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process from a limited set of cues or elements continuously unfolding, with no interruption or thinking longer than a few seconds, the interpreter has to come to a correct conclusion or be able to anticipate the message in such a way that he can organize his language output correctly, in doing so, she is not simply repeating something said by somebody else but also engaging in a creative or productive process. According to Riccardi, the interpreter has to come up with strategies to achieve this creativity which creates challenges in interpreting.
References
1. AL-Khanji R., EL Shiyab S. and Hussein R. (2000). On the Use of Compensatory Strategies in Simultaneous Interpretation. Meta. XLV. 3. P. 548-557.
2. Angelelli C. (2000). Interpretation As a Communicative Event; A Look through Hymes' Lenses' Meta XLV. 4. P. 580-592.
3. Breen M.P. and Candlin C. (1980). The Essentials of a Communicating Curriculum in Language Teaching: Applied linguistics. 1/2. P. 20-122.
4. Brown P. (1987). Principles of Language Learning. New York: Longman.
THE HARDSHIPS OF TRANSLATING LEGAL DOCUMENTS
Rashidov A.S.
Rashidov Ashirali Suyunovich — Teacher, ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT, PHILOLOGY FACULTY, GUIISTANSTATE UNIVERSITY, C. GULISTAN, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: the article has to do with the analysis of the phenomenon so called translating and its difficulties. Author distinguishes the term as the process where some transfer happens. He also states the ideas of some scholars who made a research on the certain topic. Through the whole article the author puts the stress on difficulties of translating legal documents. Keywords: translation, document, transliteration, literary, boundaries.
Today we can not escape from the paper works no matter where we work and what occupation we have got. The administration of this or that establishment require us to be busy with this or that papers whole day. Yet, this affair might not seem to be relating to the topic of the article. Nevertheless, it has not tiny, not slightly but great relation to the notion so called translation. Why? Because every time when we are going to deal with the document the first thing we do is to read and guess the issue. So logically we are translating it into the language we understand. This process happens implicitly. So for that mission you need to learn a bunch of things that starts from legalization. We simply transfer the paper into legal document and the process will instantly start over. Translation of legal documents bears its own inherent difficulties. First we should note that this type of translation is burdened with both intricacies of literary translations and technicalities of scientific translations. A deep understanding of the original is essential but on the other hand we must grapple with intra specific terminology concerning the choice of either translation or transliteration. We must be careful not to alter meaning through a thoughtless turn of phrase or a whimsical reorganization of sentence structure. So the translation of documents requires the flare of the literary and the accuracy of scientific translation. What was postulated in the past and what topical nowadays is the rule that translators should observe in their language expression reproduced as much as possible the agency of their original. Terminology was one of the issues the translators paid special attention to and their sensitivity to word choice paved the way for most modern terminology. Terms in legal documents are a common phenomenon and they are approached as such in translations. A preference is given to the literary way of translating because the content of the original should be represented fully into the receptor language text. There is a link between translation rules of the past and those of the present but nowadays "translation" is a composition of more complex points than previously. In our field of research, e.g. legal documents, the phenomenon of translation can be viewed from different angles concerning Translation Theory as a whole. The translation of given document is also based on the original text. The translators cannot interpret freely, which means to add comments and explanations.
The original document and its translation are texts, which as other types of texts should meet seven standards of textuality:
cohesion informativity
coherence situationality
intentionality intertextuality
acceptability
Translations are not made in a vacuum; they function in a given culture at a given time [3, p. 14]. As we approach cultural boundaries transferred texts become increasingly difficult to understand until we give up a translation. And at this point we know that we have moved from one culture to another. So, when we need a translation of a particular document, we have to do with different cultures. It is translation that bridges the cultural gap between the sender and the receiver in our case. The main cultural concern of translation theory, which is typical for all public documents, is the so-called "realia" (it comes from Latin "realis". meaning "object"). Realia are words and combinations of words denoting objects and concepts characteristic of the way of life, the culture, and the social and historical development of one nation and thus alien to another, since they express local and all historical colour, which does not have exact equivalence in any other languages. Translation in its strict sense is not applicable to "realia".
Another important feature which a translator should pay attention to is the style. Style is a key notion for a translator. When he first reads a text getting ready to translate it, he draws some conclusions in regards to the style of the text. Later on he tries to reproduce the original message in such a way as to secure the stylistic or pragmatic effect for the reader as well. In translation of documents the regulations of the specific style should be observed. Sentences in various certificates and diplomas are short and contain maximum information, they follow simpler grammatical principles than those characteristic for the literary style.
References
1. Robinson D. (1997) "Becoming a Translator" Hardcover: 320 pages; Publisher: Routledge; 2 edition.
2. Blum-Kulka S. 1986. "Shifts of cohesion and coherence in translation." In: L. Venuti (ed.), 2000. "The Translation Studies Reader" London: Routledge, P. 298-313.
3. McGuire S.B. Translation Studies. New York, 1989.
4. Biguenet J.,SchulteR (1989). The Craft of Translation.
5. Holmes J. (1970). The Nature of Translation.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL CHANGE Karimova Z.A.
Karimova Zaynab Abdumaitovna - English language Teacher, DEPARTMENT "FOREIGN LANGUAGES THROUGH FACULTIES", PHILOLOGY FACULTY, GULISTANSTATE UNIVERSITY, GULISTAN, REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: every word or phrase in English has its own peculiar feature. The following article gives a brief distinction to that features in a form of changes. The author claims that the role of changes is very important in constructing the sentences. And also these changes mostly occur in phraseological units.
Keywords: phrases, grammaticalization, lexicalization, polysemantic, variation.
The diachronic aspect of phraseology has scarcely been investigated in the works done by Ginsburg. Just a few points of interest may be briefly reviewed in connection with the origin of phraseological units and the ways they appear in language. It is assumed that almost all phrases can be traced back to free word-groups which in the course of the historical development of the English language have acquired semantic and grammatical inseparability. It is observed that free word-groups may undergo the process of grammaticalization or lexicalization.
The notion lexicalization implies that the word-group under discussion develops into a word-equivalent, i.e. a phraseological unit or a compound word. These two parallel lines of lexicalization of free word-groups can be illustrated by the diachronic analysis of, e.g., the compound word instead and
