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74THE IMPACT OF HISTORICAL EVENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Gulsevar Usmonova Shohsanam Moydinova Mavluda Sotivoldieva
Chirchik State Pedagogical Institute of Tashkent region [email protected] shohsanammoydinova@gm sotivoldiyevamavluda@gm
ail.com ail.com
ABSTRACT
In this article, try to guess borrowed words from other languages and historical contexts. This article also analyzes word predictions from other languages and discusses historical works on words from other languages.
Keywords: language, distinct, etymology, Germanic tribes, Greek origin, Renaissance
INTRODUCTION
Language-communication occurs when speakers of specific speech varieties communicate. The study of language communication is called contact linguistics. Contrary to popular belief, multilingualism is widespread throughout human history. According to recent similarities, it was not uncommon to know multilingualism even when hunters were gathering, as groups often had to communicate with neighboring peoples who spoke different languages. Today, in regions like sub-Saharan Africa, there is so much diversity of languages, even in close proximity, that it is common for anyone working outside their own city or village to know two or more languages. Thus, communication with language has become a very common phenomenon in human history, and the very wide linguistic diversity of the world today has evolved in the presence of this constant connection. When speakers of different languages are in close contact with each other, it is common for their languages to interact with each other.
METHODOLOGY
Languages typically develop by gradually accumulating internal differences until a parent language is divided into girl languages. This is similar to asexual reproduction in biology. Due to the contact change of language, in this analogy, the merging of individual organisms will be similar to the exchange of genetic material. In fact, they are - if we look at them in modern English. However, if their origins are considered, the picture may look a little surprising. It is clear that a person who does not know English but knows French (Italian, Latin, Spanish) will recognize words that seem too familiar when skipping a book in English.
True, the most common English vocabulary among the world's languages includes many foreign words. Explanations for this should be sought in the history of the language, which is closely related to the history of the people who spoke the language. To better understand the problem, it will be necessary to conduct a brief survey of historical facts from different periods.
In the first century BC, most of the area known to us as Europe was occupied by the Roman Empire. Among the inhabitants of the continent are the Germanic tribes, the "barbarians," whom the arrogant romantics call them. Especially if they are compared to the Roman high civilization and clarity, of course, is not a primitive stage of development. According to the etymology of words, their origin is understood. Breeders, European and German elements. The latter fact is important for the survey. Now an event is taking place that will lead to significant changes. After a series of wars between the Germanic tribes and the Romans, these two opposing peoples will be in peaceful contact. Trade will take place and the German people will gain knowledge of new and useful things. Among them are new things for the first meal. It is mentioned that German animal husbandry is on a primitive scale. His only products known to Germanic tribes were meat and milk. From the Romans they learn to make butter and cheese, for in their tribal languages there are naturally no words for these foods, they must name them using Latin words (lat. Butyral, caseus). Also, to the Romans, the Germanic tribes should know some new fruits and vegetables, as this is part of a dictionary that reflects new knowledge: cherries (lat. Cerasum), pears (lat. Pirum), plums (lat. Ptunus), pea (Lat.pisum), beets (Lat.beta), peppers (Lat.piper).
DISCUSSION
Interestingly, the word plant is also a Latin debt of this period (Lat.planta). Here are a few more examples of borrowing from Latin during this period: glass (Lat.cuppa), kitchen (Lat.coquina), shaft (Lat.molina), port (Lat.portus), wine (Lat.vinum). The fact that all these borrowings occurred is in itself significant. It was very important that the languages of the Germanic tribes acquire and enrich many new words.
By the word borrow or lend, we mean a word that has entered the dictionary of one language from another language and has been assimilated by a new language. All of the Latin words were to become the oldest group of borrowers in the English language of the future, which was later built based on the Germanic tribal languages. This brings us to another period that brings us much closer geographically and chronologically to the English language we know. In the 5th century AD, several Germanic tribes (most of them English, Saxons, and Jews) migrated along the sea to the British Isles, now known as the English Channel. There they came face to face with the Celts, the original inhabitants of the islands. The Celts defended their lands very fiercely against the
invaders, but they could not keep up with the military-minded Tautens, and gradually gave up most of their territory. They retreated to the North and Southwest (modern Scotland, Wales, and Cornwall). Through many connections with the defeated Celts, the winners learned and mastered a few Celtic words (modern English Kal, down, glen, druid, cradle). Germanic tribes occupied the land, but the names of many parts and features of their territories remained the Celts. For example, the names of the rivers Avon, Exe, Esk, Usk, and Ux are derived from the Celtic words "river" and "water".
Surprisingly, even the name of the English capital is derived from the Celtic llyn + dun, in which llyn is another Celtic word for river, and dun means a strong fortress, the whole meaning of which is a hill over a river. Some Latin words entered the AngloSaxon languages through the Celts, as well as common words such as street (Latin strata) and the wall (Latin Vallum). Seventh century AD This century was important for the Christianization of England. Latin was the official language of the Christian Church and therefore the spread of Christianity was accompanied by a new era of borrowing in Latin. They no longer came from Latin as they did eight centuries ago, but from church Latin.
RESULT
Also, the meaning of these new Latin debts was quite different from the previous ones. They mainly represented individuals, things, and ideas related to church religious ceremonies. For example, the priest (Latin: Presbyter), bishop (Latin: Bishop), monk (Latin: Monachus), nun (Latin: Nonna), candle (Latin: Candela). There were also terms of education in their classrooms. It was also very natural that Latin was borrowed for the first schools, and that the first teachers were religious scholars and monks. So the word school itself is Latin for borrowing (lat. Schola, Greek origin) and words like a scholar (lat. Scientist) and master (lat. Magister).
From the late 8th century to the mid-11th century. England underwent several Scandinavian invasions, and this inevitably left traces of the English word. Here are some examples of early Scandinavian borrowings: call, v., take, v., cast, v., die, v., law, n., husband, n.(Sc. Hus+bondi, i.e. "inhabitant of the house"), window, n. (Sc. Vindauga, i.e. "the eye of the wind"), ill, adj., low, adj., weak, adj. Some words of this group are easily recognized as Scandinavian debts with the initial sk-combination. For example sky, skill, skin, ski, skirt.
So, the Old English bread which meant "piece" acquired its modern meaning by association with the Scandinavian brand. The ancient English dream of "joy" has adopted the meaning of Scandinavian drama (along with German Traum "dream" and the R. дрёма). With the famous Battle of Hastings, when the British were defeated by the Normans led by William the Conqueror, we came to the period of events of the
Norman conquest. The period can be called an event not only in terms of national, social, political humanity but also linguistically. England became a bilingual state, and during this two-hundred-year period the influence of the English language on vocabulary was enormous: words derived from the French Norman dialect permeated all aspects of social life. Here is a very short list of Norman French borrowing examples. Some English words have changed their meanings under the influence of Scandinavian words with the same root.
-Administrative words: state, government, parliament, council, power. -Legal terms: court, judge, justice, crime, prison. -Military terms: army, war, soldier, officer, battle, enemy. -Educational terms: pupil, lesson, library, science, pen, pencil.
Everyday life was not affected by the strong influence of French words. During this period, many conditions of daily life were also derived from the French: for example, table, dishes, plate, dinner, supper, river, autumn, uncle, and so on. In England, as in European countries, the Renaissance was marked by significant changes in science, art, and culture during this period, as well as the revival of interest in the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome and their languages. Therefore, a significant number of Latin and Greek borrowings occurred. Unlike the first borrowings in Latin (1st century BC), the Renaissance had rarely clear names. They were mostly abstract words (e.g., big, small, small, average, smart, constant, select, create). Naturally, there were many scientific and artistic terms (database, case, event, philosophy, method, music). The same is true of Greek Renaissance debts (e.g., atom, cycle, ethics, and aesthetics).
CONCLUSION
As a result of historical events stretching back 1200 years, the vocabulary of English is enormously large, rich and varied. The original Germanic language of Anglo Saxon settlers has been subjected to three main waves of influence, Scandinavian and French as a result of invasion, and Latin as a result of intellectual developments during the Renaissance. There have also been other influences from around the world, not least from other varieties of English, such as American and Australian, during the modern period.
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