CC BY
37
УДК 327(574.42+519)
THE HISTORICAL RELEVANCE OF THE CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION BETWEEN ALTAI AND KOREA
KIM Jong Kwan
PhD in Economics and Business Administration of Culture, Professor at Dongguk University. 100-715 South Korea, Seoul, Jung-gu, Pildong-ro 1-gil, 30. E-mail: [email protected]
Abstarct. I strongly urge Korea is sharing the ancient history being disproportionately in the northern part of the overly ethnic commonality, especially as the nomads and the Altai. As we discussed, Koreans are the Northern Eurasia and Turkey, ranging from the historical, linguistic and cultural commonality and very much with the nation and, as such, the fact that these peoples, too, have become increasingly aware of the Altai line. Korean is not only the commonalities of the vocabulary and grammar between the Altai structures, but is almost like the fact that cannot be denied by any theory. In the geopolitical aspect of the globalization, the Korean and the peoples of Altai nations share the historical and linguistic roots of ancient times within their DNA. It is natural to restore close relation through further exchanges and cooperation between the Altai region and Korea. To illuminate the past and prepare for the future, it is the high time to consider the political alliance and economic cooperation as well as social communication through the exchanges of civilian level between two regions. Most of all, the academic circles should emphasize that the study of the Altai civilization aims to correct history understanding, and cooperation of academic studies will have to be expanded. Keywords: Altai; culture; Eurasia; Kazakhstan; Korea; Russia.
I. Introduction. In the 21st century, the rapid progress of globalization and global competition era is more challenging, and creative historical interpretation is required. The world is made up by the country and the nation, international politics, world economic sectors, military alliances with some hegemonic super power like the United States, EU, Russia, India and China. They interpreted the move to the Center, but even that does not mean there is no reason to interpret the strong Center history.
The history can be an interpretation which is currently reconstructing the past. Especially in the late 19th century, the acquisition of imperialism, colonialism had been a window of the geology from the Central Asia to the North East Asia. Geologist «Ferdinand von Richthofen» suggested that East and West civilizations be connected by a spirit, invisible and cannot be described. In his book «Seidenstra&e (Silk Road)» he wrote that since civilization was only between, East is a vast area of civilization to traffic being understood enough. In other words, the Central Eurasian region in itself is not considered as a civilization.
Altai is regarded as the ancestral home for many nations. Labor Slavs, the German-Scandinavian, Celtic-Volkhov and others expired from the ancient ancestors of the Altai. The Altai peoples are located not only in Mongolia, Central Asia, but also in southern Turkey, Kazakhstan, China and Russia. A lot of scholars are willing to find out the logics with the scientific evidence to correct the misinterpretation of these civilizations.1 Korea will find the relation and linkage and collective history within the Altai. The study on these issues would describe the nature of research in order to carry out the purposes of the first Central Eurasia's geographical environment, landscape and history of the Altai peoples, as well as civilization. Comparative linguistic research has been advised of the possibility of current cooperation tentatively suggested giving to Altai.
II. Origin and characteristics' of Altai and its geographic environment.
1. Origin of Altai. Altai is called and translated Altai in different ways by different people. In this Altaic Geon it is translated as Ala universe, Tai-Hold. In some sources Altai
1 From the interviews during 28-29 July 2014, at the International scientific conference on «Social and cultural practices in Altai in the imperial space», «Nur-Bulak» in Katonkaragay district of East Kazakhstan region.
35
means a stronghold of the universe. Altai is the middle of the world.2 Altai covered great nations and races: Indo-Iranians, Turks, Slavs, Mongols, Kazakhs, and Chinese. Altai is located at the heart of three great ancient cultures of Eurasia: Vedic, Buddhist, Taoist, and Shamans as well as Dan. They came down with Altai and went to many peoples of Eurasia. And it is here that we find the single barrel, which branched off from the Turks and the Indo-Europeans, including the ancestors of the Slavs. Here, the memory of the relationship of the Slavs and Turks is still alive to this day to compare the Russian epic with epic tales of local Turkic peoples. They complement each other. And go back to the times of these legends (III—I century BC), when Scythian, Saka and Sarmatian tribes lived in the Altai, ancestors of many of the Turkic and Slavic birth. For the conservation of a single ecosystem, the harmonious development of man, together with the evolution of the nature is required for Altai through its genetic basis - sookrod, associated with Altai (Evdokomov, 2000). All tribal division in Altai is directly connected with the cult of the sacred mountain, and the mountain is considered the spiritual patron of a clan or tribe. Each kind has its own tribal sacred mountain-yyyk tuu. With it, a person must apply via the highly regimented ceremony. This system of rites, opening access to nature, to some extent allows human beings to interact to them. Each kind of relationship with the sacred Altai yyyk tuu reveals genetic link of a person to the historical land as the primary source of life (Jettmar 1951, s. 135-227). The genetic relationship between man and the earth, providing spiritual and psycho-physiological development of man, keeps the harmony in nature. Therefore, the cult of the sacred yyyk Tuu is a source of Altai evolution, a condition of its harmonic development in relation to the sacred object of yyyk Tuu, the kind that is associated with this mountain, doomed to degradation and extinction.
According to Ene yyyk cosmogenesis of academic knowledge lies there and impregnated love natives to deify Altai - the heart of Mother Earth, as to the creation of higher powers of Altai. The whole way of life is interconnected with the Altai biological and physical processes that occur in nature. It is the highest pantheon of gods spirit eezi Altai - the owner of the Altai, who directs the spirits of rivers, mountains, forests, animals, minerals, vegetation.
2. Altai Republic. In order to preserve the nature of Gorny Altai, Republic was developed privacy sacred places of Altai, based on traditional world of the indigenous people of the Altai Republic.3 Altai Jan, which defines its relationship to nature as a sacred object of worship, historical object of spiritual worship and sacred place is the abode God — Altai Kudai. And this provision, opening the spiritual meaning of Altai for planet Earth global community, is a guide to the development of state of the strategic ethnic tourism program in the Altai. Although, judging by some recent events that occurred in February in the Altai and in May in the Baikal, Altai, first of all, should protect people from themselves, for it seems that the very nature of self-defense arises from poachers and punishes them ruthless hand of attempt on the life of our smaller brethren. In the Altai, god's spirits came to the defense of their «subjects» of the barbaric destruction.
In addition to the sacred mountains yyyk tuu in Altai there is the shrine of the whole people - Mount Uch Sumer, called «beluga» in the modern Russian language. Russian scientist-philosopher Nikolai Fedorov in his book «The Philosophy of the common cause» singled universal polar Mount Meru as the axis of the world, one of the centers of world civilizations (Frank J. Tipler 2015, p. 43, 27). Altai is sometimes interpreted as the cradle of mankind; Mount Meru is the sacred mountain of Uch Sumer (Beluga). Mount Meru was
2 The modern history of Murad Adji said that all the planets make a full turn rotation of Altai. And, according to many researchers, in the Altai all year round you can see the Big Dipper. In the Indian epic «Mahabharata» and «Ramaya-na» the arrival of their ancestors Saks from the north is described. And this is where the Big Dipper showed them the way to the south.
3 Every year in the Republic of Altai there are around 800,000 to a million tourists who come here from different parts of Russia and CIS countries. And as Syyna Tyrysova claimed, amongst the beauties of nature and visiting Altai cultural and historical sites and sacred places, many of the guests do not think about the fact that they intentionally or unintentionally invade thin worlds of Altai guarded natives.
considered the central point of infinite space, as the world around her axis rotates the constellation Ursa Major, the sun, moon, planets, and a host of stars. In the ancient Indian epic «Mahabharata» the universal symbol of pre-Indo-and Indo-Aryan (Kuzmina 1994).
3. Spiritual concept of the Altai. The Altai Mountains (Altay Mountains) are a mountain range in East-Central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together, and are where the rivers Irtysh and Ob have their headwaters. The name «Altai» means in Mongolian «Gold Mountain»; «alt» (gold) and «tai» (suffix - «with»; the mountain with gold) and Chinese name derived from Mongolian name literally: «Gold
Mountain»). In Turkic languages, al meaning red and tag is mountain. The proposed Altaic language family takes its name from this mountain range.4
1) Meru
Meru is the axis of the Earth, the center of the World, which is referred to the ancient sources.5 Altai is famous for delight of Belukha Mountain called Uch Sumer. Altai legends back to a single source of the Slavs legends of the Golden Book of the omniscient. It's the Slavs who called the Golden Book of the Vedas. And it is in this book that we keep the main tale of Altai: the phenomenon of life and Veles, which in no later seen and Buddha Maitreya, and the White Burhan, and Cesar and many Messiahs. Slavic Veles, like all the other deities, enlightenment is found in the Altai Mountains.
Uch Sumer worshiped here as the holy abode of deities eezi Altai (the owner of the Altai, the supreme spirit of the median of the world). Is Mount Meru on the Katun Range, fast and capricious river Katun takes from her back, which merges with the Biya and forms Great Russian River Ob. as the origin of this hydronym with the word "Oblomov» (which means surface). It seems to me that the option of decoding the names of the Ob River is more straightforward: Biya and Katun River during the merge form one powerful stream and simultaneously become a kind of two rivers along the same lines.
2) The sacred mountain of Uch-Sumer (Beluga)
Mount Meru (Uch Sumer - Belukha) removed approximately the same distance from the four oceans; the Pacific, the Altai, the Arctic and the Indian. Thus, it appears that the mountain is central vertex site of the giant continent Eurasia. On the slopes and in the valleys of the array there are 169 glaciers with a total area of 150 square kilometers. Altai believes that all spirits of mountains reverence Master Altai owning the divine force that defends and protects the people.
Uch Sumer and other sacred mountains of Altai serve as places of worship, as altars, shrines, churches, datsans, synagogues, mosques and churches of believers of other faiths and religions. «The high snow-capped mountains are the subject of the sacred in Altai worship, none of them are on pain of death not go back to them». Belugas in Altai has got even more charm: «We have to look closely and it should not be», said one old man from the village at the top of the Black Borelli». Altai, the great mountain trails to the snowy mountain passes, but at the base of the protected mountains, under the general name Yyyk. Generic Yyyk Altai Mountains are for the site of contact with the ancestors, because it was originally a place of their occurrence. Each clan has its ancestral mountain - Yyyk. Life is kind, and in general the people are dependent on these mountains. Yyyk Mountains unite around rivers, lakes, valleys, which are included within the holy places. Perhaps that is why in ancient Altai epic, modern scientific and journalistic works of different people are called Garden of Eden (Yablonsky 2000, s. 348).
«Alatyr not only mountain or stone but a sacred center of the world called the Altai Mountains». Energy, particularly explained in the Altai Mountain Uch-Sumer, is associ-
4 The northwest end of the range is at 52° N and between 84° and 90° E (where it merges with the Sayan Mountains to the east), and extends southeast from there to about 45° N and 99° E, where it gradually becomes lower and merges into the high plateau of the Gobi Desert. (Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains - retrieved by Feb. 14, 2015.)
5 Mount Meru. Preserved ancient Indian map, dated IItys. BC, points to the axis of the Earth - Mount Meru, which is located to the north of India, from which the radius of an equilateral of splashing four world oceans.
37
ated with the same sacred mountains of the world. Kailash and Badrinath peaks are revered by Hindus and Buddhists, Sinai and Tabor, Taishan, Vutayshan and Emeishan -Korean, Tongariro and Paha-Sapa - Indians (Kuzmina 2000). We can enumerate a long list of mountains of the planet associated with the Uch-Sumer. So many people think that world's peoples including the nature, are the descendants of the blue wolf foremoth-ers Altai, because the totem of the Altai people is precisely the blue wolf.
3) Sacred mountains (Yyyk)
Yyyk Altai Mountains6 include Abakaan, Chaptykaan, Babyrkaan, Adakaan, Eje-kaan, Kokkaan, Sarykaan. In the Altai arkaktar (ridges) there are Katun, South Chu, North Chu with altitude 3000-4500 meters, Kuraiskiy, Tabyn-Bogda Ola Aygulaksky, Saljarsky, Terektinsky, Korgon, Sebinsky, Sumultineksky, Kalzunsky, Kamersky. Four sides of the Altai are covered with 1330 glaciers with a total area of 890 square kilometers. These glaciers contain 52 cubic kilometers of fresh water.
Altai (Khanka, Gobi, Mongolian, Tibetan, Ore, Steppe, Kemerovo, Abakan, Tuvim-sky) remained as it was. Gorno-Altai, Altai is the heart of our planet, its large laboratory, which has got nine climatic zones. The Altai there are over two hundred names of flora and fauna. Shamans are believed to live in the Altai to protect the nature of the Altai Territory, called Altai Kany, which means navel of the earth. Pan-Altai, is not only the Altai by nationality, but by spirit too as all the people lived here a long time ago.
III. Altai civilization in Central Eurasian environment.
1. Origin of Altai. The Altai people have had skills in metalworking dating back to the 2nd millennium BC. The Altai came into contact with Russians in the 18th century. Before the formation of the country or civilization in our history the human race maintained their communities based on the blood and tribe, they gathered and scattered according to a language communication to adapt to the natural environment. We suppose that the Central Eurasian region of Altai language might be critical fence to differentiate from other bloods. Altai and Mongolia, but largely Turkish language is also included to the Korean and Japanese. Comparison of the linguistic issue is called the crossroads of civilizations of the East and in the next chapter it is important to remember. There is a slight the bias off; we approached the problem with the framework of Altai civilization and revealed geographic, archaeological, and historical factors from the past and present of the Altai. It is convinced that civilization will be able to see the Altai Krai and surrounding areas of Tuva and Mongolia. For alternative ethnonyms see also Teleut, Tele, Telengit, Mountain Kalmuck, White Kalmuck, Black Tatar, Oirat.
Table 1. Relative chronological of the major archeological culture
h li? it IS
f ä| R ,s si ii h ll flff
£ if i г I-= ! »
s f s f < f 1 и Si 1 P 9f
1 • n ■ L
Source: Lamberg Karlovsky C.C., Archaeology and Language: The Indo-Iranian, Current Anthropology, Vol.43.No.1. (Febuary 2002), s. 63-89.
6 Altai people believe that Uch-Sumer and other mountains of Altai depend primarily on the attitudes of people. If a person worships them, they return positive energy to him in exchange. If a person is barbaric to the mountains, the mountains, like a mirror, reflects its negative energy, which not everyone can rise to some of the vertices. If a person has dark thoughts, as if some force begins to hinder his ascent to the mountain: a man stumbles, falls as if a mountain spirit warns him, so he left the venture with the rise as long as human minds are purified.
First of all, the subject is included in the Altai civilization speaking lists now, from Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azervaijen, Kirgiezstan, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, Korea, and Russia's Tatarstan, Bashkirstan, Chuvash, Buryatia, Karachay, Yakut Sakha, Uyghur in China, etc. These countries are located in the center of Eurasia, so it is natural that our looking begins before the modern environment, incorporated into these Nations geographically, one cannot not be civilized without verifying the facts.
Koreans are believed to be descendants of Altaic or proto-Altaic-speaking tribes, linking them with Mongolians, Tungusics, Turkics, and other Central Asians. Archaeological evidence suggests proto-Koreans were Altaic-language-speaking migrants from south-central Siberia, who populated ancient Korea in successive waves from the Neolithic age to the Bronze Age.
Koreans are a people of northeastern Asia. Most Koreans today live on the Korean peninsula. Evidence suggests that most of their ancestors once lived in Manchuria and Siberia and were Tungstic and Altaic peoples. The Goguryo (old Korea) people who formed the kingdom of Goguryo spoke Altaic language; their kingdom included lands in central and northern Korea as well as Manchuria.
2. Reveals of Korean Genetics studies on DNA. To study the maternal lineage history of Korean Genetics studies on DNA, Lee extracted DNA from the skeletal remains of 35 museum samples (some dating back to the Paleolithic Age) excavated from 11 local burial sites scattered throughout southern Korea. The successful mtDNA haplogroup determination for each ancient Korean mtDNA and the confirmation of the absence of abnormal mutations based on the haplogroup-directed database comparisons indicates that there is no mosaic structure from cross-contamination or sample mix-up or other errors in our mtDNA sequences.7 Among Korean males who have been studied, the Y-DNA (paternal DNA) haplogroups O2b* (P49) and O3 (M122) were particularly common. O2b* is found between about 14 and 33 percent of Korean males and may be of Manchurian origin or a nearby region in northeastern Asia. About 7.9 percent of Koreans belong to a branch of O2b known as haplogroup O2b1. O3 is found in about 40 percent of Korean males and may also have connections to Manchuria as well as with rice farmers from southern China. Y-DNA haplogroup C3 may have come to the Koreans from eastern Siberia.
The presence of haplogroups B, D, and G in the prehistoric age is consistent with the hypothesis that the early Korean population has a common origin in the northern regions of the Altai Mountains and Lake Baikal of southeastern Siberia. In addition, the modern Korean population, which possesses lineages from both southern and northern haplogroups, suggests additional gene flow from southern Asian haplogroups in recent times, but many more ancient samples need to be analyzed to directly tell whether there was regional continuity or replacement of early lineages by other lineages in ancient Korea (Lee Hwan Young; Yoo Ji-Eun; Park Myung Jin; Kim Chong-Youl 2008).
7 Line 2 (Reveals of Korean Genetics studies on DNA) cited the whole part from the research of biology scientist' work. And Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences (HV1, HV2, and HV3) were successfully determined for 11 samples with no sharing of the control region polymorphisms with individuals involved in the laboratory analyses. Each of the 11 mtDNAs was assigned to the appropriate East Asian mtDNA haplogroup according to the haplogroup-specific control region mutation motif and diagnostic coding region single nucleotide polymorphism.
Table 2. Ancient Korean Homan Remains within mtDNA Haplogroups
Sample Localioll Lslimiilecl Age Hopiogroup Control Region Sequence Coding Region SNP
np I6024-163Ó5 Up 73--340 Up 43S-54Í Missing Region1
KO-06* Songrari. Baecje Dyeasty IMcla 16092. l(i!S7. 1022.1, 73,94.263.3)5.1C 439 16.303-16312 .3010. 1466g,
Western area (IS B.C.-A.D.M0) 16362 ] 1215
KO-07 Пппулпр, Goryo Dynasty Flal 16124, 16162. 16172, 73. 249d. 263. 523d. 524d 3970
Central area (A-tl 993-1392) 16304 309.IC-315.IC
Ki >:>v Danyung, Goryo Dynasty Dil lt.is.vr. 16189, 10223. 73,263. 309.1С. 4Í9 16190-16209 4883.12654
Central area 16274, 16362 309.2C. 315.IC
KO-09 Danyung. Gofyti Dynasty A5c 16126, 16129. 16213, 73, 152. 235. 263. 8794
Cemral area 16223. 16290, 16319 309,1С, 315.1С
Ko-is" Danyang, Goryo DyrtiWly Nial 16129. 16189, 16223, 73, 150,263, 309.1С I6I40-16I44, 5417
Cenital area I6257A, 16261 309.2C, 315.1C 16190-16209.
16303-16365
K.O-29" Yondang. Neolithic Age B4FI 16168. 16172. I6383C. 73, 200, 257,263. I6I40-I6I+4. 9-bp
Central area (10,000-1.MOP-.:.) 161119. 16217. 16249, 309.IC.3I5.IC 16190-16209 deletion
16266, 16325
KO-30 Yondttng. Neolilhir Age D4c 16223. 16245, 16362 73.263.315.1С 4S9 ЗОЮ, 1466g
Central area
KO-32 Yeiidang. Paleolithic Age G3a 16223. 16274. 16325. 73. 143. 152. 263. 4S9 4833
Central area [700.000-10,000 16362 309.IC.3I5.IC
КО-ЗЗ" Yondang. i.e.) Neolithic Age B4blal 16136. 16183C, 16189, 73, 199, 202. 207. 499 I6I90-I6209 9-bp
Central area 16217. I02S4N 263. 309.1С. 315.1С deletion
KU-37 Ycftdang. H ranze Л ге 04 16223, 16362 73, 152,263. 315.1С 4S9. 523d, ЗОЮ. 1466g
Central area (1.000^400 П С ) 5240
KO-3S Yenda lie. В ranze Age D4clb 16223. 16224. 16245, 73, 146. 263. 315.1С 489 ЗОЮ, 14668
Central area 16292. 16362
Sources: Lee Hwan-Young, Yoo Ji-Eun, Park Myung-Jin, Kim Chong-Youl 2008, Genetic Characterization and Assessment of Authenticity of Ancient Korean Skeletal Remains,
Human Biology, 80: Iss. 3, Article 2
In terms of mtDNA (maternal DNA), the haplogroup D4 is very common among Koreans. Studies such as «Gene Flow between the Korean Peninsula and Its Neighboring Countries» (2010) were unable to collect DNA samples from North Koreans due to the ongoing political conflict between North and South Korea.
Koreans are racially a purely Mongoloid population. They carry the 1540C allele on their EDAR gene which among other things results in thicker hair than other races. Koreans also have the ABCC11 gene nearly universally so they have dry earwax as opposed to wet earwax like most people in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.
The mtDNA haplogroup D4 is very common among Korean people. This haplogroup is also prevalent in Siberia. Dr. Jin (2009) found mtDNA haplogroup A in about 10% of the Koreans tested. A is the most frequently encountered mtDNA haplogroup among the Chukchi, Inuit (Eskimo), and Na-Dene peoples as well as many New World Indian (Amerindian) populations from North America and Central America. Meanwhile, the mtDNA haplogroup B is also found in some Koreans and it's also common in China and Japan. Less common Korean mtDNA haplogroups include F, M, R, U, and Z (Jin Han-Jun, Chris Tyler-Smith, Kim Wook, 2009).
Kim et al (2010: 653-657)8 surveyed that the distribution of Y-chromosomal variation from the 12 Y-SNP and 17 Y-STR markers was determined in six major provinces (Seoul-Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Chungcheong, Jeolla, Gyeongsang, and Jeju) to evaluate these populations possible genetic structure and differentiation in Korea. The overall haplotype diversity for the 17 Y-STR loci was 0.9997 and the discrimination capacity was 0.9387. Pairwise genetic distances and AMOVA of the studied Korean provinces reflected no patrilineal substructure in Korea, except for Jeju Island.
In Jung et al (2010)'s research Koreans living in 10 cities in South Korea were in -cluded in this study and compared with other Asian populations (Chinese, Japanese, Mongolians, Vietnamese, Cambodians) as well as peoples from Europe, Africa, and the Americas using autosomal DNA. Many Koreans clustered with Japanese people and with Chinese from Beijing and Jilin, but other Koreans (primarily from the
8 Based on the result of 12 Y-SNP markers (M9, M45, M89, M119, M122, M174, M175, M214, RPS4Y, P31, SRY465, and 47z), almost 78.9% of tested samples belonged to haplogroup O-M175 (including its subhaplogroups O3-M122: 44.3%, O2b*-SRY465: 22.5%, O2b1-47z: 8.7%), and 12.6% of the tested samples belonged to haplogroup C-RPS4Y. A total of 475 haplotypes were identified using 17 Y-STR markers included in the Yfiler kit, among which 452 (95.2%) were individual-specific. ( Kim et al, 2010: 653-657)
Gyeongsang-do) formed a separate cluster that probably represents Siberian admixture.
Koreans have a lot more Altaic admixture than Japanese from Japan and Han Chinese from Beijing do. Koreans living on the southwestern tip of Jeju Island have the least amount of Altaic ancestry of all Koreans in South Korea. The analysis of monomorphic markers implied that nine out of ten historical regions in South Korea and Japan, showed signs of genetic drift caused by the later settlement of East Asia (Korea, Japan and Northern east of China), while Gyeongju in South East Korea showed signs of the earliest settlement in East Asia. In the genome map, the gene flow to the Korean Peninsula from its neighboring countries indicated that some genetic signals from Northern populations such as the Siberians and Mongolians still remain in the South East and West regions, while few signals remain from the early Southern lineages. The Mid-West area formed a melting pot in the Korean Peninsula because populations moving from South to North, North to South, and from Eastern China, including the SanDung peninsula, to the Middle West in Korea all came together in this region. In the genome map, the signals for MW Korea are also close to those for Beijing (CHB) in China. The overall result for the Korea-Japan-China genome map indicates that some signals for Mongolia and Siberia remain in SW Korea and SE Korea, respectively, while MW Korea displays an average signal for Korea.
IV. Interrelationship of linguistic aspects Korea and Altai. Due to its isolated position in the Altai Mountains and contact with surrounding languages, the classification of Altai within the Turkic languages has often been disputed. Because of its geographic proximity to the Shor and Khakas languages, some classifications place it in a Northern Turkic subgroup (Gordon, Raymond 2005). Also due to certain similarities with Kyrgyz, it has been grouped with the Kypchak languages. A more recent classification by Talat Tekin places Southern Altai in its own subgroup within Turkic and groups the Northern Altai dialects with Lower Chulym and the Kondoma dialect of Shor (Tekin, Talat, 1989, p. 129-139).
In the 19th century, European scholars in Hungarian and Finnish set up the hypothesis that there Uralic, and Turkic, Mongolian, Manchurian-tied together was included with Altaic language of Tunggus to Ural-Altaic languages.
Figure 1. Major Archeological site and Cultural similarities in the Language
Source: Lamberg-Karlovsky, Archaeology and Language: The Indo-Iranian, Current Anthropology, Vol.43., No.1. (Febuary 2002), p. 63-89.
Note: Sites: B, Petrovka; C, Arkhaim; D, Sintashta; E, Botai; F, Namazga; G, Gonur; H, Togolok; I, Dashly Oasis; J, Sapelli; K, Djarkutan; L, Hissar; M, Shahr-i-Sokhta; N, Sibri; O, Shahdad; P, Yahya; Q, Susa. Cultures: 1, Tripolye; 2, Pit Grave/Catacomb; 3, Sintashta/Arkhaim; 4, Abashevo; 5, Afanasievo; 6, Andronovo; 7, Bactrian Margiana archaeological complex; 8, Indus.
However, in the 20th century, the new point of Ural-Altaic languages is more advanced than the Ural-Altaic family (Fussman 1972), and it is recognized more reasonable because it is easy to support the domestic academic, and language scholars insists that the Korean language system belongs to the Altaic languages and it was already proved with many evidences.
Altai language is the Manchurian Western Greater Hinggan Range(AH /
MM^^: M that has gathered around the mountains and spread to the
North. Korean is of a common origin with the Altai and controlled with numerous grammatical morphemes, which are found a lot in common vocabulary. There is the existing research on the comparison of linguistic achievement (with examples) as follows (Kim Young-Won 2015).
(S; KIM) ^(SuRo), General (S; Kim) M(Al Ji; king), SungHan(^) means Bactria; je], old Korean kingdom. TuHu(^^) indicate the 'Persia' al-
so means Korea. It means St/Hun can be a close relation with the korean in ancient times. also, Pak) Hyukgoese). M/7^[ga n(ia)], je], ®ffi/^[go r(iA)] (Hun/T + 's/P); M/^[sin la], ^t#/M[jo sAn], r)(iA)], gu r(iA)] (Elam/T + 's/P); Bactria; je], Cyrus; M/^[sin la], Sogdiana; gu r(iA)], Susiana; r(iA)], Aria; sAn], $fg/t^[han gug], Cappado-cia; *ffi/^[go r(iA)], Caspian Sea; h«], Aral Sea;
ran], Media; ,^$f/n№[ma han], [Media/T + 's/P]; That is, Korean primary /P posture of cp on the vocal CORDS and bp front/low in the mouth and then articulate «Parthia» (of Phoenician/Canaanite /T), And if I take English/CYRILLIC secondary /C2 posture of cp on the vocal CORDS, much shifted/leaned/slanted backward and bp between the lower/front teeth and then articulate «Parthia» (of Phoenician/Canaanite /T).
«M/7^[ga n(ia)], M/£^[han gug], je], ®ffi/^[go r(iA)],
M/^[sin la], ^t#/M[jo sAn], &&/¥o^[bu r)(iA)], gu r(iA)],
^^/^htH[bal h«], ^/&Moh[nag ran], han]», are historical dynas-
ty/nations (of Korean) in the Korean peninsula (and its neighbor).
However, there has been some opposition against the Altai Theory. The reason is that the Korean and the Altai languages, with some common element found between the compared languages to European India is insufficient. The common elements are found in relatively less compared to India being European. First of all, the vast Eurasian continent that dominates the vocabularies of languages of ethnic (in Chinese, Persian, Greek, etc.) continues to be replaced (Larionova, Beissenova 2014, s. 1-18), and secondly, because the historical tradition of late has appeared, and there are no sufficient resources. However, we cannot deny introduction of the Altai language system. Because the system has already emerged as a result of the common elements, and the borrower should be able to disprove a relationship.
42
1. Folk relations
1) «Gut»
It is widely used in the Altai shamanism and related control to the vocabulary as a Turkic «blessing», «good luck», meaning «qut».
2) «DaeGam» (Official Title)
Middle Turkic refers to a noun «qam» that is «shaman» as it is known for national leadership activities in ancient times.
3) «BakSu» (male shaman)
In Mongolian, the man from La Croix-shaman is called «Baksi», also «Baksha» in Kazakhstan. This has been borrowed into Chinese for posterity, «Baksa» (doctor in Chinese character) estimated.
4) «PuDakGeoRi» (a kind of «acts» of shamanism)
PuDak means underlying obstacles of seven stairs to the King of limbo (Erlik Khan) in the Altai language. Altai worship to the Tenge-Kaile-Kan «(Tengri is god in the sky -> «Dan» of Dangun), to go to the underground (hell) Altai Shaman would have served the ceremonial ritual, for shamanism must pass the 7 stairs to come to the Erlik Kahn. In Korean shamanism, a shaman sacrificed a chicken and prays for the sick and bury to ground. After that the obstacle seems to pass unharmed.
5) «GaWui» (pressing by ghost while sleeping)
«GaWui» is the Oguz dialect of medieval Turkic people that means to be caught in a State of «evil spirits» and comes from expression «Kuzow».
6) 'Ebi' (scary)
It is associated with «Abaci» in the language in medieval Turkish. Mahmud Kashgari discusses this word in the dictionary, saying that the expression of «Abaci Keldi» means 'to come the ghosts' to warn tot children and is often used as a aims to surprise.
2. Political sectors
1) DolY (tori)
Name of Sobaldori appeared at the Samguk yusa (history book of Goyru dynasty), as a «GoHer» village chieftain' name of Sobaldori. Also it appears at «Samguk Sagi» as a name of «Sobal Gong». Actually the «Gong» is the official status. This means generals or leaders who have virtue and the armed forces together with in the ancient Turkic Officer's name baqator (heroic, brave men) and have common et y-mology. Ancient Uighur and medieval Turks extensively used «BaQa» (Toad) or «Tor» (the general, eg. Ulan Bator, Mongolia's capital) as a portmanteau. It is well known that in ancient times, that name of animal was used as title of the leader's Official status in Hun (Kim Young-Won 2015).
2) Gochu-Ga
It is the official title to the Goguryeo's Royal leaders. This is composed with «Go-chu» and «Ga». Ga indicates the leader and Gochu is the male sheep as the ancient Turks «Koc»
3) GagGan
In Shinlla dynasty Official people were called «GagGan», and it is the same as «HaGan» in Goguryeo Dynasty. This can be interpreted by Qaqan in ancient Turkic language. «QAN» is a leader, a King to refer to official title and appears several times in the Orkhon inscriptions stones. Official people were titled as MaRibGan, GeoSeoGan, and the Gan is the same as «khan» of the mighty Emperor refers to the community like a Genghis-Khan.
4) GoY
King «GOI» of Baekje Kingdom symbolizes the wise King which as well appeared in ancient Turkic Chagatai language, Mongolian, Uighur. And «Qon Y» means the amount of powerful and neutered a wise leader.
3. Ecological relations
1) Woeri
In southern Korean dialects the Wolf and the dog looks ferociously, and they call it «Woeri», «Bori Kaqan». In other words, the King of the wolves is used as the Official title at the inscriptions of «Orkhon».
2) GaeGuRi
«Kuri' is same word as «kur» in Turkic, which refers to animals that are similar to the frog.
3) Bora
«Bora from the Korean word of NunBora (Blizzard)» is used as «Bor» as the modern Turkic language «boran» (storm). «Bor» is also written at the Orkhon inscriptions.
V. Conclusion. This paper has explained the development process of the Altai culture and the close relationships between Korea and the Altai that is connected historically and linguistically. Relations with the North since the disconnection after the Silla alliance with Tang dynasty of china when they destroyed Bekje and Gogu-ryu, failed and after that Korea was getting into the worldview of the China while Northern Altay went to a history after collapse the Balhae.
It is very clear that the origin of Korean is Eurasian nomadic peoples, as well as the roots of its identity, history and the beginning of the Hun. Mongolia is also the ancestor of the ancestors of the Turkey, and even Hun, Kazakhstan and other Central Asian Turkic countries which have received the Hun as their origin, and Russia's Tatar peoples and their roots in the China's Uighurs Hun and historical narrative and teach. I strongly urge Korea is sharing the ancient history being disproportionately in the northern part of the overly ethnic commonality, especially as the nomads and the Altai. As we discussed, Koreans are the Northern Eurasia and Turkey, ranging from the historical, linguistic and cultural commonality and very much with the nation and, as such, the fact that these peoples, too, have become increasingly aware of the Altai line. Korean is not only the commonalities of the vocabulary and grammar between the Altai structures, but is almost like the fact that cannot be denied by any theory.
In the geopolitical aspect of the globalization, the Korean and the peoples of Altai nations share the historical and linguistic roots of ancient times within their DNA. It is natural to restore close relation through further exchanges and cooperation between the Altai region and Korea. To illuminate the past and prepare for the future, it is the high time to consider the political alliance and economic cooperation as well as social communication through the exchanges of civilian level between two regions. Most of all, the academic circles should emphasize that the study of the Altai civilization aims to correct history understanding, and cooperation of academic studies will have to be expanded.
Эдебиеттер Ti3iMi/ Список литературы
1. Евдокимов В.В. Историческая среда эпохи бронзы степей Центрального и Северного Казахстана. - Длматы, 2000.
2. Кузьмина Е.О. Металлические изделия и вопросы относительной хронологии абашевской культуры // Древние общества юго-восточной Европы в эпоху палеометалла (ранние комплексные общества и вопросы культурной трансформации). - СПб. - 2000.
3. Altai Mountains [Электронный ресурс] // Wikipedia. URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains (дата обращения: 14.02.15).
4. Fussman G. Atlas linguistique des parles dardes et kafirs. - 2 v. - Paris, 1972.
5. Gordon R.G. (jr.) Ethnologue report for Northern Turkic. - Даллас: SIL International. ed., 2005.
6. Jettmar K. The Altai before the Turks // Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities Bulletin. - № 23. - 1951. - P. 135-227.
7. Jin Han-Jun, Chris Tyler-Smith, Kim Wook. The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers // PLoS ONE. - 4(1): e4210. - 2009.
8. Jung Jong-sun, Kang Ho-young, Cho Yoon-Shin, Oh Ji-Hee, Ryu Min-Hyung, Jeong Hye-Won, Seo Jeong-Sun, Lee Jong-Eun, Oh Berm-seok, Kim Hyung-Lae. Gene Flow between the Korean Peninsula and Its Neighboring Countries // PLoS ONE. - 5(7): e11855. - 2010.
9. Kim Joong-Kwan. The Vitality of Korean Mass Culture in Kazakhstan // Материалы Международной научной конференции «Социальные и культурные практики Евразии в имперском пространстве»
- Усть-Каменогорск: Берел, 2014.
10. Kim Soon-Hee, Han Myun-Soo, Kim Wook, Kim Won. Y chromosome homogeneity in the Korean population // International Journal of Legal Medicine. - T. 124 (6). - 2010. - p. 653-657.
11. Kim Young-Won. Comparative Phonetics. Korea [Электронный ресурс]// URL:http://voicespec.com/board.cgi?id=test3&action=view&gul=5-2&page=1&go_cnt=4 (дата обращения 15.01.15).
12. Kuzmina E. Horses, chariots, and Indo-Iranians, in South Asian archaeology. - New Delhi: Oxford and IBH Publishing, 1994.
13. Lamberg-Karlovsky C.C. Archaeology and Language: The Indo-Iranian // Current Anthropology. - T. 43 (1). - 2002. - p. 63-89.
14. Larionova I., Beissenova S. Etymology and Semantic Varying of Syntactical Constructions in Russian and Chinese Phraseological Units // Global culture Review. - 2014. - T. 4(1) - p. 1-18.
15. Lee Hwan-Young, Yoo Ji-Eun, Park, Myung-Jin, Kim Chong-Youl. Genetic Characterization and Assessment of Authenticity of Ancient Korean Skeletal Remains // Human Biology. - T. 20 (3). - 2008. - p. 239-250.
16. Tekin, Tälat. A New Classification of the Chuvash-Turkic Languages //Erdem - № 5(13). - 1989. - p. 129-139.
17. Tipler F.G. Physics of Immortality. - New York: Doubleday, 2015.
18. Yablonsky L. «Scythian triad» and «Scythian world», in Kurgan, ritual site, and settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age / [Edited by Jeanne Kimball-Davis, Eileen Murphy, Ludmila Koryakova, Leonid Yablonsky]. British Archaeological Reports International Series. - 2000. - 348 p.
References
Altai Mountains Nd - Altai Mountains, Wikipedia, retrieved 14 February 2007,
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_Mountains>. (in Eng). Evdokimov 2000 - Evdokimov, VV 2000, Istoricheskaya Sreda epokhi bronzy stepei Tsentral'nogo i
Severnogo Kazakhstana, Almaty. (in Rus). Fussman 1972 - Fussman, G 1972, Atlas linguistique des parles dardes et kafirs, 2 vols, Paris. Gordon 2005 - Gordon, Raymond G jr. 2005, Ethnologue report for Northern Turkic, SIL International,
retrieved 11 August 2014. (in Eng). Jettmar 1951 - Jettmar, K 1951, The Altai before the Turks, Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities Bulletin, № 23, p. 135-227. (in Eng). Jin Han-Jun, Chris Tyler-Smith, Kim Wook 2009 - Jin Han-Jun, Chris Tyler-Smith, Kim Wook 2009, The Peopling of Korea Revealed by Analyses of Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosomal Markers, PLoS ONE, 4(1): e4210. (in Eng). Jung Jong-sun 2010 - Jung Jong-sun, Kang Ho-young, Cho Yoon-Shin, Oh Ji-Hee, Ryu Min-Hyung, Jeong Hye-Won, Seo Jeong-Sun, Lee Jong-Eun, Oh Berm-seok, Kim Hyung-Lae 2010, Gene Flow between the Korean Peninsula and Its Neighboring Countries, PLoS ONE, 5(7): e11855. (in Eng). Kim Joong-Kwan 2014 - Kim Joong-Kwan 2014, The Vitality of Korean Mass Culture in Kazakhstan, Materialy Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferentsii «Sotsial'nye i kul'turnye praktiki Evrazii v imper-skom prostranstve», Berel, Ust'-Kamenogorsk. (in Eng). Kim Soon-Hee, Han Myun-Soo, Kim Wook, Kim Won 2010 - Kim Soon-Hee, Han Myun-Soo, Kim Wook, Kim Won 2010, Y chromosome homogeneity in the Korean population, International Journal of Legal Medicine, 124(6), p. 653-657. (in Eng). Kim Young-Won Nd - Kim Young-Won, Comparative Phonetics. Korea, retrieved 15 January 2015, <http://voicespec.com/board.cgi?id=test3&action=view&gul=5-2&page=1&go_cnt=4> (in Korean). Kuzmina 1994 - Kuzmina, E 1994, Horses, chariots, and Indo-Iranians, South Asian archaeology, vol. 1,
Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi. (in Eng). Kuzmina 2000 - Kuzmina, E 2000, Metallicheskie izdeliya i voprosy otnositel'noj khronologii abashevskoi kultury,
Drevnie obschestva yuga Vostochnoj Evropy v epohu paleometalla, Sankt Petersburg. (in Rus). Larionova, Beissenova 2014 - Larionova, I, Beissenova S 2014, Etymology and Semantic Varying of Syntactical Constructions in Russian and Chinese Phraseological Units, Global culture Review, 4(1), p. 1-18. (in Eng).
Lamberg-Karlovsky 2002 - Lamberg-Karlovsky CC 2002, Archaeology and Language: The Indo-Iranian,
Current Anthropology 43(1), p. 63-89. (in Eng). Lee Hwan-Young, Yoo Ji-Eun, Park, Myung-Jin, Kim Chong-Youl 2008 - Lee Hwan-Young, Yoo Ji-Eun, Park, Myung-Jin, Kim Chong-Youl 2008, Genetic Characterization and Assessment of Authenticity of Ancient Korean Skeletal Remains, Human Biology: 80: Iss. 3, Article 2. (in Eng). Tekin, Tälat 1989 - Tekin, Tälat 1989, A New Classification of the Chuvash-Turkic Languages, Erdem,
5(13), p. 129-139. (in Eng). Tipler 2015 - Tipler, FJ 2015, The Philosophy of the Common Task. Physics of Immortality, Doubleday, New York. (in Eng).
Yablonsky 2000 - Yablonsky, L 2000, «Scythian triad» and «Scythian world», in Kurgan, ritual site, and settlements: Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age. Edited by Jeanne Kimball-Davis, Eileen Murphy, Ludmila Koryakova, and Leonid Yablonsky, British Archaeological Reports International Series, 348 p. (in Eng).
Алтай жэне Корей мэдениет мен еркениетшщ езара тарихи аракатынасы
Джонг Кван Ким
экономика жэне мэдениет бизнес-экiмшiлiгi саласындагы Ph.D., Dongguk университетжщ пофессоры, Оцтусш Корея 100-715, Сеул ^аласы, Jung-gu, Pildong-ro 1-gil, 30. Email: [email protected]
tywh. ЖаЬшнданудыц ^арыштаган жэне жаЬшндыщ бэсекелестк дэyiрiне байланысты 21-шi гасырда ^6ip ^убылыстар мен деректер шыгармашылыщ тарихи TYC^ipyqi талап етедi. Алтай кептеген халы^тардыц шыдан Отаны ретiнде ^арастырылады. Кореяныц ^алыптасуы Еуразияныц кешпелi халы^тарымен байланысты екенi аныщ. Бул макала Алтай елкесшщ мэдениетшщ даму YPДiсi мен тарихи жэне лингвистикалыщ байланыс^ан Корея мен Алтай арасындагы тыгыз ^арым-^атынасты TYсiндiредi. Отандыщ галымдар мен лингвистер кэрю ттшщ жYЙесi алтай ттдерше тиесiлi екенiн айтады жэне бул кептеген дэлелдемелермен расталган.
Ма^алада Алтай еркениетшщ ^урылымы жэне Алтайдыц еткенi мен бYгiнiнщ географиялыщ, археологиялыщ жэне тарихи факторлары керсетiледi. Бул сура^тарды зерттеуге орталыщ Еуразия ландшафтыныц, географиялыщ ортасыныц сипаттамасы жэне Алтай халы^тарыныц, сондай-а^ еркениетшщ тарихы, салыстырмалы лингвистикалыщ зерттеyлерi кiредi. Осылайша Алтай елкесшщ желiсiн iске асыратын, кэрютердщ СолтYCтiк Еуразия жэне ТYркия халы^тарымен тарихи, тiлдiк жэне мэдени ^ауымдастыгы бар. Кэрiс тiлi Алтай ^урылымдарымен жалпы лексика жэне грамматикалыщ жагынан гана орта^ емес, олар ете у^сас, жэне бул ^андай да бiр теориямен ^абылданбай ^ойылуы мYмкiн емес.
ЖаЬшнданудыц геосаяси аспектiсiнде Корей жэне Алтай халы^тарыныц ежелгi заманнан ДНК-да тарихи жэне лингвистикалыщ тамыры бiр. Эрине, Алтай елкесi мен Корея арасындагы тыгыз байланысты одан аргы алмасу жэне ынтыма^тастыщ ар^ылы ^алпына келтiрy ^ажет. 0ткендi жацгырту жэне болашада дайындыщ Yшiн саяси ода^ пен экономикалыщ ынтыма^тасты^ты, сонымен ^атар екi айма^ арасындагы азаматтыщ децгейдеп элеyметтiк байланысты ^арастыру уа^ыты келдi. Ец алдымен, Алтай еркениетш игеру тарихты дурыс TYсiнyге, сондай-а^ гылыми ынтыма^тасты^ты кецейтуге багытталганын галымдар атап етyi керек. ТYiйн сездер: Алтай; Мэдениет; Еуразия; Казахстан; Корея; Ресей.
Историческая соотнесенность культуры и цивилизации между Алтаем и Кореей
Джонг Кван Ким
Ph.D. в области экономики и бизнес-администрирования культуры, профессор университета Dongguk. 100-715 Южная Корея, г. Сеул, Jung-gu, Pildong-ro 1-gil, 30. E-mail: [email protected]
Аннотация. В 21-м веке, из-за быстрого прогресса глобализации и глобальной эпохи конкуренции требуется творческое историческое толкование некоторых фактов и явлений. Алтай рассматривается как прародина многих народов. Очевидно, что происхождение Кореи связано с кочевыми народами Евразии. Эта статья поясняет процесс развития культуры Алтайского края и близких отношений между Кореей и Алтаем, что связано исторически и лингвистически. Отечественные ученые и лингвисты утверждают, что система корейского языка принадлежит к алтайским языкам, и это уже подтверждено многими доказательствами.
В статье раскрывается структура Алтайской цивилизации и показаны географические, археологические и исторические факторы из прошлого и настоящего Алтая. Исследование этих вопросов включает описание географической среды, ландшафта центральной Евразии и истории народов Алтая, а также цивилизации, сравнительные лингвистические исследования. Корейцы имеют исторические, языковые и культурные общности с народами Северной Евразии и Турции, таким образом, осознавая линии Алтайского края. Корейский язык имеет не только общность лексики и грамматики со структурами Алтая, но он очень похож, что не может быть отвергнуто какой-либо теорией.
В геополитическом аспекте глобализации, корейский и народы Алтая имеют одни и те же исторические и лингвистические корни с древних времен в их ДНК. Естественно, что восстановить тесную связь необходимо путем дальнейшего обмена и сотрудничества между Алтайским краем и Кореей. Для освещения прошлого и подготовки к будущему, пора рассмотреть политический союз и экономическое сотрудничество, а также социальную коммуникацию на гражданском уровне между двумя регионами. Прежде всего, ученым следует подчеркнуть, что изучение цивилизации Алтая направлено на правильное понимание истории, а также расширение научного сотрудничества.
Ключевые слова: Алтай; культура; Евразия; Казахстан; Корея; Россия.
