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24SCIENCE OF ART
THE GENRE «BATA» IN THE TRADITIONAL FOLKLORE MUSIC OF KAZAKH'S PEOPLE
Doctor of Arts, Professor, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan, Laureate of Sh.Ualihanov, Honored worker of Kazakhstan
Kuzembay S. A.
Kazakhstan, Almaty M.O.Auezov Institute of Literature and Art (SC MES RKS)
Genre Bata is one of the oldest types of Kazakh folklore. The primordial function of genre includes in good wishes of peace, the good general welfare, progress in achieving the noble objectives, the winning at martial battles for the liberation of native lands, a wishing the newlyweds and newborn health and happiness, etc. The classic paradigms of genre are well represented in the epic legends of the Kazakhs, in heroic and lyric-social epics. For example are epics «Kobylandy», «Ep Targyn», «Kozy-Korpesh - Sulu Bayan», «Enlik-Kebek». In them Bata operates in two varieties: good wishes (Ak bata) and curse (Kargys). In the past, people were highly revered Batagoi - wise life experience respectable man bearers of this tradition, Batagov had a pleasant voice, clothes were neat and clean. Bata pronounced in prose or recitative - declamatory. The words, as with musical accompaniment -was wise, meaningful and philosophically. Bata is widely dominated by the Arabs in the folklore (Fatih) and also at many of the Turkic peoples - Tatars, Bashkirs, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz. In the history of the spiritual culture of the Turkic peoples of the founder of this genre is considered to be saint Korkyt-ata. In good wishes enclosed the magical power of words crystallized centuries of life and creative practice. Performing the functions moral and ethical, Bata respectively the time and the spiritual needs of society, constantly evolving, changing, acquired innovative features. It enriched in terms of subject matter, content and genre of figurative expression. As a unique genre of folklore Bata attracted the interest of scholars, ethnomusicologists. Between them were involved researchers: J.Frazer, E.Taylor, V.Propp, G.Potanin, W.Radloff, Sh.Ualikhanov, A.Baitursynov, M.Auezov e t.c. Bata has an important role in many of the dramatic national operas - Kyz-Zhibek, Er-Targyn, Alpamys, Enlik-Kebek. The genre Bata in Kazakh musicology considers first. This is getting its expressed, relevance and novelty.
The musical and poetic folklore of the Kazakhs is the richest region of the centuries-old indigenous cultures, which generated eternal spiritual values and artistic genius of the people, also have stood the test of time, sensitively meet the aesthetic tastes and needs of many generations. Among the variety of national culture that has developed as a special kind of oral arts as literature, poetry, music, which are tradition, stylistic and functional integrity of the system form a didactic form of folklore. As an important component of both oratory and eloquence of everyday samples of folklore in its genre, as a blessing, thanks to the curse, riddles, short poems, proverbs, sayings, tongue twisters, etirik dace (literally - tales in songs-poems) and other , embodied the important features of the psychology of the people, his moral character and spiritual ideals, reflecting the mores and morals of nomadic civilization, people's desire for unity and community - to harmony.
Among the above-mentioned types of folk art formation bata entering the small forms of ritual and domestic folklore, it has a special status, representing a unique phenomenon of artistic thinking and culture. It is being one of the oldest forms of traditional culture and many other Turkic-speaking peoples, the baht soz acquiring multidimensional expression and purpose, and at the present stage of development of our society makes it a kind of moral-ethical essence and multifaceted reflects the vital realities.
It is well known that the custom of blessing, to say the baht, good wishes - one of the oldest and most widely different, the variants of the traditional culture of many peoples of the world: the Turkic-speaking, European and Slavic. The good wishes lay the magical power of speech, crystallized centuries of life and creative practice. Acting as a moral but ethical, moralizing and educational, the baht, is constantly evolving, changing, acquiring innovative features, enriching in terms of theme, content and genre of figurative expression. Bata soz are good wishes, blessings as a unique genre of folklore has always attracted the attention of scientists, called the scientific and educational interest
and varying degrees studied overseas (J.Fraser, E.Taylor), Russian (V.Propp, G.Potanin V.Radloff), Kazakh (Ch.Ualihanov, A.Baytursynov, S.Seifullin, M.Auezov, S.Negimov) and many other folklorists and ethnographers.
The genesis of the word comes from the Arabic veil al-Fatiha is the first sura of the Holy Quran, which is a monument to the world of Islamic civilization. Its meaning is directed at both the ritual and in the educational, socializing role. How true once wrote academician Mukhtar Auezov «The Muslim period in the life of the Kazakh people was reflected in songs like Bata» [1, 92]. However, over time soz baht began to acquire secular nature, progressive-democratic orientation, has become the spokesman of spiritual unity.
A special phenomenon of human values genre bata, which is good wishes confirmed by the presence of a similar formation of culture in oral-poetic creativity of many people. The synonym bata soz in Kazakh language is algys. Such concepts we encounter in the language of Sakha, in Kyrgyz, Altai, etc. The meaning of Bata and algys means «blessing». In the history of the spiritual culture of the Kazakh people ancestor art baht cos considered to be holy, Korkyt Ata. Subsequently, the carriers of traditional culture became known batagoy - life experience wise old man, honorable and respected man, often a man. These cohorts are, for example, epic storyteller Abyz, sage and elder of the Kazakh society. According to a prominent scientist and specialist in Turkic philology Akhmet Baitursynov, Janibek Batyr to get advice and blessings went on a long journey to karakerey to Abyz blind old man. And then pronounces a blessing Abyz Zhanibek Shakshakuly:
Ец акыргы батамды ест балам, Риза бол атаца, балам. Багыц жогары ерлесш, балам, Абыройыц таймасын, балам. Д^шпаныц шегще келмесш, балам, Басыца дэулет ^¥сы орнасын, балам.
Послушай, сын мой, мое последнее благословение.
Будь благодарен за это деду, сын мой,
Пусть ввысь вознесется счастье твое, сын мой,
Авторитет пусть будет всегда высок, сын мой.
Пусть не смеет приблизиться к тебе твой недруг,
А на голову твою опустится птица благополучия, сын мой.
Then Abyz passes for example of epic heroes:
Кобыландыдай ^айтпас бол, балам, Таргындай жарага жатпас бол, балам. Алпамыстай давдты бол, балам, Камбардай хал^ыца бол, балам.
Будь мужественным, как Кобланды, сын мой. Не падай от ран, как Таргын, сын мой. Будь прославлен, как Алпамыс, сын мой, Служи народу, как Камбар, сын мой.
The word batagoi in philology was entered by Akhmet Baitursynov. The carrier of bata is batagoy (a wise old man experiences, honorable and respected man, often is a man), and Abyz (a philosopher, epic and sage). The giving bata, in addition to aforementioned traits must be other -especially characteristic, including the possession of poetic talent, skill, eloquence, improvisatory talent, the art of oratory, a special tone of voice and manner of sound, clothing, characterized rigor and neatness, and the actions and behavior are nobleness and degree.
Bata soz pronounced slowly, majestically, poetically dimensional, epic-solemn. Motives of bata can be very different as farewell to the feat of arms, to protect the Fatherland, blessing the young, married, on the occasion of the birth of the baby, meant starting out on a long journey to the traveler, as well as young talents, devoting himself to art, embarked on independent creative way. The musical and poetic traditions of the Kazakhs, for example, on aitys the akyns, winning (often older age) usually gives baht victim poetic defeat the opponent. The interesting aspect of the latter is an example. Speaking on the operation of the custom of blessing in the Turkmen traditional culture, folklore-known orientalists V.Uspensky and V.Belyaev noted that «the formation of the professional education of the future artist-musician takes place under the supervision of the recognized and used their fame
bakhshi. After, the young bakhshi received the blessing from his teacher, which is pata (in Turkmen transcription), it serves as a parting word of his creative activity. The casual custom to give pata fatikha) in this case has a special character, takes a certain value, the student subsequently received his blessing (stalemate), which gave him the right to act independently in front of the audience. There is an identical custom and unwritten diploma. It is extremely characteristic that stalemate, scientists continue to write, sometimes accompanied by a kind of artistic wills» [2, 43]. This is how the Turkmen scientist Sh.Gullyev writes: «Perfecting the performing skills under the supervision of his halypa (a teacher-mentor) and studying it musical repertoire and poetic traditions of the Kazakhs the student subsequently received his blessing (pata), which gave him the right to act independently in front of the audience» [3, 259].
The origins of the genre bata richly represented in the Kazakh epic heritage. One of his earliest examples is recorded academician Wilhelm Radlov (1837-1918) the bata from the epic «Sayin batyr» where epic heroes Koblandy gives blessing to young batyrs [4, 132].
Алла ашсын жолыцды, Танып жYргей, е, балам! Оцыц менен солыцды!
Пусть Аллах сопутствует в пути, Различай, сын мой, друзей и врагов своих.
Remarkably, that another sample bata is from the epic «Alpamys» when an undercover diuanoy Alpamys, the fairy tale character Zhadiger says such good wishes [5, 343]:
Ей диуана, жол болсын, Жеке басыц кол болсын. Олжа басыц мол болсын. Атыцныц басы шапшактай, Садагыц огы б^ршактай, Диуана, саган жол болсын.
Ей, диуана, доброго пути, Будь один целым войском, Пусть сопутствует тебе удача, Коня твоего да не возьмет пуля, А пули твои пусть сыпятся градом.
The similar examples of the Kazakh epic art goes further. Exploring an epic Allamyse scientist turcologist V.M. Zhirmunsky writes that in the heroic epic of the national patron usually admonishes «the wise old man, a prophetic shaman ancestor kind wise uncle, the herdsman, who gives him advice and bless him before the trip, it is called (rarely native) Braga comrade, «sister», assisted by the necessary in good competitions., especially as a rider in baige» [6, 334].
The bata creates a special aura beneficial, moral attitude, promoting positive mental state. Generously Stepnjak Kazakhs with its breadth and generosity of the smallest good enough reason to bless someone. Besides motifs and a lot of life's realities. The popular wisdom says: «Mata almay, bata al» («Do not take a gift, and take a blessing»), and in the past and today it's getting good wishes to the extent of their financial status and social status, bestowed authorizing baht. It goes to the cart lyric-epic «Kyz Zhibek» richly rewarded for reporting the location of the village Zhibek and wishes for a speedy access to it and achieve happiness.
To the ancient forms of folklore, along with the baht, and heat-related groove, syncretic form of which is connected to the baht, is widespread among the Central Asian nations. The defining feature is its dominance in the content of religious motives. They were sung in the month of Ramadan, and included the wishes of well-being of the hearth, and the enhancement of family wealth. Their playing style of performance is maintained, typical bug zharapazan Batas sung gradually, majestically.
The interest is one of the earliest musical recordings made T.Bekhozhinoy in 1971. Text tunes, which executable time post Oraz has religious content. It also clearly expressed baht (blessing) to the owner, so he when he died he was buried with full honors, and his family subsequently flourished in wealth and protect the holy prophet Lukpan.
The motif of folklore sample has a light character, melodiously-recitative, the presence trihordovyh intonations, a fourth jump, and unexpected change of the end abutment suggest the possibility that he is the archaic origin. Some dinami-ku melody gives presence in rhythm of triplets.
In another example Zharapazan baht traced intonation features, typical of archaic music. The first phrase, consisting of four cycles is based on the solid abutment sound «c» contains the original quart jump, characterized by trihord «c-f-d», indicating its low volume within clean quart. When the melody repeats it appears on rhythmic changes (triplets), somewhat further are eighths. Overall, in terms of intonation tune changed, mainly the development of variations are subject to the rhythm and the metric. Stated throughout melodies abutment «c» at the end of a sudden turns into stage second in «d». This example is written by the retiree N. Sahariev, notited by M.Gamarnik.
The example of the blessings of the baht has lyrical epic and musical incarnation «Kozy-Korpesh - Bayan sulu».
The chant broadly singing, in arioso type. Certainty abutment (cis), octave leaps (with wide range), triplet rhythm, variability of meter and other features of the construction of melodic show of musical language, the evolution of the genre baht. Interpretation of the meaning it means: proverb -rain is green land, a blessing - a man (man) husband.
The musical and theatrical drama Kazakh operas exclusive feature bata soz finds its further implementation. Theatrical imagery bata soz its artistic and informative genre and aesthetics essential component organically entered the Kazakh opera, significantly affecting its language, plot and compositional structure. Being subjected to the laws of transformation, respectively musical performing arts and techniques of professional writing, it became the most important component. These multiple functions of the bata in the opera is the blessing of the mother Tolegen - ak bata (on bata), the curse of father Tolegen - tens bata («Kyz Zhibek»), bata zhyrau to Er Targyn («Er Targyn»), bata Zher-Ana Alpamys («Alpamys»), bata of elderly mother Azhar to young warrior Kairat, is sent to the front («Guards, alga»), bata to Analyk son Birzhanu («Birzhan-Sarah»), bata of Abyz to youth («Enlik-Kebek»), bata to Panfilovs, are going for protection of Moscow, bata of great zhyrau Zhambyl of 20th century («Twenty-eight»). These operas feature baht manifested in generalizing macro and micro levels in the household.
The strength of the emotional impact of the bata olen, its types, the time length and location in the architectonics of the whole opera works are very different. They are to a certain extent come from the plot and dramatic conception of creative design, consistent artistic tasks allotted for their implementation and disclosure. In the process of transformation of the Kazakh opera bata soz specific subordinate national color. His universal unit rhythm-intonation corresponds to the structure of the poetic text, melodically, and coinciding with the seven and eight rhymes. Bata in the Kazakh opera comes from organically base of traditional epic culture, posing in declamatory recitative-form natural transition into detailed ensemble scenes, aria and arioso.
Classic examples of the creative use of the baht in the framework of the European genre of opera presented its two varieties of «Kyz Zhibek» E. Brusilovskiy. There native national form of poetic folklore in the context of the lyric-epic story are dormant for the dramatic line of opera works. So, in the mouth of the mother of the protagonist of the opera Tolegen Kamke bata sounds like a blessing, but the party of his father Bazarbai's bata (in this case tens bata) performs the function of a curse.
Blessing the son of a long journey, mother, turning the palms of both hands to the face (hand position, when the common pronunciation of «ak bata is literally white («good, good bata») sings the beauty of the river in the trees (growing along it), the beauty zhigit in his wife (darling). Go, my son, in the path of the satellite you will let my blessing. Mother like a premonition of further tragic developments and blesses Tulegen to a long journey. This stunning deep folk tunes set out in the genre of songs-laments.
The chant of folk origin is presented within the quint-interval it has minor inclination, conducted uniformly, slowly. The nature of the sad melody, with a predominance in the intonation of tricorder, little terz-interval and halftone patterns. The chord dominates the design plagal (t-s-t). The composer subtly revealing the inner essence of quoted material, color gives it a genre of songs, laments - zhoktau. The concept works all the blessings of the mother of the main stage of the opera character performs an exclusive function amplifying dramatic overtones, bringing a tragic predetermination. The scenic decision mother blessing is the culmination and emotionally impressive.
In the second act of the opera akyn Shege according to the canons of traditional way of life appeals to Bazarbai to bless Tolegen to marry Zhibek and allow him to hit the road («Bazeke, kolynjdy zhei, ber batandy» - says akyn). The recitative intonation built on the folk song «Ayazbay» nobly singing, bright and friendly. The nature of the melody is maintained in the style of an epic statements set forth dimensional tale. Bazarbai, adamant in his decision to abruptly interrupts the akyn Shege:
AT^aHbiM-aHT^aH,
OgaH, cipa, KaHTnaH.
K&MbiM K3THn coHbiMga!
Сказанное - сказано
Не возьму обратно (свое слово)
Окаменел я на этом.
In prose form he was giving his son Tolegenu teris bata (literally is the opposite bata), thus cursed, foreshadowing the tragic death of the hero of the opera. According to Mukhtar Auezov: «light carts prevent aspiration force four black, four dark hedges. The first of them is the desert - a long journey; the second is a protest of his father - the fate of favor; third is helplessness - loneliness; fourth is the Bekezhan treachery».
However, this is a masterpiece of folk poetry, we know that after the fatal death of his firstborn Bazarbai desire to bless the younger son Sansyzbai hit the road in search of his brother. Father opened his hand both hands in his face, he says:
Эуелi - Алла - тагала,
екiншi - Энбия - эулиелерге аманат.
Сперва прошу Аллаха Всевышнего,
Затем - святых всех пророков.
And thus he gives ak bata.
Teris bata (equivalent to a curse - kargys) is rarely used in everyday life of Kazakhs, it is contrary to their traditional livelihoods, unnatural mentality of a nomad, his spiritual essence. The musical stage works magic power of teris bata performs exceptionally dramatic function. Tom example is second act of the opera of M. Tulebaev «Birzhan-Sarah». In it, under the pressure from the mullahs father Birzhan KozhagYl requires a son to burn dombra and abandon Sarah. But Birzhan remains adamant. Then the father decides to renounce his son and curses him.
The orchestral introduction, consisting of octave duplication and chromatically halftones creates tension and emotion. Three chord complexes in various combinations become the tertian chord structure. Effect of dynamics and dramatization successfully are triplets and tremolo.
The genre bata innovatively interpreted in the opera of Gaziza Zhubanova «Enlik-Kebek» by the libretto of laureate Lenin Prize - Mukhtar Auezov. The main characters of the lyrical and tragic narratives, victims intergeneric strife and violent prejudices, forced to leave their homes. They request the epic Abyz bless them. Music canvas bata Abyz unfolds slowly, rhythmically, in epic grandeur. The intonation bata is in diatonically meanings and the rhythm is enlarged, the meter is uniformly sustained.
Before the leaving their homes to escape persecution, and Enlik and Kebek turn to sage Abyz for blessing. «May you find the happiness beam!» - starts the elder. The intonation bata initially consist of steps-upward movement, where as «involved» in the general outlines quart three chord (e-g-a). It's expressive syncopated and then is singing top sound «g» besides it and the longest in duration (d).
The scene blessing Abyz is a trio, which passed the general condition of mutual understanding and harmony - Enlik and Kebek second word of the sage, imitating his good wishes, highly esteeming him.
The folk genre bata is composition transformed, it develops into an expanded opera stage, where each party has its own logic executed vocal line. Thus, in general, it forms monumental compositions of G.Zhubanova perfect score in all of opera works. The composer-playwright in building the scene of jewelry designs each batch, skillfully using diverse means of professional letters, stringing his harmonic techniques (tertian and not tertian structure, complex chord transitions, etc.) and polyphonic (simulation and contrasting forms) palette.
In the aspect of revealing the dramatic role of the baht in the Kazakh opera is interesting and the prologue of the opera «Alpamys». In the introduction to the opera plays Rakhmadiyev now devastated and wounded Kazakh land after enemy raids. Music prologue archaic and sad, she not only describes the scene created, but also more deeply facilitates the transfer of an epic story. Gradually, the music starts to get anxious and tragic aspect ... Inconsolably her grief, desperate cry, finally it was hearing. Alpamys is national hero comes with his sarbazes. This picture is completed dramaturgically rich blessing Mother Earth. The composer, expertly recreating genre features of bata unparalleled techniques of modern technology, introduces innovation: raspevno-voice folk intonations grow and become the ensemble scene to duet with Mother Earth Alpamys.
The epic story of the traditional media Targyn spiritual culture of zhyrau Kartkozhak tells the story of the campaigns of the national hero. The legend «Er Targyn» begins with a prologue (kirispe) in which the epic narrator informs:
Колыма калам алдым хат жазгалы,
Бiркатар заман етп камдагалы.
Жамагат к¥лак салып тындасацыз, Мiнeкi, Ер Таргыннан сез козгалы.
Взял я в руку ручку для написания письма (т.е. эпоса), Много времени прошло, как я собираюсь это сделать. Люди, прислушайтесь внимательно, Вот, начну сказание про Ер Таргына. (The translator is S. Kuzembay)
In the third picture of 1st act the opera belonged to the pen of E. Brusilovskyi, zhyrau says the blessing (bata) Targyn. In the form of a sage due to terme structure of Targyn for freedom, they won in a fierce fight against the invaders; he blesses him and expressed good wishes of health, happiness and prosperity. The motif of low-volume, repeated several times.
The analysis of operatic works by composers of Kazakhstan includes in musical and poetic genres of folklore received innovative treatment can be continued.
In summary, we note that the genre bata is a special phenomenon in the history of artistic culture of the Kazakh people. Having in its basis of universal spiritual values, the bata is essential reassuring factor of contemporary reality. The nature of the genre, incorporating the centuries-old traditions of the people, reflecting the mores and customs are revived in a new Independence, acquired socially meaningful content and purpose. Bata is ever-living source of spiritual vitality of the nation, connecting the space of the past and present.
The tradition bata talent embodied in the work of the young artist Nurzhan Karymsakov. His magnificent panels, raised the more than two thousand years of history of the Great Steppe, located in the main building of the Eurasian University after Gumilyov in Astana. Decorative painting is called «Bata». There are three great biyis - Ayteke bi, Tole bi, Kazybek bi give his people the blessing, wishing him happiness and prosperity. The life steadiness of folklore genre, responsible world view of modern society and its spiritual needs, as evidenced held in the ancient city of Turkestan traditional competition on art genre bata soz.
In conclusion I would like to give good blessing bata to those, who read this book:
Бастарыца бак консыц, Ба^ таласкан жок болсын. Асыл eлiм то^ болсыц, Бейбгг - емiр, береке, Туган жерге нак консын. Отбасында шYпiрлeп, ¥рпактарыц кеп болсын, Эумин!
Пусть счастье вселится в ваши дома, Пусть не будет у вас завистников, Пусть народ наш живет в довольстве, Пусть мир, долголетие и благополучие, Прочно внедрятся на нашей земле, Пусть счастье вселится в ваши дома, Пусть не будет у вас завистников, А радостные голоса ваших потомков Звучат у вашего очага, Аминь!
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