and functional properties of mesenteric lymph nodes under antigenic influence in early postnatal ontogeny. Uzbekistan Medical Journal. 10-11: 14-16.
8. Azimova S.B., Azimov B.K. (2021) Chronic hepatitis of mother and morphological features of immune system formation of posterity. Novateur publications Journal NX-A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal I. SSN No:2581-4230, Vol.7, ISSUE 6. 173175.
9. Khasanov B.B. (2020) Functional features of process of lactation from toxic hepatitis. New Day in Medicine, 2020, 2(1) (30/1), 210-212.
10. Davronov R.D., Davronova Sh.R. (2020) Modern views on the participation of the thymus in the processes of immunogenesis. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine. Vol. 07, Issue 09. 13591366.
11. Khasanov B.B. (2021) Structural and functional features of immunocompetent breast cells glands during pregnancy and lactation in chronic hepatitis / B.B. Khasanov. // Psychology and Education. - 2021. - Vol. 58(2). - P. 8038-8045
12. Khasanov, B., Sultanova, D., Azimova, S., & Oripova, N. (2020). CHRONIC HEPATITIS OF MOTHER AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF IMMUNE SYSTEM FORMATION OF POSTERITY. The Scientific Heritage, (55-2), 42-43.
13. Khasanov, B. (2021). MATERNAL TOXIC HEPATITIS, STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL
FORMATION OF THE LEAN INTESTINE OF THE OFFSPRING IN THE DYNAMICS OF EARLY POSTNATAL ONTOGENESIS. The Scientific Heritage, (78-2), 33-37.
14. Khasanov B.B., Sultonova D.B. Early postnatal ontogenesis and structural and functional features of the formation of the spleen, Journal of Biomedicine and Practice 2020, Special issue, pp.442-448. http:// dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9300-2020-SI-51.
15. Tukhtaev K.R. (2003) and other. Structural and functional relationships of immunocompetent cells of the mammary gland of lactating rats and small intestine of rat rats during breastfeeding // Morphology, No.6, 124, 2003, S. 70-72.
16. Khasanov B.B. (2021) Offspring jejunum structural and functional development during breastfeeding against the background of mother's chronic toxic hepatitis. Europe's Journal of Psychology. - 2021. - 17(3), 330. https://doi.org/10.59116/ejop.5491
17. Khasanov B.B. (2020) Experimental toxic hepatitis and autoimmune processes in the dynamics of lactation, Journal of Biomedicine and Practice 2020, Special issue, pp. 31-35. http:// dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9300-2020-SI-4.
18. Khasanov B. B., Sultanova D. B., Azimova S. B., & Oripova N. A. (2018). Influence of chronic toxic maternal hepatitis on the development of the immune system of offspring in early postnatal ontogenesis. Global Science and Innovation 2020: Central Asia, 127.
19. Oripova N.A. (2021) Modem concepts of the structure and function of peyer's patches. New Day in Medicine 1(33)2021 189-193. https: //cutt. lv/3 zN0vh3
20. Khasanov B.B. (2021) Offspring jejunum structural and functional development during breastfeeding against the background of mother's chronic toxic hepatitis. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 2021, Vol. 17(3), 330-335. https://doi.org/10.59116/ejop.5491
21. Azimova S.B., Azimov B.K. (2021) Chronic hepatitis of mother and morphological features of immune system formation of posterity. Novateur publications Journal NX-A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal I, 2021, SSN No:2581-4230, Vol.7, ISSUE 6. -P. 173-175.
22. Georgountzou A and N.G. Papadopoulos. (2017) Postnatal Innate Immune Development: From Birth to Adulthood. Front. Immunol. 11 August 2017 | https://doi.org/10.3389/finunu.2017.00957
