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Leonova V.A.
candidate of agricultural Sciences, professor FGBOU VOMGTUN.E. Bauman Grishanova O. V.
head of the Botanical garden of the Solovetsky Museum-reserve
Frolova A. V. magistr the 2-year FGBOU VO MGTU N.E. Bauman Леонова Валентина Алексеевна кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент ФГБОУВОМГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана Гришанова Ольга Васильевна Заведующая ботаническим садом Соловецкого музея-заповедника
Фролова Анна Владимировна магистрант 2 курса, ФГБОУ ВО МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана
THE HISTORY OF THE CREATION AND THE PRESENT STATE OF THE LARCH ALLEY IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN «KHUTOR GORKA» ON SOLOVKI
ИСТОРИЯ СОЗДАНИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОЕ СОСТОЯНИЕ ЛИСТВЕННИЧНОЙ АЛЛЕИ В БОТАНИЧЕСКОМ САДУ «ХУТОР ГОРКА» НА СОЛОВКАХ
Annotation: The Solovki world is the image of human existence, the interrelationship of the cultural and natural heritage. The object of our study is the botanical garden of the Solovetsky Museum-Reserve, and the object of study is a larch alley planted with the hands of prisoners.
The avenue is a unique memorial to the unyielding creative spirit of the Russian people and is preserved as a planning and de-corer element in the garden.
Key words: botanical garden, larch alley, camp period, Makaryevskaya desert, Khutor Gorka, Solovki.
Аннотация: Соловецкий мир - это образ человеческого бытия, взаимосвязь культурного и природного наследия. Объектом нашего исследования является ботанический сад Соловецкого музея - заповедника, а предметом изучения - лиственничная аллея, посаженная руками заключённых.
Аллея является уникальным мемориальным памятником несгибаемого творческого духа русского человека и сохраняется как планировочный и декоративный элемент на территории сада.
Ключевые слова: ботанический сад, лиственничная аллея, лагерный период, Макарьевская пустынь, Хутор Горка, Соловки.
Solovetsky archipelago includes more than two hundred islands. Ancestors called the surrounding White Sea Frozen: the water temperature in it only reaches the maximum + 8°C by the end of summer. The
archipelago is associated with the Valdai glaciation about 9 thousand years ago.
Solovetsky Islands, with all their natural originality, initially were of little use for the permanent life of
people. And people began to transform the islands for the convenience of life, creating what was not intended by nature.
The Solovetsky State Historical, Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve was established in 1967 as one of the largest museum-reserves in Russia.
In 1992 was included in the list of objects of cultural and natural heritage of UNESCO as an outstanding monument of world culture, where a great variety of town-planning, architectural, historical and hydro-technical monuments of the 16th-20th centuries remained.
Botanical Garden " Khutor Gorka " (Makar-yevskaya Pustyn) - a place in the Russian North that is rare in beauty, microclimate and rich history.
In his book "Solovetsky Islands" even GA. Bo-guslavsky wrote: "Do not forget visit Khutor Gorka and admire the larch alley and cedar grove" [1].
The history of the Makaryevskaya desert (Khutor Gorka was named in camp time) is closely connected with its development and at present is a complex formation, including the remaining fragments of planning, elements of plantations of different historical period and the exposition of plants of the modern Botanical Garden.
Four main periods are distinguished in the study of the territory: "Monastic" - 1822-1920; "Campground" - 1923-1939; "School" - 1959-1968 gg .; "Museum" - 1974 to the present.
In 1822, Archimandrite Makarii chose this place for poustinia and solitude from monastic fuss. Presumably, it was then that the main layout of the area was laid: on the southwestern hill, a forest was cleared and the road to the nearest lake was laid, a wooden clock on the top of the hill was created, and below it were two cells [2].
One of the first channels of the monastery, created at the end of the XV century, connected Lake Nizhny Perth (Lake Khutorskoye) with Lake Melnichny. The first monastery mill, using water energy, was working on the canal [3].
The new arrangement of the territory had already begun under the rector Archimandrite Alexandra in 1854. It included the construction of a stone staircase from the chapel down to the main entrance road, the installation of a worship cross. Perhaps, at the same time, on the opposite Alexander hill was placed the Poklonnaya Cross, viewed from it and so the mountain began to be called Poklonnaya [1].
In the 60s of the XIX century, under the rector of Archimandrite Porphyry, a house that had been preserved to the present time and was called the Archimandrite's Dacha was built.
Not far from the dacha was built a small chapel for the solitary mole-tion of the abbot of the monastery. At the same time, various exotic species were brought from different parts of the world. In the second half of the XIX century, greenhouses, greenhouses were built, vegetable gardens and flower gardens were broken.
A new stage came with the appearance on the islands of the Solovetsky camp of the SLON in 1923 -1939. The head of the camp was accommodated in the Archimandrite's dacha, the commandant's house was
built, and neighboring areas around it began to be used for growing crops. Prisoners performed garden work. From this period, the following plantings were preserved: the alley from Siberian larch, Siberian fir, Men-sis falsi, small-leaved poplar, Balsamic poplar, Pennsylvania cherry, ordinary ash, common hazel, etc.
After the closure of the camp, in 1939, they placed the training unit of the Northern Fleet - this was the period of desolation of the garden. After the abandonment of the Northern Fleet, in 1959 an ode on the territory under study housed the training and experimental farm of the Solovetsky secondary school. The children with the teachers cleared the overgrown areas and looked after the preserved plantations [2].
In 1974, the Solovetsky State Historical, Architectural and Natural Museum Reserve was established, which included the garden in its structure. The works on introduction and prophylactic care of plants were resumed. In 1982, the garden was included in the system of botanical gardens in Russia and was given the status of Botanical [3].
A feature of the Botanical Gardens "Khutor Gorka" is the geomorphological features of the territory, which determined the uniqueness of this botanical and historical and cultural object. It is located in a hilly - hollow glacial plain and is located at the intersection of two differently oriented moraine ridges. It is always several degrees warmer and creates a microclimate, as the hills protect against the penetration of cold northern winds.
Therefore, the period of the monastic development of the territory of the Botanical Garden "Khutor Gorka" was a clear example of the rational and thought-out use of natural potential. The natural harmony was not disturbed by the presence of man, but on the contrary it was supplemented by it and acquired features of expressiveness and comprehension.
In the days of the Gulag, in the camp, on the territory of Khutor Gork, the Solovki Society of Local History was active, and natural science work was conducted. Then the first nurseries were laid in the area of the Green Lakes, on Varvarka and in other places of the Solovetsky Island. It is likely that during this activity, Siberian larch saplings were planted in the period from 1933 to 1936 [4].
To date, the larch alley is a historical and cultural monument and a memorial to the "camp" period. It represents a 138 m long road, on two sides lined with 22.5 m steps.
The first research was conducted by LF Ipatov, he has counted 83 trees, and Boguslavsky in 1978 has already recorded 80 Siberian larch. There is evidence that in 1978, at the age of 47, the average height of the leaf was 20 m, which corresponded to the 1st class of bonitet [5].
In 2001 LLC Landscape Restoration Workshop "Russian Garden" conducted a felling inventory of the larch alley. It is the main entrance road, which has become one of the most interesting natural features of the territory in the perception of the historical landscape, and one of the most important visual connections is the view of the Alexander chapel - the Poklonnaya cross (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Relief of Makaryevskaya desert (Khutor Gorka): 1-Archimandrite's dacha, 2- Alexander mountain, 3- Bowed cross, 4- Larch alley. The plan-scheme was completed by LLC LRM. The "Russian Garden" in 2001.
So, when examining a larch alley, VA. Agaltsova and LM Fursov recorded 76 trees - Siberian larch and 2 pcs. leaf-wreath of the Daurian (young planting). In 2001 (70 years), the maximum height of the larch was 22 m and the minimum height was 14 m. The maximum trunk thickness was 66 cm and the minimum height was 18 cm. The alley condition was good, the growth and development corresponded to the I and II bonitet boundary [5].
Sixteen years later, in August 2017, a larch alley was surveyed by the staff of the Department of Landscape Architecture of the Moscow State Technical University. N.E. Bau-mana, together with the head of the botanical garden, Grishanova O.V. She reported that as a result of a strong wind, on September 30, 2016 there were five piled up (No. 37, No. 38, No. 39, No. 48, No. 49).
Methods of research. The collection of historical materials was carried out on the basis of archival and literary sources.
The inventory of the larch alley was carried out according to the generally accepted methodology developed by the Academy of Public Utilities named after. K.D. Pam-filov. Measurements of the diameter of the trunk were carried out at an altitude of 1.3 m (at the chest level of an adult person), using a tape measure followed by a transition from the circumference to the diameter. The altitude was measured with the Suunto altimeter to within ± 1 -2%, and the length of the crown was measured with an ordinary measuring tape.
Results. Inventory in 2017, showed that at present the total amount of Siberian larch is - 71 pcs, age - about 86 years. In 2017, the minimum stem diameter was 26 cm and the maximum diameter was 80 cm. The condition of the alley is good, but sanitary pruning of dry branches is required (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. The current state of the botanical garden on Solovki: 1 - Archimandrite's dacha, 2 - Alexander Hill, 3- The bowed cross, 4 - Cedar Grove, 5 - Larch Alley, 6 - Khutorskoye Lake ("Lower Perth ").
The remaining trees have all the vertices intact, but copies of No. 11, No. 27, No. 29, No. 42 have a doubletop. The crowns of all trees are turned to the side of the world and have a flag-shaped form. The reason for the appearance of one-sided crown in larches is the effect of unilateral winds blowing from Lake Nizhny Perth. Some trees lose their branches and branches from the leeward side.
A lunge from the larch tree alley is possible because the root system is mostly surface and wood plants are very tightly connected to the earth's surface due to long roots. Therefore, more often from strong winds the barrel breaks, than the tree with a root is turned out.
The area of the larch avenue is about 1.09 ha.
We conducted a comparative analysis of data on the larch alley in 2001 and 2017, which are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. The size of Siberian larch on the «Khutor Gorka» (2001 and 2017).
Year of survey Age (indicative), years Number of trees The height of trees, m. The diameter of the trunk
medium limits medium limits
L.M. Fursova, V.A. Agaltsova
2001 70 76 20,49 14 - 22 42,90 18 - 66
V.A. Leonova, A. V. Frolova
2017 86 71 29,02 11,9 - 46,4 51,00 26 - 80
From Table 1, we see that in 2001 the average height of the tree is 20.49 m, and in 2017 - 29.02 m, and the average diameter of the larch tree in 2001 is 42.90 cm, and 16 years later - 51 cm. The increase in the diameter of the trunks for 16 years on the average is 9.31 cm. The ratio of height and diameter of the leaf is very wide.
In the course of the survey, we found a slight discrepancy between the diameters of the trunks: in 2017 the diameters were less than in 2001. three trees: No. 33, No. 57, No. 64, which may be due to some technical error in the design of data for 2001.
Data on the diameter of the crown in 2001. but we made measurements in 2017. The smallest diameter of
the crown is 2.2 meters, the largest diameter is 12 meters, the average diameter of the crown is 5.58 meters.
On the basis of the collected data, we see that of the 76 investigated Siberian leaflets, marked in 2001, there are only 71 trees left. In 2016 five trees were turned out by a hurricane together with the root system.
In addition, a survey of larches showed that they have morphological and logical changes: in 2001, two peaks were broken at two trees (No. 37, No. 66), and specimen No. 67 has two peaks. In many trees, the crowns are deformed due to lack of light and are oriented to the north-east and south.
We also analyzed the diameters of larch on the steps of thickness, the results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Distribution of trees according to the steps of thickness in the larch alley on the «Khutor Gorka» Farmhouse according to the data of the 2001 and 2017 accounts
No Stages of thickness Number of trees and survey years Number of trees in%
2001г. 2017 г.
1 10 - 20 1 - 0,68
2 21 - 30 9 2 7,48
3 31 - 40 20 12 21,77
4 41 - 50 31 21 35,37
5 51 - 60 14 22 24,50
6 61 - 70 1 11 8,16
7 71 - 80 - 3 2,04
Итого: 76 71 100%
From Table 2 it can be seen that almost 90% of all larches account for the thickness of the steps from 31 to 70 cm.
Conclusions. On the basis of the conducted research it is possible to draw the following conclusions:
1. The state of trees is good, which is facilitated by the biological period of maturity of larch and annual sanitary pruning of dry branches inside the alley.
2. The height of trees has almost doubled since 2001. This suggests that the development of the tree goes to the height, since a small step of planting restricts the area of root nutrition and does not allow the development of the crown in width.
3. Most trees form an uneven shape of the crown: the main part of it is stretched to the illuminated side, and the inner part is covered by branches of other trees obscuring each other. In addition, in the alley twice was sanitized and treated by biologists, hundreds of people (a company from Moscow), after which the tree crowns became flag-shaped.
4. To date, the larch alley is preserved as one of the important and decorative elements of the planning structure of the garden. On both sides of the avenue the thick-leafed bean - one of the first introduced species of the 19th century - is preserved and grows well, and forms a kind of biogeocenosis in combination with the Siberian larch.
List of used information sources:
1. G.A. Boguslavsky. Solovetsky Islands: Essays. 3rd ed., Archangel-Gel'sk, 1966;
2. Agaltsova V.A., Fursova L.M. Archive LLC "Landscape Master-skaya named. V.A. Agaltsova "Russian Garden" Moscow;
3. Grishanova O.V., Novinskaya T.V. Makarevskaya desert Solovetsky Monastery-Botanical
Garden of the Solovetsky Museum-Reserve / Solovki-Kisei;
4. Project to restore the channel system of the Solovetsky Islands. / / Historical reference. Lengi-provodkhoz, 1992. Archive SGIAPMZ F. 137. Op. 1;
5. Ipatov L.F., Kosarev V.P., Prourzin L.I., Torkhov S.V. / Forests of the Solovetsky Archipelago / Archangel. region. societies. Fund "Museum of the Forest", 2009.
