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108Влияние цифровой экономики на трансформацию рынка труда The Impact of the Digital Economy on the Tansformation of the Labor Market
DOI: 10.34130/2070-4992-2021-1-4-426
УДК 331.5:004
Н. Н. Морозова, Академия управления при Президенте Республики Беларусь (Минск, Республика Беларусь)
N. N. Мorozova, The Academy of Public Administration under the aegis of the President of the Republic of Belarus (Minsk, Republic of Belarus)
Под влиянием цифровой экономики, формирующейся в результате развития цифровых технологий и усиливающихся процессов использования дистанционных форм занятости, вызванных пандемией, охватившей весь мир, происходит трансформация рынка труда. Цифровая экономика активно развивается во всем мире, вовлекая в изменяющиеся процессы все большее количество стран и видоизменяя традиционные формы производства, занятости и потребления. Происходящие изменения требуют формирования у людей принципиально новых навыков и компетенций, которые важны для создания, распространения и использования цифровых технологий в повседневной жизни человека. Сложившаяся ситуация, безусловно, подтверждает актуальность выбранной темы научного исследования. Экономическая нестабильность в условиях пандемии повлияла на все сферы деятельности человека. Из-за ограничений, появившихся в складывающихся условиях, COVID-19 стал сильнейшим катализатором в процессе внедрения современных технологий, способствующих изменению в образе жизни, моделях и бизнес-стратегиях, формах занятости через появление удаленной работы и создание «дистанционных отношений» между работниками и их работодателями. Данный вид занятости стал нормой не только для транснациональных компаний ввиду ограничений на поездки и карантинных мер, но и для рядовых фирм. В научном исследовании рассматривается проблематика адаптационных процессов на рынке труда и формирование новых требований для рабочей силы. Цель научного исследования заключается в обосновании перспектив развития рынка труда и выявлении критериев для обеспечения рациональной занятости в условиях цифровой экономики. Этому послужило изучение теоретико-методологической составляющей цифровой экономики, выявление сетевой готовности, оценка состояния и механизма регулирования рынка труда в современных реалиях. В работе были использованы экономико-статистические и аналитические методы исследования. Результатом проведенного исследования и соответствующим научным вкладом является теоретическое обоснование сущности цифровой экономики и ее влияния на формы занятости на рынке труда. Применение результатов позволит избежать дисбаланса на рынке труда и будет учитываться: в ходе разработки программ развития активной и пассивной политики занятости и прогнозирования состояния рынка труда Республики Беларусь на областном и национальном уровнях; при корректировке потребности в кадрах и трансформации образовательных программ учебными заведениями; для осуществления прорывных технологических проектов, реализующих применение нестандартных форм занятости, которые будут востребованы в будущем в рамках исполнения Государственной программы «Рынок труда и содействие занятости» на 2021 — 2025 годы в Республике Беларусь; при разработке механизма оперативной сценарной подстройки стратегии бизнес-системы к параметрам турбулентной внешней среды.
Ключевые слова: рынок труда, гибкие формы занятости, цифровая экономика, цифровизация, трансформация, пандемия, информационно-коммуникационные технологии
The transformation of the labor market is taking place due to the influence of the digital economy, which is being formed both as a result of the development of digital technologies and has accelerated the processes of using remote forms of employment caused by the pandemic that has engulfed the whole world. The digital economy is actively developing all over the world, involving an increasing number of countries in changing processes and modifying traditional forms of production, employment and consumption. The ongoing changes require the formation of fundamentally new skills and competencies in people, which are important for the creation, dissemination and use of digital technologies in everyday human life. The current situation certainly confirms the relevance of the chosen topic of scientific research. Economic instability in the context of the pandemic has affected all spheres of human activity. Due to the limitations that have appeared in the current conditions, COVID-19 has become the strongest catalyst in the process of introducing modern technologies that contribute to changes in lifestyle, models and business strategies, forms of employment through the emergence of remote work and the creation of "remote relationships" between employees and their employers. This type of em-
Bulletin of Research Center of Corporate Law, Management and Venture Investment of Syktyvkar State University. 2021. V. 1. № 4
ployment has become the norm not only for multinational companies due to travel restrictions and quarantine measures, but also for ordinary firms. The scientific study examines the problems of adaptation processes in the labor market and the formation of new requirements for the workforce. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the prospects for the development of the labor market and identify criteria in the digital economy. This was due to the study of the theoretical and methodological component of the digital economy, the identification of network readiness, the assessment of the state and mechanism of regulation of the labor market in modern realities. Economic-statistical and analytical research methods were used in the work. The result of the conducted research and the corresponding scientific contribution is the theoretical substantiation of the essence of the digital economy and its impact on the forms of employment in the labor market. The application of the results will help to avoid an imbalance in the labor market and will be taken into account: during the development of programs for the development of active and passive employment policies and forecasting the state of the labor market of the Republic of Belarus at the regional and national levels; when adjusting the need for personnel and the transformation of educational programs by educational institutions; to implement breakthrough technological projects implementing the use of non-standard forms of employment that will be in demand in the future as part of the implementation of the State Program "Labor Market and Employment Promotion" for 2021-2025 in the Republic of Belarus; when developing a mechanism for operational scenario adjustment of the business system strategy to the parameters of the turbulent external environment.
Keywords: labor market, flexible forms of employment, digital economy, digitalization, transformation, pandemic, information and communication technologies
Introduction
The digital economy is transforming the labour market by changing the type of professional activity and the nature of labour itself, transforming supply and demand, forms and ways of applying labour, changing the structure of active and passive employment policies under the influence of natural economic processes and the digi-talisation of the economy, which requires new approaches to the employment process and its basis — the workforce. The labour market is a complex socio-economic system, as the resource is man. The new nature of labour is connected with improvement of his/her qualification, constant training and development of creative abilities, as employers are interested in employees with certain qualification skills and competences, which allow getting profit from an employee without investing into his/her professional development, or doing it at the minimum and getting the maximum return. The labour market resource is the working-age population, as well as workers below and above this age, whose potential can be tapped through their involvement in distance working. An important factor in the digital economy is the quality of the workforce, its gender and age composition, the level of education, and today employers are interested in highly scientifically qualified personnel capable of rapidly implementing innovative developments. Lifelong learning, through further education, re-education, retraining and professional development, is an indispensable part of this.
The purpose of this study is to identify the prospects of labour market development in the digital economy. A special role is given to consideration of the conceptual apparatus of the digital economy and digitalization. The transformation of the labour market is influenced by digitalization as a new form of communication, providing a different format of labour relations. In today's context, the development of digital innovation is one of the decisive factors in the competitiveness of national economies.
The basis of theoretical studies of the labour market was laid in the fundamental works of A. Smith, J. Keynes, A. Marshall, K. Marx, and the relationship between the level of unemployment and the number of available jobs is reflected in the work of W. Beveridge. Scholar D. Tapscott was one of the first to define the digital economy and describe it as "the age of network intelligence". N. Lane and T. Mezenburg associated the digital economy with information and communication technologies (ICT) and electronic commerce; C. Dalman understood the digital economy as an era of network intelligence. Dalman understood the digital economy as a combination of technologies of general application, a type of economic and social activity performed by Internet users; R. Bucht and R. Hicks regarded the digital economy as the volume of production produced on the basis of digital technologies.
An analysis of Russian scientists' works allows us to summarize the following: A.N. Ilchenko and K.A. Ilchen-ko analyzed the digital economy and its relationship with ICT from the perspective of economic theory and public administration practice; A.S. Genkin considered the criteria of digital era workers and the labor market in the digital economy; V. Gimpelson and R. Kapeliushnikov considered the de-standardization of employment forms in the labor market; A.I. Dobrinin and S.A. Djatlov studied human capital and investment in a person with a certain stock of knowledge, skills and health.
The research works of the Belarusian scientists present various aspects in the labour market: E.V. Vank-hevich studies the labour market formation in the light of labour flexibilisation and digitalisation; T.N. Mironova
— labour resources and manpower requirements of the economy; A.G. Bobrova and N.M. Shcherbina — aspects of the development of labour institutions. Shcherbina — aspects of institutions development and their impact on human capital, formation of institutional environment of reproduction; G.G. Golovenchik and M.M. Kovalev analyse digital transformation of labour market and education; S.N. Kreutor — social aspects of labour and employment transformation under digitalisation of economy.
Despite the wide range of emerging research on the development of digitalisation, its impact on the labour market and the development of new forms of employment has not yet been fully determined. The methods of comparison, analysis and synthesis, statistical values, research of scientists, data of international organizations
— Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), European Parliament, World Bank, UN Conference on Trade and Development, normative and legislative acts of Russia and Belarus were used in the course of writing the article. The methodology of the study was: a systematic approach, which allows to define the object of management — the labor market, the basic principles and laws under which the processes and parameters of the impact of digitalization run; a procedural approach, where the head is the formation of business processes with the rational use of labor through various forms of employment, including distant employment.
Theory/methodology of research
In today's world, the digital economy is a powerful trend driving the development of all spheres of modern society and all sectors of the economy. Thanks to this, humanity has such processes as the spread and development of robotics, cloud technology, blockchain technology, big data (Big Data), and cybersecurity. Due to the development of the digital economy, there is a direct impact on human capital, forms of employment, and structural shifts in the labour market. The changes caused by the pandemic and its aftermath in the qualitative structure of labour demand against the background of a slow adjustment in the labour market supply leads to an increase in the natural rate of unemployment and requires the rapid acquisition of skills related to the digitalisation processes. Under the impact of such a situation, the Beveridge curve showing the ratio of the unemployment rate to the number of vacancies is known to shift to the right and upwards. The changes in the qualitative structure of demand for labour (in terms of knowledge, skills and abilities) caused by the pandemic and its aftermath are taking place against a slow adjustment of labour supply (retraining, new digital knowledge, skills to work remotely using ICTs are required).
The development of the digital economy is based on the processes of digitalisation of the economy and digital transformation (Figure 1), which makes it necessary to study the genesis of its formation.
r
Цифровая
экономика
f
Цифровизация
f
Информационная
экономика
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Figure 1. Relationship of the components of the digital economy
Цифровая экономика — digital economy Цифровизация — digitalisation
Информационная экономика — information economy Source: compiled by the author
The concept of "digital economy" has many interpretations, combining which it can be stated that it is an economic activity related to ICT, an electronic economy based on digital technologies. Introduced in 1995 by the American scientist N. Negroponte, the term "digital economy" was considered in the context of the concept of electronic economy, which was understood as "the use of information technology in production, management,
communication and entertainment". [1]. In turn, a Canadian scientist D. Tapscott in 1995 described the digital economy as the "era of network intelligence" with the intensive development of a system of human interaction through technology, combining knowledge and creativity to achieve social development [2]. This system is composed of a set of interrelated and interacting elements: an efficient and technologically equipped entity; a highly productive team interacting through digital technologies; an integrated enterprise with a coherent internal information structure; an extended enterprise through inter-corporate digital networks; business activity in an inter-network environment. In the Russian version of D. Tapscott's concept, these elements are considered as "links of the digital society", and each subsequent element includes the previous ones with a new quality [3]. The genesis of the theoretical component of the digital economy is presented in Table 1, based on which it can be noted that experts do not give a precise definition of the digital economy, but consider it as a complex structure or a combination of technologies based on digitalization.
Table 1
The genesis of the concept of the digital economy based on a sample component
Year Author, Source The concept of the digital economy
1999 H. Lane, "Developing the Digital Economy in the 21st Century". The convergence of computer and communications technologies on the Internet and the emerging flow of information and technologies that are stimulating the development of e-commerce and large-scale changes in organisational structure [4]
2012 OECD Ability to engage trade in goods and services through electronic commerce on the Internet [5]
2014 British Computer Society The digital economy, the implementation of business transactions in markets based on the Internet and the World Wide Web [6]
2015 OECD The result of the transformational effects of new general-purpose information and communication technologies [7]
2015 European Parliament A complex structure consisting of several layers connected by an ever-growing number of nodes, where platforms exist in an interconnected way, reaching the direct user through multiple channels and thus making it difficult to exclude specific competitors [8]
2016 World Bank A new paradigm of accelerated economic development based on real-time data exchange... is a system of economic, social and cultural relations based on the use of digital information and communication technologies [9]
2016 OECD A combination of technologies including physical infrastructure involving digital technologies (broadband backbone networks, routers), access devices (computers, smartphones), information systems (Google, Salesforce) and the functionality they provide (Internet of things, big data analysis, cloud computing)" [10]
2017 UN Conference on Trade and Development The use of digital Internet technologies in the production of and trade in goods and services" [11, p. 156]
2017 Oxford Dictionary Economy functioning through the use of digital technologies, non-cash transactions via the Internet[12]
2017 Presidential Decree No. 203 of 09.05.2017 "On the Strategy for Development of Information Society in the Russian Federation for 20172030". Economic activity, in which the key factor of production is the data in digital form, processing of large volumes and the use of the results of analysis, compared with traditional forms of economic activity, can significantly increase the efficiency of various types of production, technology, equipment, storage, sale, delivery of goods and services
2018 Institute for Global Development Part of the total output produced digitally by firms whose business model is based on digital products or services [13]
2020 OECD Economic activity that depends on digital resources greatly enhanced by their use, including digital technologies, digital infrastructure, digital services and data. It refers to all producers and consumers, including government, using these digital resources in their economic activities [14]
Source: compiled by the author.
The digital economy is most fully described by G.G. Golovenchik: "a system of social, cultural, economic and technological relations between the state, the business community and citizens, functioning in the global information space, through extensive use of networked digital technologies generating digital types and forms of pro-
duction and promotion to the consumer of products and services, which lead to continuous innovative changes in management methods and technologies to improve the efficiency of socio-economic processes" [15, p. 27].
Research results
For a comparative assessment of the state of the digital economy, we will use the index method for e-government development, network readiness, the global innovation index, etc. The e-Government Development Index examines a government's willingness and ability to provide public services to the public through the use of ICTs. The main components by which the countries under study are assessed are: the extent and quality of Internet services; the level of ICT infrastructure development; and human capital. According to the ranking of countries (published in July, 2020) on the index of e-government development (Global E-Government Development Index), Belarus ranks 40th out of 193 countries with 0.8084 points behind Russia which ranks 36th with 0.8244 points [16].
The Networked Readiness Index (NRI) is an indicator that considers the development of ICT together with the networked economy, as ICT is now playing a leading role in promoting innovation, increasing productivity and competitiveness, diversifying the economy and stimulating business activity, thereby contributing to improved living standards [17]. It covers 134 countries, which together account for almost 98% of world GDP and is calculated according to 62 indicators grouped into 4 categories: technology; people; governance; influence. We consider in detail the components of the index for the allied states of Belarus and Russia, as well as Poland, Finland and Norway. The choice of these countries is due to the socio-economic similarity of Belarus and Russia and the geographical proximity to the Allied states of a number of European neighbouring states (table 2).
Table 2
Comparative characteristics of the ISG categories represented in 2020.
Category Belarus Россия Польша (ranked Финляндия Норвегия
(ranked 65th) (ranked 48th) 33th) (ranked 6th) (ranked 7th)
Technologies 39,05 46,62 52,99 78,24 75,23
People 48,94 59,68 55,14 78,19 73,88
Management 54,47 56,98 75 88,61 91,3
Influence 54,17 53,65 64,08 75,59 77,14
Source: compiled by the author [18].
As can be seen from the table, Belarus lags far behind both its western neighbour Poland and Russia in terms of the network readiness index, while the Nordic countries represented (Finland and Norway) are in the lead. The level of network readiness reflects the extent to which the population's well-being depends on the informatization of society and the rapid transition to automated work. This low index is indicative of challenges: low ICT literacy skills; underdeveloped institutions; volatility in the business climate; weak technological infrastructure due to low mobile network coverage and digital content availability; reform of economic activity areas towards IT modernization; and lack of receptivity of organizations and government agencies to ICT-based innovation.
Considering the Global Innovation Index (GII), (Global Innovation Index) as a weighted sum of the scores of two indicators, taking into account a number of variables: 1) available resources and conditions for innovation (institutions; human capital and research; infrastructure; domestic market development; business development); and 2) achieved practical results of innovation (development of technology and knowledge economy; results of creative activity) Belarus also lags behind and ranks 62nd out of 132 countries with 32.6 points, while Russia ranks 45th with 36.6 points out of 100, which characterizes the effectiveness of efforts to develop innovation in the country [19].
From the point of view of economic development, we analyzed the following activities of the population using the Internet: Internet banking; using e-mail; buying or selling goods/services; looking for a job or applying for a job; using social networks and professional networks for communication in an organization. The use of internet banking, shopping and ordering is found to be much higher in developed countries than in transition and developing countries. At this stage of development of the digital economy, the impact of ICT on the labour market can be observed, and the impact is more evident in the reduction of employment in those areas that contain routine work. According to statistics for Belarus in 2020. 3.1% was the share of employment in information and communication to the total employed population, while according to Rosstat the figure is 1.9%.
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In 2005, Belarus established the High Tech Park (HTP) as a leading ICT competence centre among CIS and Eastern European countries. The projects "Programming — Second Literacy" and "Informatics without an Outlet" were created thanks to the investment of HTP residents in the Belarusian education system. In 2019, the international project "Digital Curator" was launched by the Russian Znanie Society together with the Federal Agency for the Commonwealth of Independent States, Compatriots Living Abroad and International Humanitarian Cooperation (Rossotrudnichestvo). The aim of this project is to expand teachers' skills in today's digital environment, increasing professional demand through media and information literacy, computer literacy and digital security. In the field of digital economy, the All-Russian Educational Project "Lesson of Digital" has been developed, where one can get knowledge from leading technology companies: Yandex, Kaspersky Lab, Kodwards, Vk, 1C, the Academy of Artificial Intelligence of the Sberbank Charitable Foundation. Private projects aimed at improving digital skills and acquiring knowledge in ICTs are developing: Yandex; OTUS; Skillbox; SkillFactory; HTML Academy; Geekbrains; STEPIK; Tinkoff Education; Sberbank. Information and media literacy should include: learning tasks that require learners to formulate information needs; finding information and resources in the digital environment; information processing, analysis and interpretation skills; critical assessment of information validity and reliability [20, p.23].
The digitalisation of business processes is freeing up staff time for more complex and creative tasks, as well as increasing demands on their skills. From this comes the proliferation of a new approach to allocating responsibility in the workforce: one employee or small team is responsible for several processes with different profiles. As digital technology permeates business processes and redefines roles, it changes tasks and thus "polarizes" employment and wages. Computerisation replaces workers performing routine cognitive or manual tasks that follow explicit rules, and "complements" workers taking on unconventional, creative problem solving and complex communication tasks. Taking these differences into account, it should be noted that computerization is associated with reduced demand for ordinary, rule-based work and increased demand for non-standard, higherorder cognitive tasks [21, p. 327].
However, digitalisation is not only leading to job cuts, but also to the emergence of new professions in the labour market as many business processes are digitised, requiring not just highly skilled employees, but professionals who can constantly retrain, continually improve their skills, change direction and adapt quickly to a new environment. The most promising digital professions at the moment are: e-learning software developer; contextual advertising managers within search engines, affiliate marketing, information security, building modelling and cybersport; network lawyer, robotics engineer. Almost all of the jobs represented can be done remotely, which means that people with high digital expertise will have a significant advantage in the labour market. A distinctive feature of the labour market in the digital economy is the emergence of self-employed workers and freelancers, as well as workers who perform their job functions remotely. This involves a transformation of the traditional employer-employee relationship. The good news is that mobile, ICT-based work can no longer be tied to a place of residence and employees can carry out their work from anywhere, at any time, supported by modern technology. Digital labour market platforms are gaining in popularity, providing opportunities to earn extra income and combine freelance work with their main occupation. Prominent examples of such platforms are: Youdo.com, Freelancer.com and Thumbtack.com. Professionals with self-education skills can not only find suitable jobs, but also build their own business using digital platforms.
The mechanism of labour market regulation in the digital economy has been adjusted by the innovation that the Labour Code of Belarus and Russia includes chapters regulating the relations between the employee and the employer when performing distant work. In particular, such notions as: distant work, peculiarities of interaction between an employer and a distant worker, conclusion and termination of an employment contract, provision of necessary equipment, labour protection, specifics of a worker's time, etc. are enshrined. Every year new "digital" professions replace/supplement the existing ones. The future "digital" worker is a person who is first and foremost multifunctional and mobile, as well as able to work under uncertainty and able to continuously improve his/her qualifications.
Conclusion
The processes taking place in the world since 2020 in the digital transformation accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic have made major adjustments to the labour market conditions and forms of employment, which have become apparent in telecommuting, lockdown, teleconferencing, the expansion of e-commerce and the increasing need for specialists in this field. After the pandemic crisis of the future, we will not go back to our previous state, as a number of new forms of remote employment will develop. Entire sectors such as retail, hospitali-
ty, tourism, education, insurance and others are changing under the influence of digital transformation. Thanks to ubiquitous technology, employers can monitor the smallest details of their employees' behaviour and reward or penalise them accordingly, which will further raise other issues of legal regulation of the degree of freedom of employees and employers. There is a need for government support for a networking strategy and for education in ICTs to create a new institutional environment and encourage a rapid transition to a new economic growth scenario. Identification of the factors determining the state and transformation of the labour market will contribute to competent forecasting of its development.
The conclusion of our research is that rational employment in the labour market and the effective development of the country in the digital economy are determined by:
— The interaction of the state, organizations and business in the sphere of information support of economic processes;
— The formation of an institutional environment for the development of human capital and its realisation through standard and non-standard forms of employment
— The availability of highly qualified personnel in the labour market who implement the principles of network economy and are focused on the active introduction of innovations and investment in IT-technologies;
— Ensuring full-fledged telecommuting activities in organizational units such as marketing, finance and accounting, legal, call centres, and analytics, where processes involve digitalization, project coordination, and backoffice operations;
— The creation of platforms specialising in job search, both in the office and remotely (an example is the Russian Remote Job platform, which presents a remote job search service);
— Developing an educational platform to improve digital literacy and creating appropriate content for the professional development of employees of organizations, because professional skills (Hard Skills) are currently insufficient for successful entry into the labour market and business and digital skills (Soft and Digital Skills) are needed, which, in turn, ensure that the employee is in demand in the rapidly changing labour market conditions;
— Building an information and education space to develop individuals who will be adapted to life in the information society.
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Вестник Научно-исследовательского центра корпоративного права, управления и венчурного инвестирования Сыктывкарского государственного университета. 2021. Т. 1. № 4
Для цитирования: Морозова Н. Н. Влияние цифровой экономики на трансформацию рынка труда // Корпоративное управление и инновационное развитие экономики Севера: Вестник Научно-исследовательского центра корпоративного права, управления и венчурного инвестирования Сыктывкарского государственного университета. 2021. Т. 1. Вып. 4. С. 426—434. DOI: 10.34130/2070-4992-20211-4-426.
For citation: Morozova N. N. The impact of the digital economy on the transformation of the labor market. Corporate Governance and Innovative Economic Development of the North: Bulletin of the Research Center of Corporate Law, Management and Venture Investment of Syktyvkar State University, 2021, vol. 1, issue 4. Р. 426—434. DOI: 10.34130/2070-4992-2021-1-4-426 (In Russian).
