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16THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF WORKS BY WESTERN RESEARCHERS ON THE NATURE AND CLIMATE OF CENTRAL ASIA IN THE THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY
Xalilov To'Lqin Zafar O'G'Li Master's Of Historical Siences Faculty National University Of Uzbekistan DOI - https://doi.org/10.37547/builders-03
Abstract: The periodic boundaries of our research work cover the late 19th and early 20th centuries. During this period, a number of foreign ambassadors, traders and tourists visited Central Asia. Many of them write about their experiences here and later write about it. Such manuscripts and works also contain a wealth of impressions and information on the nature and climate of Central Asia at that time.
Keywords: Central Asia, tourist, travel, nature, climate.
Introduction:
Many missions and trips to Central Asia made by Western explorers and tourists in the second half of the 19th century and in the early 20th century. Some of them are politically motivated, while others have aroused the interest of European tourists. As a result of such missions and travels, many works and travelogues about Central Asia are created.
These works are important because they provide valuable information about the political, socio-economic, cultural history of Central Asia in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, as well as valuable information about the nature, climate, geography, flora and fauna of the country.
One such work is "A ride to Khiva", created by Captain Burnaby. This work was also created and published in the last quarter of the 19th century. The work is the result of the author's travels to Central Asia, including the Khiva Khanate. In the preface, the author states that the title of the book reflects the character of the work, as well as the conflicts between Russia and England for Central Asia and India. In the first part of the work, the author briefly tells about the Khiva khanate which he knew before the trip, about the cold climate of Russia, the process of preparation for the morning.
In the first part of the work, the author researched the works of a number of scientists and travelers who traveled to this region before traveling to this country. In particular, the first chapter of the work tells the story: "... My time to leave the regiment was at the beginning of December. Through my travels to Russia, I knew what the term cold in this region really meant. Reading the writings of James Abbott, who traveled to Russia in March, I realized that if I didn't prepare well for this trip, I might run into problems during the trip or freeze in the cold.1".
It can be analyzed from the data that the author studied the works of a number of travelers who traveled to this country before making his short trip, getting acquainted with the climate and nature of the region. In the first episode, talked about the cold weather in the Kyrgyz steppes and he equated the cold with the cold in the North Pole.
From the first parts of the work there is information about the nature, climate, geography, old age of Central Asia. In particular, we can find information about winds, sandstorms, and vegetation in the Central Asian steppes. From this we can know that the work is very rich in climate, geography and natural sciences, and we will get acquainted with the analysis of this data during our research work.
It is true that the first parts of the work, the images before reaching the regions of Central Asia, belong to some regions of Russia are pointed, while from the sixteenth chapter, travel memories and information about the region are given. Another piece of valuable information about the region is Charles Marvin's work - "Reconnoitering Central-Asia". This valuable work was published in 1884 in London. The work is also invaluable in that it contains an analysis and data of travelers who traveled to the Caspian Sea and the Indian subcontinent for various purposes, their experiences on these trips, and the travelogues they created2. At first glance, this work, created by this author, does not seem to be relevant to our research, but it contains valuable information about researchers and travelers who wrote books on our topic.
The first part of the work is devoted to the description of Herman Vamberi's travels to the Central Asian khanates, while the next part is devoted to Captain Marsh's travels from the Caspian Sea to India. This list could go on and on. The list includes the author's views on Valentin Baker's trip to Turkmen territory, Captain Naper's secret mission to Central Asia, Colonel Col. McGregor's trip to Khorasan, and Captain Burnaby's trip to Khiva, including their research on these topics.
Another valuable work studied during our research is "The Duab of Turkestan". This work is by German author Wilhelm Gustav Rickmer Rikmers. The word duab in the title of this work is not found in English and German dictionaries. It should be noted that this word is derived from a combination of Persian words that were in circulation in Central Asia at that time (du- two, ob-water). The author says in the introduction to the work: I will start with some excuses for the use of a name that the reader has never encountered before. Turkestan valley is situated between two rivers(du- two, ob-water): Syrdarya and Amudarya Starting from the Vakhjir (part of the Pamir mountain range, the starting point of the Amudarya), the Amudarya flows into the Aral Sea; The Syrdarya flows into the northern coast of the island, divides at the headwaters of the Syrdarya through the Fergana Mountains and forms the Naryn River. This area connects to the source of the Ox and fills the chain. This area, which I call the valley (duab), has everything in common that unites the concept or parts, such as Turkestan, West, Russia, China or East Turkestan, Central, Central or Inner Asia, Turan, Iran, Trans-Caspian,
Transaction, Bukhara, Kashgar, Tarim , Aral Caspian, etc"3. The work was published in 1913 at the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom. There are 207 maps and various diagrams in the work.
The work consists of 18 chapters, appendixes, and unpublished illustrations. Chapter 1 deals with the general introductory part, and Chapter 3 deals with the Zarafshan Valley - the beginning and end of the Zarafshan River, the desert and valley climate. Part 8 contains information about the Urgut Mountains, the end of the Gissar Mountains, spring rains, Chapter 9 about the climate of the Zarafshan Valley, and at the end of the work about the climate of the whole valley.
In the appendix to the work, in addition to general information, there is information on other topics in various fields. This information includes a few interesting facts about climate, forests and climate, deserts, the effects of climate, and so on.
Conclusion:
This chapter provides some information about the climate of Central Asia. At the beginning of this section, the author commented: I have used only a few reports for this section, as well as the academic reports given to me by Professor Von Fiker. All meteorological figures are taken into account, as are Schwarrs and Olufsen's reports from Fiker's monograph and Han's climatic correspondence, and Dr. Sild's diaries.
In conclusion, we can say that the Central Asian region was visited by many Western tourists and scientists. During these trips, valuable works about the history, nature and climate of the region were created. An important aspect of these works is that they contain facts and information that are not found in the works of local historians.
References:
1. F. Burnaby. A ride to Khiva. Travels and Advantures in Central Asia. 1876.
2. Ch. Marvin. Reconnoitring Central Asia. London : Swan Sonnenschein, 1884.
3. W.R.Rickmers. The duab of Turkistan. Cambridge: University Press, 1913.
4. O.Olufsen. The emir of Bukhara and his country. London: William Heinemann, 1911.
5. H.Lansdell. Russian Central Asia. I and II vol. London: Sampson Low, 1885
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7. Tursunov, R. N. (2019). Ecological condition and mysteries in Turkestan periodical press in the early XX century (in the case of Sadoi Fergana newspaper). Theoretical & Applied Science, (5), 570-574.
8. Tursunov, R. N. (2019). THE RESEARCH ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ISSUESOF THE TURKESTAN JADIDS IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY. Central Asian Problems of Modern Science and Education, 4(2), 337348.
9. Nematov, O. THE PILGRIMAGE OF KHAZRAT ZAYNULOBIDIN. Zbior artykulow naukowych recenzowanych., 83.
