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UDC 633.112.9:631.523(470.324)
THE GENOFOND OF WINTER TRITICALE AND THE RESULTS OF ITS STUDY IN THE CONDITIONS OF KAMENNAYA STEP OF THE VORONEZH REGION
Shevchenko V.E., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Professor Bocharnikova O.G., Post-graduate student Voronezh State Agrarian University named after Emperor Peter the Great, Voronezh, Russia
E-mail: selection@agronomy.vsau.ru
Gorbunov V.N., Candidate of Agricultural Sciences Research Institute of Agriculture of the Central Black-Soil Zone named after V.V. Dokuchaev,
Voronezh region, Russia E-mail: vlgorbunov60@mail.ru
ABSTRACT
The article under consideration is dedicated to the results of the environmental testing of the winter triticale genofond from different plant selection stations by major economic characteristics in the conditions of Kamennaya Step of the Voronezh region. Judging by the yields the following varieties are of special importance: Vocaliz - 5,19 t/ha, Legion - 5.87 t/ha, Atstek - 5,32 t/ha, Almaz- 5,64 t/ha, Topaz - 5,32 t/ha, Knyaz - 5,13 t/ha, 97-65t-48-24 - 5.9 t/ha, 97-67T-6P-20 - 5,61 t/ha, 98-191T-22, 98-199T-12-22 - 5,22 t/ha,02-82T-23 - a 5.25 t/ha, Valentin 90 - 5,74 t/ha, Stepan - 5,11 t/ha, Kastus - 5.26 t/ha and others. Varieties with a high protein and starch content are Doctrina 110, Talva 100, Vodoley, Kentavr, Sotnik, 98-191T-22, Ustinia, Tulus and others. Varieties resistant to brown rust are Talva 100, Agraf, Vocaliz, Konsul, Legion, Atstek, Almaz, Valentin-90, Leader, Makar, Orlik, Yubileynaya, Tulus and others. The varieties studied have been recommended for production and should be put into selective programs.
KEY WORDS
Winter triticale, genofond, productivity, grain quality, brown rust, selective value.
The last decade has shown the positive interest of the agricultural triticale producers to the growth of triticale cultivation area because of the high productivity of new varieties and their resistance to various stress factors of cultivation [1-3, 5 ,8-10]. At the same time, there is a problem of the crop selection and its wider implementation in production, and it is connected with the limited availability of its genetic resources.
The obtained varieties and selection forms of an evolutionarily young, experimental culture of triticale have relatively low ecological adaptability and therefore their yield varies greatly by years and by ecological zones. The detailed study of genotypes (varieties) and their use in recombination selection is of great importance for identifying genotypes with wide adaptation properties to specific soil and climatic conditions of the region and for meeting the requirements of modern production.
The article gives the results of the estimation of the genofond of the newest varieties and variety samples of hexaploid triticale for adaptability and resistance to the limiting factors of the environment in the conditions of Kamennaya Step in the South-East of the Voronezh region. The results show such parameters as yield, grain quality (protein, starch) and disease resistance.
THE OBJECTS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
The objects of study have become the recognized varieties and variety samples of winter triticale from the Voronezh Research Institute of Agriculture, the Don Research Institute of Agriculture, the Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture, the Moscow Agricultural Research Institute and the Samara Agricultural Research Institute, the Scientific-
practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Agriculture in Belarus, the Plant Research Institute named after C.I. Yuriev National and other selection centers. The variety Doctrine 110 was taken as the standard.
Winter triticale sowing was held by means of selective planter CCy-10, which was mounted by the tractor T-16 at a depth of 4-6 cm on the black fallow forecrop with a seeding rate of 450 germinating seeds per 1 m2. The sowing time by years ranged from the 15-th to the 23-d of September. The registration plots were 12,0 m2 each, four replications, the distribution was systematic. Phenological observations, field surveys were held according to the method of the State tests and methods of the field experiment. The brown rust damage level under natural conditions (2011) was estimated by the method of E. E. Geshele and Piterson scale [7]. The protein content was estimated according to B.P. Pleshkov method followed by photometry (using CIAA method) with salicylic acid [6]. Determination of starch was done by polarimetry by sugar test [4].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
One of the criteria for value of winter triticale is its productivity. Over the years of study of triticale varieties the year 2009 was the best for plant development because this year gave maximum yield. The following varieties of triticale significantly exceeded the yield of the standard variety Doctrine 110 (5,86 t/ha): Kapriz, Vodoley, Kentavr, Tarasovskiy Yubileyny, Don, Kornet, Zimogor, Bard, Tribuna, Sotnik, 97-48t-71, 98-190t-71, 97-65T-48, Patriot 71, 93-103t-12-19, 97-114t-5, 01-164T-10, 98-199T-12-22, 98-191T-22, Ratne, Garne, Stepan, Veleten, the excess was from 0.43 to 2.04 t/ha. The highest productivity of 7, 44 t/ha was found in variety samples of the Krasnodar selection (Table 1).
The year 2010 was very extreme for plants. Hard wintering conditions (low temperature and ice crust), air drought (more than 400C) and long-term soil drought in the summer had a negative impact on the plant productivity.
The varieties of local selection Talva 100, Rondo, Privada, Razgar; Patriot, Soyuz, 02-82T-23, 01-T-10, 98-T-12-22, 98-T-22, Krokha; T-17, Vodoley, Zimogor, Bard, Tribuna (the Don Research Institute of Agriculture); Vasilisa (the Samara Agricultural research Institute) showed the best results. The average yield of the standard variety Doctrina 110 was 3, 17 t/ha, the increase varied from 0.2 to 0.8 t/ha. The varieties of Western ecotype, for example, Tulus (Germany) almost completely died, and the surviving plants showed the yield of 0.31 t/ha.
The autumn weather 2010 was unfavorable for obtaining winter triticale germination and its development. Sowing was done on September 22-25 in absolutely dry soil. Early October rains gave the opportunity to get seedlings only on the 15-th -17-thof October. The plants started wintering at 3-4 leaves stage, at the beginning of the tillering node initiation and growth of the secondary root system. In general, the wintering was successful (7-9 points).Local rains in the spring and summer 2011 fostered additional spring tillering of winter triticale, which eventually gave good grain harvest. High productivity was shown by the varieties of the Belarusian selection: Dubrava - 7,09 t/ha, Mikhas - 7,28 t/ha, Kastus - 7,11 t/ha; variety samples of the Krasnodar selection - 97-65t-48-24 (6,54 t/ha), 01-164T-10 (6,14 t/ha), 97-65T-48 (5,90 t/ha), 93-103t-12-19 (5,62 t/ha) and Ratne (6.25 t/ha), Garne (6,17 t/ha) of the Ukraine selection . Maximum yield was observed in variety Valentin 90 (Facultative) - 7, 46 t/ha (significant increase + 0,61 t/ha to the standard) (Table.1).
The year 2013 confirmed the formation of high productivity in the triticale varieties tested. The varieties of the Don Research Institute of Agriculture has once again demonstrated ecological flexibility combined with high harvest stability at the level of 5.0-6.0 t/ha: Bard, Kornet, Vodoley, Tribun, Zimogor; 6,0-7,0 t/ha - Topaz, Kapral, Konsul, Vocaliz, Legion. The highest yield was showed by variety Almaz - 7, 14 t/ha. We would like to mention high ecological productivity of the variety samples from the Krasnodar selection: 97-65T-48, 01-164T-10, 98-199T-12-22, 98-191T-22 and others (Table 1).
Triticale is believed to be superior to wheat for resistance to diseases, but data of 2011 confirm that triticale like wheat is susceptible to leaf rust pathogen. The year 2011 had ideal
weather conditions for the manifestation of brown rust under natural conditions. It allowed us to estimate the studied material of the disease given. A severe brown rust damage of some variety samples (at high type of reaction 3-4 points up to 30-60%) in the grain-filling period resulted in the grain yield decrease, which eventually gave way to the standard (Table 1).
Table 1 - Grain yield and brown rust damage of the winter triticale samples, t/ha
№ Variety Sample Yield by years Brown rust (2011 ),% (type)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Average
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Voronezh Research Institute of Agriculture
1 Doctrina 110,standard 5,86 3,17 6,12 4,36 4,77 4,86 0-pts.
2 Talva 100 5,75 3,66* 4,56 4,75 5,23 4,79 0-pts.
3 Rondo 6,09 3,78 4,94 4,43 5,00 4,85 0-5(1,2)
4 Privada 5,39 3,60 3,65 4,35 5,10 4,42 0-5(1,2)
5 Razgar 5,17 3,16 4,27 4,34 4,01 4,19 0-5(1,2)
Don Research Institute of Agriculture
6 TI-17 5,36 0,94 3,01 3,06 5,40 3,55 5-10(2)
7 Kapriz 5,88 0,81 3,57 3,25 5,93 3,89 10-20(3)
8 Vodoley 6,63 1,29 6,27 3,74 5,69 4,72 0-5(1-2)
9 Kentavr 6,43 2,22 3,40 4,01 5,15 4,24 0-5(1-2)
10 Tarasovsky Yubileyny 6,69 2,61 3,20 3,25 4,79 4,11 0-pts.
11 Don 6,82 1,18 5,24 3,23 5,02 4,30 5-10(2)
12 Kornet 5,88 1,98 3,77 3,80 5,44 4,17 10-20(2)
13 Zimogor 6,58 1,85 3,30 3,91 5,97 4,32 10-20(2)
14 Bard 6,41 2,08 5,66 3,50 5,40 4,61 20-30(3)
15 Tribun 6,67 1,93 3,29 4,27 5,86 4,40 30-40(3)
16 Agraf 5,07 1,86 3,69 3,86 2,76 3,45 0-pts.
17 Vokaliz - - - 4,17 6,20 5,19 0-pts.
18 Konsul - - - 4,10 5,86 4,98 0-pts.
19 Legion - - - 4,98 6,75 5,87 0-pts.
20 Atstek - - - 4,73 5,90 5,32 0-pts.
21 Kapral - - - 4,42 5,78 5,10 0-pts.
22 Almaz - - - 4,13 7,14 5,64 0-pts.
23 Topaz - - - 4,78 5,85 5,32 0-pts.
Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture named after P.P. Lukyanenko
24 Patriot 6,48 2,63 4,10 4,39 5,05 4,53 0-5(1-2)
25 Sotnik 7,10 2,42 5,34 3,79 5,01 4,73 0-pts.
26 Soyuz 6,43 3,33 5,44 4,41 4,88 4,90 10-20(3)
27 97-48t-71 7,01 2,74 5,24 4,72 5,64 5,07 0-pts.
28 98-190t-71 6,60 2,63 5,22 3,97 5,37 4,76 0-5(1-2)
29 97-65T-48 7,25 2,73 5,90 4,77 5,93 5,32 0-pts.
30 Patriot71 6,49 2,31 5,51 3,76 5,02 4,62 0-pts.
31 93-103t-12-19 6,43 3,51 5,62 4,43 5,12 5,02 0-pts.
32 97-114t-5 7,33 2,35 4,26 5,12 5,29 4,87 0-5(1-2)
33 97-67t-70 6,30 2,50 4,04 4,06 5,49 4,48 5-10(1-2)
34 02-82T-23 6,65 3,63 5,74 4,58 5,66 5,25 0-pts.
35 01-164T-10 7,35 3,20 6,14 4,09 5,53 5,26 0-pts.
36 98-199T-12-22 7,44 3,12 5,57 4,24 5,75 5,22 0-pts.
37 98-191T-22 7,44 3,04 5,40 4,85 5,36 5,22 0-pts.
38 03-125t-37 - - 4,19 5,19 5,98 5,12 0-pts.
39 97-67T-6n-20 - - 5,13 5,64 6,05 5,61 10-15(2)
40 01 -78t-10 - - 3,48 3,95 5,22 4,22 0-pts.
41 97-65t-48-24 - - 6,54 4,77 6,38 5,90 5-10(2,3)
42 Valentin 90 - - 7,46 4,64 5,12 5,74 0-pts.
43 Krokha 6,23 3,85 4,87 4,49 5,00 4,88 30-40(4)
44 Knyaz - - - 3,67 6,58 5,13 0-pts.
45 Leader - - - 3,66 4,64 4,15 0-pts.
46 Makar - - - 4,13 4,99 4,56 0-pts.
Plant Research Institute named after C.I. Yuriev of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, Kharkov, Ukraine
47 Ratne 6,73 3,60 6,25 4,48 3,77 4,97 15-20(2)
48 Garne 6,55 3,50 6,17 4,48 4,05 4,95 10-15(2)
49 Stepan 6,35 2,60 5,71 4,66 6,23 5,11 50-60(4)
1 | 2 |3|4|5|6|7|8| 9
Scientific-practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Agriculture in Belarus, Zhodino, Belarus
50 Dubrava 5,98 2,23 7,09 3,76 4,95 4,80 5-10(2)
51 Mikhas 6,32 2,46 7,28 4,95 3,68 4,94 10-20(3)
52 Kristall 5,87 3,03 6,82 3,46 4,88 4,81 0-5(1,2)
53 Kastus 6,07 3,24 7,11 4,72 5,14 5,26 20-30(3)
Moscow Research Institute of Agriculture (Nemchinovka) and Samara Agricultural Research Institute
54 Varvara 5,28 3,26 5,09 4,70 5,01 4,67 0-pts.
55 Vasilisa 6,54 3,69 4,92 4,11 4,56 4,76 0-5(1,2)
56 Ustinia 6,01 3,23 4,49 3,70 4,65 4,42 0-pts.
Saratov State Agrarian University named after N.I. Vavilov
57 Orlik - - - 2,35 5,26 3,81 0-pts.
58 Yubileynaya - - - 3,90 5,10 4,50 0-pts.
59 Yasha - - - 2,81 5,45 4,13 0-pts.
European Varieties (Germany)
60 | Tulus | - | 0,31 | 5,88 | 5,24 | 4,72 4,04 1 0-pts.
The Plant breeding and genetics Institute, Odessa, Ukraine
61 | Veleten 6,26 2,33 6,64 4,31 5,16 4,94 60-70(4)
HCP05 0,60 0,64 0,69 0,43 0,57
* Note: The variety samples that have significantly exceeded the nearest standard variety Doctrine 110 in a block are given in bold italics (by years).
Grain quality is an integral indicator of the interaction between variety genotype, climatic and agronomic conditions for cultivation. The protein content determines the nutritional and feeding value of triticale grain, which can be successfully used in feeding of all kinds of farm animals. The results showed that the protein content in grain of winter triticale samples ranged from 13.2 to 16.5% (in average) in 2011-2012 with good selected parameters of grain plumpness. The leadership in protein content belongs to the following varieties: Agraf(16,5%), 97-48t-71(16,4%), 01-78t-10(16,3%), 97-67t-70(16.2%), Valentin-90(16,2%) (Table 2).The genetic material given is of great importance for further selection work.
Table 2 - The biochemical parameters of the winter triticale grain
№ Variety Sample 2011 2012 Average
Protein, % Starch, % Protein,% Starch, % Protein, % Starch,%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Voronezh Research Institute of Agriculture
1 Doctrina110,standard 15,3 65,1 15,8 60,8 15,6 63,0
2 Talva 100 15,8 64,1 13,0 59,8 14,4 62,0
3 Rondo 14,3 62,1 13,9 59,8 14,1 61,0
4 Privada 14,7 62,7 13,8 59,8 14,3 61,3
5 Razgar 15,0 63,2 13,8 57,4 14,4 60,3
Don Research Institute of Agriculture
6 TI-17 15,8 61,1 12,4 56,8 14,1 59,0
7 Kapriz 15,3 61,7 14,9 62,0 15,1 61,9
8 Vodoley 14,7 62,8 13,1 62,5 13,9 62,7
9 Kentavr 14,8 64,8 15,5 61,9 15,2 63,4
10 Tarasovsky Yubileyny 14,0 60,1 13,3 62,2 13,7 61,2
11 Don 15,3 59,3 15,3 63,7 15,3 61,5
12 Kornet 14,3 62,0 13,6 60,8 14,0 61,4
13 Zimogor 15,0 61,8 11,3 60,3 13,2 61,1
14 Bard 14,6 61,4 11,7 61,3 13,2 61,4
15 Tribun 15,6 60,7 14,2 59,7 14,9 60,2
16 Agraf 15,8 59,6 17,1 60,1 16,5 59,9
Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture named after P. P. Lukyanenko
17 Patriot 16,0 61,1 14,1 61,4 15,1 61,3
18 Sotnik 15,0 64,7 15,1 60,3 15,1 63,0
19 Soyuz 14,9 62,6 15,1 59,9 15,0 61,3
20 97-48t-71 16,9 63,8 15,9 59,8 16,4 61,8
21 98-190t-71 14,7 61,1 16,4 61,8 15,6 61,5
22 97-65T-48 14,9 61,2 16,1 59,8 15,5 60,5
23 Patriot 71 14,3 64,4 14,8 58,5 14,6 61,5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
24 93-103t-12-19 13,4 58,2 15,3 59,7 14,4 59,0
25 97-114t-5 14,4 57,8 15,1 59,2 14,8 58,5
26 97-67t-70 17,0 57,3 15,3 60,3 16,2 58,8
27 02-82T-23 14,6 58,1 16,3 60,6 15,5 59,4
28 01-164T-10 13,1 60,7 16,2 62,3 14,7 61,5
29 98-199T-12-22 13,8 61,1 15,8 61,7 14,8 61,4
30 98-191T-22 15,7 64,6 14,9 61,2 15,3 62,9
31 03-125t-37 14,5 64,3 15,8 58,1 15,2 61,2
32 97-67T-6n-20 14,5 64,5 16,4 57,5 15,5 61,0
33 01 -78t-10 15,4 60,8 17,2 58,2 16,3 59,5
34 97-65t-48-24 13,6 59,7 15,6 58,7 14,6 59,2
35 Valentin 90 15,2 61,6 17,2 53,6 16,2 57,6
36 Krokha 13,1 59,8 15,8 60,0 14,5 59,9
Plant Research Institute named after C.I. Yuriev of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences, Kharkov, Ukraine
37 Patne 14,4 61,3 16,6 58,2 15,5 59,8
38 Garne 14,8 60,6 15,6 55,4 15,2 58,0
39 Stepan 15,2 61,5 15,3 55,9 15,3 58,7
Scientific-practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Agriculture in Belarus, Zhodino, Belarus
40 Dubrava 14,3 59,6 14,2 56,6 14,3 58,1
41 Mikhas 13,5 57,4 14,5 58,7 14,0 58,1
42 Kristall 15,8 58,3 14,5 58,5 15,2 58,4
43 Kastus 15,3 55,7 15,9 56,4 15,6 56,1
Moscow Research Institute of Agriculture (Nemchinovka) and Samara Agricultural Research Institute
44 Varvara 14,9 60,9 16,2 61,5 15,6 61,2
45 Vasilisa 14,8 61,6 16,8 60,5 15,8 61,1
46 Ustinia 15,3 64,2 15,8 60,9 15,6 62,6
European varieties (Germany)
47 Tulus 14,3 66,4 15,8 62,1 15,1 64,3
The Plant breeding and genetics Institute, Odessa, Ukraine
48 Veleten 16,0 57,3 15,0 60,2 15,5 58,8
The use of triticale as a new source of raw materials in starch industry for getting starch, in fermentation industry for getting ethanol depends on the content of starch. Its yield and stability should be taken into consideration by years. Many of the studied varieties meet these requirements: Talva 100 (starch content 62,0%) average yield rate 4.79 t/ha, 97-48t-71 (61,8%) is 5.07 t/ha, 01-164T-10 (61,5%) - of 5.26 t/ha, 98-199T-12-22 (61,4%) - 5,22 t/ha, Bard (61,4%) - 4.61 in t/ha, Rondo (61,0%) - is 4.85 t/ha, 97-65T-48 (60,5%) - 5,32 t/ha and others. Judging by these criteria the best results have Kentavr (63,4%) - its yield is 4,24 t/ha, Doctrina 110 (63,0%) - 4.86 t/ha, Sotnik (63,0%) - 4,73 t/ha, 98-191T-22 (62.9%) - 5.22 t/ha, Vodoley (62,7%) - 4,72 t/ha, Ustinia (62.6%) - 4.42 t/ha. As for Tulus (starch 64,3%) its yield was very unstable across the years of study - from 0.31 to 5,88 t/ha (Table 1, 2).
CONCLUSIONS
For the years of tests in the conditions of Kamennaya Step the modern triticale varieties have formed the high level of agricultural productivity - about 7.46 t/ha, showing short stalk, standing ability, a good ear grain content and grain plumpness.
In the Central Black-Soil Zone it is recommended to increase the areas under winter triticale varieties which are included in the State Register of the Russian Federation: Doctrina 110, Vodoley, Talva 100, Zimogor, Konsul, Kornet, Legion, Tribun, Garne, Krystall and others. These varieties have diversity of biological and agrotechnical properties and have been tested for adaptability to specific soil and climatic conditions.
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