CC BY
37
îisî SÜtM MW) I
Reanlatorv Mechanisms
in Biosysiems
Regulatory Mechanisms
in Biosystems
ISSN 2519-8521 (Print) ISSN 2520-2588 (Online) Regul. Mech. Biosyst., 2020, 11(2), 344-348 doi: 10.15421/022052
The impact of certain flavourings and preservatives
on the survivability of eggs of Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis
Boyko, O. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2020). The impact of certain flavourings and preservatives on the survivability of eggs of Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 11(2), 344-348. doi:10.15421/022052
The article describes a laboratory study of nematocidal properties of flavourings with antibacterial effect against Ascaris suum (Goeze, 1782) and Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788. In the experiments, eight concentrations of food additives with antibacterial properties were used: cinnamaldehyde, benzoic acid, formic acid, linalool, citral, f-ionone. Minimum LC50 value for eggs ofA suum was observed while using cinnamaldehyde and benzoic acid - 1.62 ± 0.37% and 1.69 ± 0.14%, and for eggs of T. suis - 0.57 ± 0.03% and 1.80 ± 0.11% respectively. The lowest influence on the development of eggs of nematodes of pigs' A suum and T. suis was exerted by formic acid, linalool, citral and f-ionone. In eggs of A. suum and T. suis, larvae formed in 21 and 50 days even during exposure to 3% emulsions of these substances. The strongest negative impact on the eggs of parasitic nematodes was displayed by cinnamaldehyde flavouring. Further study on nematocidal properties of flavourings, as well as their mixtures, would contribute to the development of preparations which would have a strong effect on eggs and larvae of nematodes of animals and humans.
Keywords: nematodes of pigs; flavourings; preservatives; survivability of eggs.
O. O. Boyko*, V. V. Brygadyrenko*' **
*Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, Dnipro, Ukraine **Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Dnipro, Ukraine
Article info
Received 02.05.2020 Received in revisedform 26.05.2020 Accepted28.05.2020
Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University, S. Efremov st., 25, Dnipro, 49600, Ukraine. Tel: +38-099-405-51-98 E-mail: [email protected]
Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Gagarin Ave., 72, Dnipro, 49010, Ukraine. Tel. : +38-050-939-07-88. E-mail: [email protected]
Introduction
Two of the commonest helminthiases of swine around the globe are ascariasis and trichuriasis. The pathogens of these parasitic diseases cause economic damage to pig farming (Lindgren et al., 2019; Nwafor et al., 2019; Zheng et al., 2020). Today, most farmers use synthetic broad-spectrum anthelmintic preparations against ascariasis and trichuriasis of pigs, though some of them have notable side effects (Jakobsen et al., 2019; Vandekerckhove et al., 2019). At the same time, repeated infection poses a threat of development of nematodes' resistance to antiparasitic preparations (Ceballos et al., 2019; de Oliveiia et al., 2019; Palma et al., 2020). Therefore, alternative veterinary and medical preparations with anthelmin-tic activity are now being searched for all around the world (Boyko & Brygadyrenko, 2019c; Palchykov et al., 2019).
Numerous studies have been published focusing on the ways of combating Ascaris suum (Goeze, 1782). Oh et al. (2016) evaluated the effect of several disinfecting preparations on embryogenic development of eggs ofA. suum. According to the results of their experiment, 3.0% cresol and 0.02% sodium hypochlorite can slow the development, but not inactivate the eggs ofA. suum. During 6 weeks of the incubation, eggs of these nematodes still completed the embryonic development. Likewise povido-ne-iodine in 10% solution killed no eggs even during 60 min exposure.
Zhao et al. (2017) determined the influence of medicamental treatment on embryonic development of eggs of A. suum. Eggs were taken from the mother of immature ascaiids extracted from the intestine of pigs. Zhao et al. (2017) also determined effect of abamectin, doramectin, iver-mectin, flubendazole on embryonic development of eggs of A. suum. The process ofthe formation of larvae in eggs of nematodes ofpigs which received abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin reliably did not differ from the control. Flubendazole inhibited the development of embryos of the worms: only in 6.3% of eggs did larvae develop. However, in vitro
exposure of eggs extracted from the contents of the intestines of pigs which received no anthelmintic preparations had no significant effect on the development of larvae.
Quite often in the literature one can find mentions of the effect of plants or their tinctures on the development of eggs of A suum. Anthelmintic in vitro activity of common chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) was studied by Williams et al. (2016). They confirmed that methanol extract of plant has significant anthelmintic effect against A. suum.
Fitri et al. (2019) performed an in vitro experiment for determining the influence of ground seeds of papaya on the development of embryos in eggs ofA. suum. The results of their studies suggest decreased ability of the exposed eggs to form vital embryos, in contrast to the control group of eggs. Nyasinge et al. (2018) also studied the influence of the alcohol extracts ofplants on A. suum. Extracts from the plant Paullinia pinnata L. of the Sapindaceae family displayed significant anthelmintic activity towards eggs ofA. suum. The plant was found to contain saponins, alkaloids, fla-vonoids, tannins and triterpenoids. The results of these studies on the anthelmintic effect of alcohol extract of the plant on A. suum indicate higher mortality of eggs compared with albendazole.
Similar experiments were conducted by Simalango et al. (2018) who studied in vitro anthelmintic effect of ethanol extract of seeds of Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) against eggs ofA. suum: LC50 equaled 1.693%.
Williams et al. (2016) studied in vitro anthelmintic properties of traditional medicinal plants of Africa and the Caribbean Basin. The authors performed screening of ethanol extracts from 29 medical plants against A. suum. Extracts from Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f ex Benth. (Rutaceae), Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepern & Timler (Ruta-ceae) and Punica granatum L. (Lythraceae) proved to be the most efficient against A. suum. The results of their studies demonstrated the possibility of using these plants as additional variants of the treatment of mammals suffering from nematodes. Sea et al. (2017) report in vitro anthelmin-
tic activity of tincture of leaves of holy basil Ocimum sanctum L. (Lamia-ceae) towards A. suum: 15% aqueous tincture exhibited 100% efficiency against eggs of A. suum during 36 h exposure. An alternative for treatment against parasitic diseases of agricultural animals may be flavourings and feed additives with antiparasitic activity. Studies in this sphere are becoming popular in modern veterinary medicine (Ullah et al., 2015; Boyko & Brygadyrenko, 2016, 2018). Many additives have already undergone both in vivo and in vitro tests (Lee et al., 2008; Cheng et al., 2009; Na et al., 2011; Shen et al., 2012; Yi et al., 2016).
Currently, there are no data on the influence ofthese and other aromatic substances and preservatives on the process of embryonic development of eggs of A. suum and T. suis. LD50 of cinnamaldehyde (C9H8O) for rats, mice and guinea pigs orally was 2220, 2225 and 1160 mg/kg respectively (Jenner et al., 1964). LD50 of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) for laboratory animals (intravenous administration to rats) equaled 1700 mg/kg, for cats -300 mg/kg (Bedford & Clarke, 1972; Jakimowska, 1961). LD50 of formic acid for laboratory animals equaled 700, 1100 and 4000 mg/kg for mice, rats and dogs respectively (Von Oettingen, 1960, Montgomery, 2000). LD50 of linalool (C10H18O) for laboratory rats orally was 2790 mg/kg (Jenner et al., 1964). LD50 of citral (C10H16O) for rats orally was 4960 mg/kg, for ß-ionone (C13H20O) was 4590 mg/kg (Jenner et al., 1964). These data suggest relatively good tolerance of mammals to these groups of flavourings. The objective of this article was to assess the effect of cinnamaldehyde, benzoic acid, formic acid, linalool, citral, ß-ionone on the development of larvae in eggs of nematode pathogens of ascariasis and trichuriasis in pigs.
was surveyed for presence of eggs of nematodes using McMaster method (Zajac et al., 2011). Then, samples of feces were collected in which the quantity of eggs of one species of nematodes in one gram of feces was no less than 500. Samples (separately with eggs of A. suum and separately with T. suis) were accurately mixed and average samples were extracted.
Then, the eggs were rinsed. For this purpose, a fecal mass of10 g was put into a glass cup, the sample was accurately stirred to uniform mass and 100 mL ofwater was added. The eggs were rinsed several times until pure sediment was obtained. Then, the formed sediment was centrifuged (1,500 rpm) for 2 min. Supernatant fluid was removed. Sediment with eggs from centrifuged test tubes was put by 0.1 mL (on average by 10-20 eggs) into plastic tubes (1.5 mL). Then, 1 mL of solutions (or emulsions) of cinnamaldehyde, formic acid, linalool, citral, P-ionone, suspension of benzoic acid, and also distilled water (control) were added in eight-fold replication. All the reagents were manufactured by Hebei Qige Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China), Pro Analysi (>99% purity). Immature eggs were exposed to the tested emulsions and solutions in various concentrations (0.1, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0 and 3.0%) for 24 h. Then, eggs of nematodes were rinsed and covered with distilled water. Test tubes were put into a thermostat. The eggs were cultivated at a temperature of 28 °C: A suum - 21 days, T. suis - 50 days. Ovicidal activity of the substances was expressed as a percentage of the amount of formed eggs (eggs with larvae inside). The statistical analysis of the results was performed through the set of Statistica 8.0 (StatSoft Inc., USA). The figures show the median, 25% and 75% quartiles, minimum and maximum values. LC50 is expressed as a %: average (x) ± standard deviation (SD).
Materials and methods
Results
In the experiment on ovicidal activity of flavourings, we used noninvasive eggs of two species of pig nematodes: Ascaris suum (Goeze,
The experiment revealed that the eggs of A. suum were the most resistant to the studied substances. Formation of larvae was observed in more
1782) and Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788. Feces of pigs were collected from than 90% of eggs exposed to formic acid, linalool, citral and ß-ionone in yards of private households in Dnepropetrovsk Oblast (Ukraine). Manure different concentrations (up to 3%) with the exposure of24 h (Fig. 1).
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
d
0.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 3.0
Citral
Ascaris suum
0.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 3.0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
0.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Linalool Ascaris suum
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
0.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 3.0
f
Formic acid Ascaris suum
0.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
beta-Ionone Ascaris suum
0.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 3.0
Fig. 1. The impact of certain flavourings and preservatives on vitality of eggs of Ascaris suum (Goeze, 1782): the ordinate axis indicates the percentage of living nematodes eggs in the course ofthe 24-hour experiment; the abscissa axis indicates the concentration of the solution's or emulsion's of active substance (%); the small square in the centre corresponds to the median, the lower and upper edge of the large rectangle corresponds to first and third quartiles, respectively, the vertical segments, directed upward and downward from the rectangles, correspond to minimum and maximum values (n = 8)
3.0
b
a
c
0
0
0
e
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Cinnamaldehyde Trichuris suis T
0.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 3.0
Citral Trichuris suis
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Benzoic acid Trichuris suis
0.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Linalool Trichuris suis
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Formic acid Trichuris suis
0.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 3.0
beta-Ionone Trichuris suis
d
0.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 3.0
0.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 3.0
f
0.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 3.0
Fig. 2. The impact of certain flavourings and preservatives on vitality of eggs of Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788: the ordinate axis indicates the percentage of living nematodes eggs in the course ofthe 24-hour experiment; the abscissa axis indicates the concentration ofthe solution's or emulsion's of active substance (%); the small square in the centre corresponds to the median, the lower and upper edge of the large rectangle corresponds to first and third quartiles, respectively, the vertical segments, directed upward and downward from the rectangles, correspond to minimum and maximum values (n = 8)
During 24 h exposure to cinnamaldehyde, mortality of 100% of noninvasive eggs (eggs with undeveloped larvae) was seen in the conditions of exposure to 3% emulsion. None of the remaining concentrations of cinnamaldehyde caused death to even 5% of eggs of A. suum over 24 h.
Also, a significant influence on the development of eggs of A. suum was exerted by benzoic acid. Twenty-four hour exposure to 3% suspension of this acid caused 100% death to eggs of ascarids. During exposure of non-invasive eggs of A. suum to benzoic acid in less saturated concentrations, nematode larvae formed in over 70% of cases.
Eggs of A. suum were quite resistant to formic acid. Formation of larvae was recorded at 24 h exposure to different concentrations in more than 95% of eggs. Similar results were observed during the influence of citral and P-ionone.
Less resistant to the impact of the studied substances were the eggs of T. suis. A significant impact on the development of larvae in eggs was recorded during the exposure to cinnamaldehyde and benzoic acid (Fig. 2). During 24 h exposure to 3% and 1% emulsions of cinnamaldehyde, 100% death of eggs of T. suis was observed. The number of invasive eggs gradually increased with gradual decrease of concentration of this substance. A total of 85% of eggs remained vital during exposure to 0.5% cinnamaldehyde. This substance in 0.1% solution took no effect on the development of larvae in 100% of cases.
Benzoic acid showed a lower effect: during exposure to 3% suspension no larvae were seen to form in 100% of eggs. However, the effect of 1% benzoic acid differed from the effect of the previous substance in this concentration: in 80% of cases in eggs of T. suis we observed the formation of larvae. Less than 10% of embryos in eggs exposed to lower concentrations of this substance (0.7, 0.6, 0.5 and 0.1%) were observed to be dead. At the exposure of eggs of T. suis to formic acid, no effect was observed. Almost all the eggs formed larvae inside regardless of the concentration of this acid. Similar results were obtained also during the influence of P-ionone. Exposure of eggs of T. suis to 3% citral and linalool was
accompanied by death of about 10% of eggs. The rest of the studied concentrations of these substances took no effect on the development of eggs in 100% of cases.
Discussion
The antimicrobial properties of cinnamaldehyde, benzoic acid, formic acid, linalool, citral, P-ionone are actively studied (Saddiq & Khayyat, 2010; Manu, 2016; Ding, 2017; Brntsch et al., 2017; Alborzi et al., 2018; Durgadevi et al., 2019; Ren et al., 2020). Manu (2016) assessed the antimicrobial efficiency of cinnamaldehyde and geraniol against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica: cinnamaldehyde (2.0 ^L/mL) exerted the highest bactericidal effect against both pathogenic bacteria. This author has also determined that cinnamaldehyde has a great potential for the control of the growth of pathogenic bacteria of food origin in cooled fruits and vegetable juices. Brntsch et al. (2017) studied the antimicrobial properties of formic acid produced by wood ants and determined that this acid can also increase antimicrobial properties of tree-collected resin used by ants. Ren et al. (2020) determined the potential of formic acid and monolaurin as an alternative to antibiotics in the diet of piglets infected by ETEC (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli): combination of formic acid and monolaurin in the diet of piglets infected by ETEC can become an alternative to antibiotics for reduction of the inflammatory process.
As an antimicrobial preparation, various authors also use benzoic acid. Ding (2017) assessed antibacterial properties of benzoic acid against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and determined that benzoic acid in combination with other substances can increase the safety and quality of fresh products.
Alborzi et al. (2018) also studied antimicrobial properties of different substances and determined the antimicrobial effect of benzoic acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. They assessed these substances as poten-
b
a
c
e
tial antimicrobial preparations against bacteria Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria innocrn.
Because the solubility of benzoic acid in water equals 0.29 g/100g of water, the acid perhaps penetrates through the biological membranes of the eggs of nematodes in undissociated form, It is interesting that in our experiment, 0.1% benzoic acid caused no death to eggs of A suum and T. suis.
Benzoic acid in the concentration of 0.5% (0.29% in it were in dissociated form in the solution, and 0.21 g/100 mL of water were the weighed amount at the bottom of the test tube) killed around 5%o of eggs of T. suis and no eggs of A. suum. However, in 1% benzoic acid which contained 0.29 as solution and the rest as suspension at the bottom, death of the embryos occurred much more intensively: 20% eggs of T. suis and around 28% - A. suum. This allows us to state that eggs are affected by both dissociated and undissociated acids (suspension of small undissolved particles of this substance)
According to the results of our previous studies on the influence of cinnamaldehyde and benzoic acid (E210, Codex Alimentarius) on the vitality of invasive eggs of A. suum, the lowest LC50 parameters were observed for benzoic acid (Boyko & Brygadyrenko, 2017). However, in a previous experiment we observed differences in the LC50 readings for cinnamaldehyde and benzoic acid: 0.2437% and 0.1240%, respectively. Perhaps such results are associated with the use of eggs in the previous experiment at the development stage of 21-23 days, and in this experiment - 1-2 days.
In our previous experiments, we studied also antiparasitic properties of these substances against nematode larvae L1-3 Strongyloides papillosus (Wedl, 1856) and L3 Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi, 1803) (Boyko & Brygadyrenko, 2019a, 2019b): notable nematocidal activity was displayed by cinnamaldehyde, benzoic acid and formic acid towards larvae of S. papillosus and H. contortus.
Similar experiments were conducted on eggs of H. contortus. Katiki et al. (2017) reported nematocidal properties of cinnamaldehyde. At the same time, the authors indicated antiparasitic effect of linalool against eggs of H. contortus. However, this substance had less notable anthelmintic effect. The results of our studies also showed notable anthelmintic effect of cinnamaldehyde against eggs of A suum and T. suis. Our experiment with linalool did not show such impact on eggs of A. suum and T. suis, as on eggs of H. contortus in the study by Katiki et al. (2017). Around 90% of eggs of A. suum and T. suis had formed larvae in the end of the experiment after exposure to 3%o emulsion of linalool.
Allowable daily consumption of benzoic acid for humans is 0.005 g/kg (Zu et al., 2017), whereas LD50 ofthis substance for rats equals 1.7 g/kg (Bedford & Clarke, 1972; Jakimowska, 1961). According to the results of our experiments, to kill eggs of A. suum and T. suis during disinfection of the environmental objects in the housings of agricultural animals, LD50 equals 16.9 and 18.0 g/kg respectively. LD50 of cinnamaldehyde for agricultural animals, particularly swine, was 1.16 g/kg. This parameter for rats was significantly higher accounting for 2.22 g/kg (Jenner et al., 1964). In our experiment, the value for A suum and T. suis was 16.2 and 5.7 g/kg respectively. Thus, eggs of A. suum and T. suis were more resistant to cinnamaldehyde and benzoic acid than other organisms. Their LD50 values several times exceeded this parameter for other organisms.
Conclusion
One of the new spheres in agriculture is the study of anthelmintic properties of flavourings against nematodes of animals and humans. In practice, the food additives with antibacterial effect (cinnamaldehyde and benzoic acid) in intense pig farming could be used against eggs with nematodes of A. suum and T. suis, and also complexly take effect on pathogenic microorganisms in the housings of agricultural animals (after application to the litter, walls, places of watering, etc). These substances can stop the development of larvae in eggs of helminths and can be used in the future for obtaining preparations for disinfecting objects of the environment. At the same time, in pig farming complexes, use of cinnamaldehyde and benzoic acid would allow reduction in the use of synthetic substances against ascariasis and trichuriasis.
References
Alborzi, S., Bastarrachea, L. J., Ding, Q., & Tikekar, R V. (2018). Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria innocua by benzoic acid, ethylenedia-minetetraacetic acid and their combination in model wash water and simulated spinach washing. Journal of Food Science, 83(4), 1032-1040.
Bedford, P., & Clarke, E. (1972). Experimental benzoic acid poisoning in the cat. Veterinary Record, 90(3), 53-58.
Boyko, A. A., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2016). Influence of water infusion of medicinal plants on larvae of Strongyloides papillosus (Nematoda, Strongyloididae). Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University, Biology, Ecology, 24(2), 519-525.
Boyko, A. A., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2017). Changes in the viability of the eggs of Ascaris suum under the influence of flavourings and source materials approved for use in and on foods. Biosystems Diversity, 25(2), 162-166.
Boyko, A. A., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2018). The impact of certain flavourings and preservatives on the survivability of larvae of nematodes of Ruminantia Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems, 9(1), 118-123.
Boyko, O. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2019a). The impact of acids approved for use in foods on the vitality of Haemonchus contortus and Strongyloides papillosus (Nematoda) larvae. Helminthologia 56(3), 202-210.
Boyko, O. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2019b). The viability of Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda, Strongylida) and Strongyloides papillosus (Nematoda, Rhab-ditida) larvae exposed to various flavourings and source materials used in food production. Vestnik Zoologii, 53(6), 433-442.
Boyko, O. O., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2019c). Nematocidial activity of aqueous solutions of plants of the families Cupressaceae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Cannabaceae and Apiaceae. Biosystems Diversity, 27(3), 227-232.
Brutsch, T., Jaffuel, G., Vallat, A., Turlings, T.C.J., & Chapuisat, M. (2017). Wood ants produce a potent antimicrobial agent by applying formic acid on tree-collected resin. Ecology and Evolution, 7(7), 2249-2254.
Ceballos, L., Canton, C., Cadenazzi, G., Virkel, G., Dominguez, P., Moreno, L., La-nusse, C., & Alvarez, L. (2019). Oxfendazole kinetics in pigs: In vivo assessment of its pattern of accumulation in Ascaris suum. Experimental Parasitology, 199, 52-58.
Cheng, S. S., Liu, J. Y., Huang, C. G., Hsui, Y. R., Chen, W. J., & Chang, S. T. (2009). Insecticidal activities of leaf essential oils from Cinnamomum osmophloe-um against three mosquito species. Bioresource Technology, 100(1), 457-464.
de Oliveira, N. T. E., Carvalho, P. L. de O., Genova, J. L., Silveira, F. H. R., Ogawa, L., Cristofori, E. C., Caxias Junior, O. A., & Santana, A. L. A. (2019). Effect of endoparasites occurrence in sows from intensive production system. Revista Brasiliera de Parasitologia Veterinaria, 28(4), 722-727.
Ding, Q. (2017). The antimicrobial effect of benzoic acid or propyl paraben treatment combined with UV-A light on Escherichia coli O157:H7. University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.
Durgadevi, R., Veera Ravi, A., Alexpandi, R., Krishnan Swetha, T., Abirami, G., Vishnu, S., & Karutha Pandian, S. (2019). Virulence targeted inhibitory effect of linalool against the exclusive uropathogen Proteus mirabilis. Biofouling, 35(5), 508-525.
Fitri Noor Inaya, A., Kismiyati, K., & Subekti, S. (2019). Pengaruh perasan biji pepaya (Carica papaya) terhadap kerusakan telurArgulus japonicus [The influence of papaya seed (Carica papaya) toward the damage eggs of Argulusjaponicus]. Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan Dan Kelautan, 7(2), 159.
Jakimowska, K. (1961). Pharmacological properties of certain aromatic boron compounds. Acta Physiologica Polonica, 12, 173-182.
Jakobsen, S. R, Myhill, L. J., & Williams, A. R (2019). Effects of Ascaris and Tri-churis antigens on cytokine production in porcine blood mononuclear and epithelial cells. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 211, 6-9.
Jenner, P. M., Hagan, E. C., Taylor, J. M., Cook, E. L., & Fitzhugh, O. G. (1964). Food flavourings and compounds of related structure I. Acute oral toxicity. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, 2, 327-343.
Katiki, L. M., Barbieri, A. M. E., Araujo, R C., Verissimo, C. J., Louvandini, H., & Ferreira, J. F. S. (2017). Synergistic interaction often essential oils against Haemonchus contortus in vitro. Veterinary Parasitology, 243, 47-51.
Lee, E. J., Kim, J. R., Choi, D. R., & Ahn, Y. J. (2008). Toxicity of cassia and cinnamon oil compounds and cinnamaldehyde-related compounds to Sitophilus ory-zae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Econonic Entomology, 101(6), 1960-1966.
Lindgren, K., Gunnarsson, S., Hoglund, J., Lindahl, C., & Roepstorff, A. (2019). Nematode parasite eggs in pasture soils and pigs on organic farms in Sweden. Organic Agriculture, 2020, in press.
Manu, D. K. (2016). Antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde or geraniol alone or combined with high pressure processing to destroy Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in juices. Iowa State University, Ames.
Montgomery, J. (2000). Groundwater chemicals desk reference. 3rd edition. Imprint CRC Press, Boca Raton.
Na, Y. E., Kim, S. I., Bang, H. S., Kim, B. S., & Ahn, Y. J. (2011). Fumigant toxicity of cassia and cinnamon oils and cinnamaldehyde and structurally related com-
pounds to Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Veterinary Parasitology, 178, 324-329.
Nwafor, I. C., Roberts, H., & Fourie, P. (2019). Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths and parasites in smallholder pigs reared in the central free state province. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 86(1), e1-e8.
Nyasinge, J., Montero, G. D., Valladares, M. B., Noah, J. O. O., & Nkwangu, D. (2018). In-vitro antihelminthic activity of alcoholic extract from Paullinia pinnata Linn against Ascaris suum. Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales, 23(1), 443.
Oh, K.-S., Kim, G.-T., Ahn, K.-S., & Shin, S.-S. (2016). Effects of disinfectants on larval development of Ascaris .suum eggs. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 54(1), 103-107.
Palchykov, V. A., Zazharskyi, V. V., Brygadyrenko, V. V., Davydenko, P. O., Kuli-shenko, O. M., Borovik, I. V., Chumak, V., Kryvaya, A., & Boyko, O. O. (2019). Bactericidal, protistocidal, nematodicidal properties and chemical composition of ethanol extract ofPunica granatum peel. Biosystems Diversity, 27(3), 300-306.
Palma, A., Matamoros, G., Escobar, D., Sánchez, A. L., & Fontecha, G. (2020). Absence of mutations associated with resistance to benzimidazole in the beta-tubulin gene of Ascaris suum. Revista da Sociedade Brasiliera de Medicina Tropical, 53, e20190155.
Ren, C., Wang, Y., Lin, X., Song, H., Zhou, Q., Xu, W., Shi, K., Chen, J., Song, J., Chen, F., Zhang, S., & Guan, W. (2020). A combination of formic acid and monolaurin attenuates enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli induced intestinal inflammation in piglets by inhibiting the NF-B/MAPK pathways with modulation of gut microbiota. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68(14), 4155-4165.
Saddiq, A. A., & Khayyat, S. A. (2010). Chemical and antimicrobial studies of mo-noterpene: Citral. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 98(1), 89-93.
Sea, O., Hariadi, M., Koesdarto, S., Yunus, M., Kusnoto, K., & Ngakan Made, R W. (2017). Anthelmintic activity of basil leaves (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) infusion against Ascaris suum in vitro. Journal of Parasite Science, 1(2), 47-50.
Shen, F., Xing, M., Liu, L., Tang, X., Wang, W., Wang, X., Wu, X., Wang, X., Wang, X., Wang, G., Zhang, J., Li, L., Zhang, J., & Yu, L. (2012). Efficacy of trans-cinnamaldehyde against Psoroptes cuniculi in vitro. Parasitology Research, 110, 1321-1326.
Simalango, D. M., & Utami, N. V. (2014). In-vitro antihelminthic effect of ethanol extract of black seeds (Nigella sativa) against Ascaris suum. Procedía Chemistry, 13, 181-185.
Ullah, I., Latif, A. K., Ali, L., Khan, A. R., Waqas, M., Hussain, J., Lee, I. J., & Shin, J. H. (2015). Benzaldehyde as an insecticidal, antimicrobial, and antioxidant compound produced by Photorhabdus temperata M1021. Journal of Microbiology, 53(2), 127-133.
Vandekerckhove, E., Vlaminck, J., Sacristán, R del P., & Geldhof, P. (2019). Effect of strategic deworming on Ascaris suum exposure and technical performance parameters in fattening pigs. Veterinary Parasitology, 268, 67-72.
Von Oettingen, W. F. (1960). The aliphatic acids and their esters: Toxicity and potential dangers. The saturated monobasic aliphatic acids and their esters. American Medical Association Archives of Industrial Health, 21(1), 28-65.
Williams, A. R., Peña-Espinoza, M. A., Boas, U., Simonsen, H. T., Enemark, H. L., & Thamsborg, S. M. (2016). Anthelmintic activity of chicory (Cichorium inty-bus): In vitro effects on swine nematodes and relationship to sesquiterpene lac-tone composition. Parasitology, 143(6), 770-777.
Williams, A. R., Soelberg, J., & Jäger, A. K. (2016). Anthelmintic properties of traditional African and Caribbean medicinal plants: Identification of extracts with potent activity against Ascaris suum in vitro. Parasite, 23, 24.
Yi, C. G., Hieu, T. T., Lee, S. H., Choi, B. R., Kwond, M., & Ahna, Y. J. (2016). Toxicity of Lavandula angustifolia oil constituents and spray formulations to insecticide-susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant Plutella xylostella and its endoparasi-toid Cotesia glomerata. Pest Management Science, 72(6), 1202-1210.
Zajac, A. M., & Conboy, G. A. (Eds.). (2011). Veterinary clinical parasitology. 8th ed. John Wiley and Sons, London.
Zhao, J., Han, Q., Liao, C., Wang, J., Wu, L., Liu, Q., & Lindsay, D. S. (2017). Effects of in vivo and in vitro treatment of Ascaris .suum eggs with anthelmintic agents on embryonation and infectivity for mice. Journal of Parasitology, 103(5), 598-601.
Zheng, Y., Xie, Y., Geldhof, P., Vlaminck, J., Ma, G., Gasser, R B., & Wang, T. (2020). High anti-Ascaris seroprevalence in fattening pigs in Sichuan, China, calls for improved management strategies. Parasites Vectors, 13(1), 60.
Zu, K., Pizzurro, D. M., Lewandowski, T. A., & Goodman, J. E. (2017). Pharmaco-kinetic data reduce uncertainty in the acceptable daily intake for benzoic acid and its salts. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 89, 83-94.
