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29ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЕ НАУЧНОЙ РАБОТЫ
THE CONCEPTION OF SHAKARIM "DOCTRINE OF CONSCIENCE"
ВЕСТНИК НАУКИ Askarova Altynay Shaulievna, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty E-mail: altynai- [email protected]
И ТВОРЧЕСТВА
Summary. In this article the great Kazakh thinker, philosopher, poet Shakarim Kudaiberdiuly's conception (1858-1931) "Doctrine of conscience" is considered. • Conscience is formed in humanistic of mature human qualities. By Shakarim, the doctrine of conscience is through the system step-by-step process of achievement of all properties in the manner set.
The author based on the methodology of historical relativity and the theory of knowledge, analyzing by the start sources and bases of conception of Shakarim "doctrine of conscience" and discloses its original value. It is paid attention to only comparing of studying the level of inner spiritual power of this concept in the world of fundamental spiritual and philosophical doctrines.
Key words: "Doctrine of conscience, "honor system", "three clear" (ush anyk), soul, spirit, secret of creation, meaning of life.
Аннотация. В этой статье рассматривается концепция «учение совести» великого казахского мыслителя, философа, поэта Шакарима Кубайбердиулы (1858-1931). Совесть - способность личности самостоятельно формулировать нравственные обязанности и реализовывать нравственный самоконтроль, требовать от себя их выполнения и производить оценку совершаемых ею поступков; одно из выражений нравственного самосознания личности, которая формируется у совершенного человека.
По Шакариму, учение о совести является совокупность процесса посредством системы совести шаг за шагом достижения всех свойств в установленном порядке. Автор на основе историческо-сравнительной методологии и теории познания, раскрывает сущность концепции учение совести» Шакарима.
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Ключевые слова: «Учение совести», система совести», «три истина», душа, дух, смысл жизни.
No matter what kind of person in the world, he was created at his time, representation of his society. The person is formed by society, the time approves the person. In such cases, Shakarym is also a person at his time. The life phenomenon of that time in that society was not forgotten from the Kazakh Philosopher, Shakarym's mind. Therefore, to define for Shakerim's knowledge and sights, we cannot consider dividing him from his time. Of course, for formation of any person, current of separately impressions of life of society and times, having received the knowledge and science, his reading books, spiritual sources of obtaining power and influence are much more. So, in order to specify for full knowledge of any person the shown of any problem does not have to react from mind.
At the same time, the poet's son Akhat Shakarymuly's reminiscence сalled «Reminiscence about Shakarym» opens the way to know a lot of information about Shakarym. The facts (data) of the poet's origin, his neighbors, his read books and the style of working are well contained in this book. This reminiscence's value is • important. Because, his son wrote the reminiscence, who had been seen his life directly and his work. That's why; at the beginning of the work we often consider the reminiscence.
So, Shakarym went to Shyngys two times, was a Bolys in Syban for six months, and he spend his three years to lead the country. He remembered that time as «Eriksiz zhemtik shokydym», «Ar ketyp, aila zhamyldym». By the way to have a relationship with country people on a business helped him to define a person, to know the differences between the humankind and meanness, to help to take a root of public society and to define the illness of society.
The poet's first poems were about youths and love theme. He used Abai's poetic and language style for the first of his writing poems. He learned science and education, good mind from his brother Abai, also learned the nobility and nationality. He had critic from him and passed the creative training. He considered one of his purposes to live and to work as Abai. His outlook to world was also to formed under influence of Abai. He gave his attention to learn Russian, Arabic, Turkish and Persian languages at his early age. He added into his poems such expressions: "To try to learn Russian, ignorance's dirt have been released". Thanks to it after growing he knew that he would be a critic man with ability to think. He read works a lot about philosophy and religious history.
In order to do the giving oath of his brother and as spiritual teacher Abai, he went to Mecca as hajj visit in 1905-1906 years. The purpose to it was search to look for science and education of Arab, Turkish and Europe countries. On his visit he was in Mecca. And he worked at Istanbul library.
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I looked for, I found the clearness, Throw away the old things From the light of truth, The heart was outburst having seen,
- said when he came back home from travelling the foreign countries, he makes efforts to recognize the culture and literature, religious and philosophy and field of sciences of the country. His mind, view was raised, and he started functioning life, society and soul in a new way. He brought many books. That time Shakarym sent these books to his familiar person in a country regularly. Among these books there were philosophy and scientific bases of books of great famous thinkers of the world. All of these were affected to form Shakarym's outlook and sight widely.
However, Shakarym grew by learning the original literary version of Kazakh literature from his early youth. Because he had an education from Abai and then from his grandfather who was so excellent language master. That time there were a lot of old words and good words which were taken from old people to say. This evidence was the births of the poet's pen «Kalhkaman-Mamyr, Enlyk- Kebek» as well as lyrical-epic poems. This was the first success in the world of poetry of the poet's poems. •
After death of the spiritual teacher Abai, Shakarym could not find people like him, and looked for a person to be talked and to be interviewed. Thus, he considered a true person as the owner who was well known by his books Lev Tolstoy; he wrote him a letter asking for advice. Shakarym said:
«I asked three questions to Tolstoy. Tolstoy answered to my questions a valuable reply. First question was: Human dignity, I wrote a list of all the negative things of person and among them that you know, what is the most hurtful thing to human conscience and honor? Tolstoy answered: «The notes from a list of all the things impact on human conscience and honor. In my mind, there is one business which is the most hurtful thing. This business if the person knows truth or does harm to society and to public, defend it from three things, as if not to say the truth, it will be very difficult to human conscience and honor. At first, if you say the truth being as very rich man, it harms to your wealth and richness; secondly, you are the owner of a career, to say the truth, if you lose your career, thirdly, you say that the truth, if you are brought to justice. As to defend from these three types of damage, if you do not say the harmful truth by knowing, that it will be very difficult to human conscience and honor».
Shakarym started to engage a mental work in 1908. He was the far away only from his country, he moved to the winter place Sayatkora which was built for the purpose of hunting. He said that «The thought needs to be a quiet place», he engaged in creative work to read and to write lonely. He wrote a lot over those years to produce. In these years several of his books were published. He published collection
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of poems, among them, as good works «Turkish, Kazakh, and Kyrgyz all origin of kings», «Muslim rules» (Orynbor, 1911), poems «Kalkhaman-Mamyr», «Enlyk-Kebek» (Semei, 1912) ». He wrote articles regularly in the first of Kazakh journal «Aikap», in the newspaper «Kazakh». He devoted to a wide range of topics by writing articles as one of the most active authors of journal «Aikap» and the newspaper «Kazakh». His articles called «Five questions to educators», «What we need» were published on the 3rd and 4th numbers of journal «Aikap» in 1912, and the articles called «Writing problems», «Open letter to all the Kyrgyz-Kazakh people» were published in the newspaper «Kazakh» in1913, 1914, 1915 years.
The famous scientist Garfolla Esym suggested dividing into the life of the poet. The first stage was the data of Abai was alive and second stage was the after death of Abay. The second stage covers the period of 1904-1931 years. The first period was the subject to the direction of the educational experience for the actions of the poet. Certainly, there was no doubt the formation of the person affected of having studied the effect of books. In order to analyze this direction of poet's knowledge we give turn some of the opinions of the article by famous oriental scholar Otegen Kumisbaev's «Shakarym and oriental literature». There scientist wrote as: Abai hoped from his • brother Shakarym greatly, when one he was eager to see the dream to realize through Shakarym.
«The person gets education up to the age of forty, forty years are full age, mentally exhausted and inspiration has been updated. And now, you will be forty in three years. We are fluent of East language» said Abay to his pupils. Then Shakarim said: «If you are the funds I will go to have an education. But where should I go?». Then the teacher: «Athens of the Greek education is collected in Stanbul, Arabic knowledge is in Mekke, but it should be found me more in Medina than in Mecca, and you must go to the library by Alexandra in Egypt. You should go to four places, there you should have full knowledge and education, take the need books and visit the history places. I will give money for your books and expenses on the roads. If you agree, take your hands» -said Abai taking hands to his pupils, Shakarym was so glad and agreed with it.
Shakarym's works during the end of his life was too deep. He considered the general human problem. Have access to independent consciousness of level. He refused to be tainted with certain restrictions. He was taken of true spiritual freedom. These summits poet said:
Work for human
Fifty-five years of savings.
Take any you like
Heritage given to young people »
The next stage of the works of the human soul, the essence of life, the abyss
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devoted for open a lot of mysterious folds, such as the secret of life. It will require in depth knowledge to get and to know the works of the researcher of the time.
Being away from his native land, alone with his thoughts, he wrote the deepest meaningful works. His one thing different from Abay is he described not only Kazakh world view, but he could also reach his spiritual freedom. He could feel his inner world and find the light of the truth. He could success to discover his sole mystery. The eyes on the head see the body Just don't notice the truth The eyes need advice There is a need to wiser eyes To see the truth, my dear
Shakarym got education on his way; he realized the bright of the truth through reading and seeking. He reached the highest level. It can be proved by his letter to Sabit Mukanov («Ardakty Sabitbauyryma»). The poet writes: «I can't be limited by «A prophet once told..., A philosopher once told..., or A professor once told ...» I can't accept everything beyond my mind. But when my mind realizes the real proof I'll bend my knees whoever he was. I am proud. What I seek is to benefit the whole • human, and I can't tell the truth. I'm not free». It exactly shows the poet's principle and peak of his wisdom. It also shows the poet's big sorrow. He wanted to know how his works would have been accepted or criticized by the great thinkers. As Abay had no equal to him, he also had the same trouble. Hopefully the poet's heritage has enriched the national cultural value.
The works of Shakarim are completed with the problems of the country and the nation. They are aimed to continue the path of Abay's «language mastering and spreading art». In his early poem «Anger and satisfaction» he writes «I criticized my land to bring it to order», finding no one to share his ideas he criticized his activity and thoughts « I cried and sorrowed my land didn't hear my words». And his thoughts answer: «People are not educated, There is just cry, If the people are not cured Cry is just unfounded Let them study and be educated Spread the science Let them know
Subscribe to newspapers and books Let the Kazakhs read Being proud of praising Be away from mockery».
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This idea was Sakarym's position of his life. He had realized if someone wanted to be at the service for his people should stand any difficulties and be based on hard work and show the honest way.
In his poem «A peasant and the loose» he described just the similar situation to the present. The poet prevented not to run after glamorous life it was not for long. Not to be proud for any praise and use the wisdom and power to the useful business or important activities. He made it the topic of his works several times. He made a thought that the Kazakhs would be a great nation with the art and education. «A real wealth is the ability To get education and wisdom Not the wealth is your things There is a day to give accounts»
Shakaram criticized the Kazakh people and he was really worried about them. His idea proves the national proverb «A friend's criticism makes you cry». The poet describes his thoughts in this way: «I am your friend, not the evil
Don't be funny give a rebirth •
My heart aches
Let my words be like poison
Don't be afraid read them
As the thirsty needs water
Think carefully».
The poem «After Abay's death my poems devoted to myself» shows the particular change of his life. He totally changed his point of view. He started to pay attention that the life is short and deceptive. He made a conclusion in this way: «Don't run after you dream It mightn't come true Even prophets and great men Couldn't realize their dreams and ambitions». Sometimes he offends: «There is no bad Kazakh But to gather to do the right things They had no convenient times... »
The poet never denies the necessity of working hard and honestly earning the living and gathers the cattle. In this situation "gather the cattle" is used in the wide figurative way and means to work hard, to master, to do the useful activity, to earn much and not to depend on somebody, to reach independent life and be among the developed countries. The god created everybody equally. He shared every «nesibe -
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wealth» (nesibe means in Kazakh the gift from the God). The wisdom, mind and health are given equally. Shakarim used these edifications in his poems to teach people to avoid the lazinessand parasitism. He calls the people to show the persistence and do the best using the basis of Allah's ayats and Hadis of prophet. «Gather the cattle not for proud but for your people Not to depend from the others Don't sell your sole, seek the truth For honest and clear conscience».
The poet's idea to gather the cattle means to do it not to show just for wealth, but to have a chance to satisfy the people's needs. Because a man mustn't serve the cattle, on the contrary the cattle must serve the people's needs. If you connect all your interests and wishes with the riches and cattle, the man loses the opportunity to realize the significance of his birth and life. The source of his mind closes and he becomes the parasite that doesn't care everything but wealth. The works of Shakarym prevents the thinking people from such danger.
Such ideas are described in the following poems: "Nasikhat" Edification, «Okinishtiomir» Sorrow life, «Khaiuan men akymaktar» Animals and fools, • «Sankoilar» Fashion victims, «Yzakor», «Erinshek» Lazy, «Kumarlyk» Passion, «Kalzhynshyl Kylzhakpa» Humorist.
The thinker put requirements to the guards of the country in the following idea:
Try not to keep the country
To be the last
The educated, honest one
Puts his country to be the first
There isn't any side of the Kazakh life that the poet didn't describe in his works. After lots of years they are still actual and live. Some of the leaders of those times were criticized in the following way: The best of the Kazakhs Had three things worst Proud, meals and passion Were their best friends»
Thepoetinhisworksdescribedthebadsidesofthecountry'slifeinsarcasticways, with sorrow and unhappiness, but his love to his people and the country prevails much. With his strong criticism of the unpleasant customs in the country he tried to edifice the young generation to keep away from these measurable habits.
Shakarym supported the idea of settled life, and follow the chance to learn the art and be educated. He realized that once the nomadic life based on cattle breeding would become over. He maintained the idea of the newspaper «Aykap» to call the Kazakh people to have a settled life. He criticized those Kazakhs who divided the
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world by some glitter and fought with each other on behalf of different parties: Any city wasn't built Any child wasn't taught Any art wasn't learnt No land for the city No work with benefit Not any leader from Kazakh Useless and harmful With no treasure With no luck
Party hasn't any business honest»
He became sad realizing the careless life of the Kazakhs and thinking about the future life. He seeks the ears to hear his edifications. Nevertheless he never lost his hope and begged in his poems: «I worried about the Kazakhs Caring the future life
Think of you, too •
You are the man»
It is certain the endless significant content of poet's works will continue to live with humanity. Great philosopher, thinker who cared of the time, his people and land wrote sharp articles, master of publicist left huge heritage in different genres and is a valuable treasure not just for one nation but for all humanity with common ideas.
The truth of that time when Shakarim lived as well as the public life is well described in his works.
Famous scientist Sh. Satbayeva in her book "ShakarimKudayberdiev" wrote: "Shakarym gave the name to the first collection of his poems Mirror of the Kazakhs", it has a deep descriptive meaning. Mirror is a light; art of word is a light of life and description. It points to the scientific, aesthetic point of view. The main content is the Kazakh being, Kazakh life. Through the great power of the art words the poet had an aim to influence the Kazakh society and to improve the personal life of the people. The poetical credo of the poet was to serve for the development of his native land and he wrote: «I will die to lead my country to the peak". It was for the great purpose and principles. This idea of the poet has been worth to support. Because all his life and heritage are directed to show the way of making the country highly developed, pointing the clear purpose».
As it was mentioned above great Kazakh poet Abay had huge influence to Shakarym's works. The main root of his works is combined in one idea, for my Kazakhs, my country and my people. It is the example of Abay, his way. Shakarim like Abay tells the truth in order to wake up and arouse the Kazakhs' conscience.
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Shakarym made philosophical lots of conclusions on nature, society, and human. He particularly worried about the Kazakh people's destiny, their unity, and future. He criticized the most unpleasant behaviors, injustice, illiteracy, greediness, carelessness, lightheartedness; slyness and violence which don't allow the Kazakh society go up. The poet supported his great educator Abay'sideas that with the help of science and education the Kazakh society would flourish and develop.
Shakarim got to know the world outstanding poets and writers. He made their names example in his worksand calls the growing up generation to study the culture and science like them.
The main ideas of ShakarimKudayberdiuly are based on Abay's poems and lyrics, but he didn't copy his works he took them as a model. He wrote many poems to prevent the Kazakh people not to lie, to avoid illiteracy, and work hard.
The poet wrote such poems "Zhuandar" The thick, "Bay men konak" Rich and guest, "Ashu men ynsap" Anger and satisfaction, "Talap pen akyl" Demand and wisdom, "Akyndarga" To the poets, "Nasikhat" Edification and etc. His poems describe the public social conditions, with educational and philosophical ideas they express the negative sides of Kazakh people and show the ways that could eliminate • these negative sides. He continued to develop the point of view and content of Abay'spoem that stars with the lines "Kalyn elim, kazagym, kayranzhurty. (My poor country, my poor Kazakh land)"
The situations in Kazakh society, the social sphere, the character of the representatives of different social class are truly described in Sakarim's works. In order to get rid of old habits his works call to get education and culture from the works of well-known scientists and other great people.
The poet criticized enmity, unfair fights, and lightheartedness. He demands to share the knowledge and science with the simple people, "let the others use your knowledge", "be a source of knowledge", spread the achievements of culture, art, education and science.
He combines the problem of learning and getting education with the high interests of the people, the feelings like love, humanism and honest business, braveness and strong will. These features are enriched and developed through kindness, spiritual ideas. Your human duty To serve your people Follow the fair way Keep your clear conscience
These words of Shakarim are the conclusion of above mentioned opinions. The aesthetic ideas of Shakarim his dreams and ambitions are fully introduced in the topic dastans that describe various human destinies. On the basis of real Kazakh
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lives he wrote poems such "Enlik-Kebek", "Kalkaman-Mamyr" with realistic features. In this way he undoubtedly made a great contribution to the Kazakh literature. Though the events of these poems had taken place one or two centuries before, they were widely typical to the Kazakh life of his times. It is very significant the poets statement in «Enlik-Kebek» poem he stated "It is not a fairy tale, it happened earlier".
He called to unite the power to raise the culture and showed the ways. The first, it is not necessary to imitate the party's words and slogans, to fight for their ideas; the simple people don't gain anything from them. People should follow their fair way and work honestly. The second, Kazakh people should seek the knowledge and education like peoples of other highly developed countries. In this way they should avoid the fights, stealing cattle, and other bad habits. It is not necessary to hope for the rich people and ask for help. They just think of their wealth, they are not interested in other things, they are proud of it. They don't think about knowledge and education. The third, it is important to build cities and towns, there should be opportunities to live and study. It is necessary to teach the children from their early life. Shakarym wrote clearly: "The Kazakh people don't have power without it. They have no eyes, no words to understand, Kazakh is not Kazakh these days."From these thoughts we can • realize, he was worried, that Kazakh people could lose their nation with own culture and history, he prevented it.
Shakarym stated, in order to show the Kazakh nation equal to other peoples with its culture and history, the leaders on the head of the country should be higher and well educated. If they just follow their carrier and comfortable places, they will nothing do for the country, they won't work for the people's and countries prosperity. Shakarym wrote: Party is the worm Like cureless illness I am worried about my country The head is evil, the court is foolish Thoughtless people don't like my words Unfair people don't pay attention Heritage is not lost Long century keeps the history Suffering from unfair My sole burns In front of fair people Would I appear not guilty?
The main ideas of Shakarym's works are the most valuable, as they express the problems and difficulties of the Kazakh people. The poet's significant thoughts on prosperity of the country like precious treasure will be kept and followed for ages.
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