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THE ESSENCE AND CONTENT OF THE CONCEPT OF "PUBLIC DIPLOMACY"
Shakhnoza Mirsoatova
Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies, 2year master's degree, majoring in International Relations and Foreign Policy
ANNOTATION
In this article, the author examines the concepts of public diplomacy, the history of its appearance. The classical definition of public diplomacy was put forward by E. Gallion, defining it as the means by which governments, private groups and individuals change the attitudes and opinions of other peoples and governments in such a way as to influence their foreign policy decisions. In other words, public diplomacy is a system of dialogue with the foreign public. If we talk about the relationship of public diplomacy and soft power, then public diplomacy is one of the tools of soft power. In turn, the forms of public diplomacy include: public, cultural, digital diplomacy, etc.
Key words: Public diplomacy, soft power, cultural diplomacy, digital diplomacy, propaganda, art, science, education, favorable image.
Currently, we are witnessing major changes in world politics and the structure of international relations. In an era when information, like misinformation, is spreading at an unprecedented rate, the very essence of diplomacy is changing, which now deals with a wider range of different forces. We can say that the tasks of diplomacy have become much more complicated, because today it is not enough to take into account only its political, economic or demographic characteristics to form the perception of any country. One of the most important aspects of the state's overall assessment is the impression it makes on the world stage.
In this regard, in recent years, public diplomacy has begun to play an increasingly active role. The concept of public diplomacy was first proposed in 1965 by Edmund Gallion, dean of the School of Law and Diplomacy. Fletcher at Tufts University, to indicate the process by which subjects of international relations achieve foreign policy goals by exerting influence on the foreign public13. E. Gallion regarded "public diplomacy" as a synonym for the word "propaganda". However, if in English the term propaganda has a negative connotation, then, introducing the concept of public diplomacy, the American scientist gave it a neutral color. At the official level, this term was first used at a meeting of the US Congress in 1977 in the report of the Murphy Commission on the organization of the foreign policy apparatus14.
In general, it should be noted that the tools of public diplomacy in various forms have been used in international relations for many centuries, but the concept itself received a conceptual explanation only in the middle of the 20th century, thanks to E. Gallion.
However, after the end of the Cold War, when the ideological confrontation ceased, the role of public
13 What is Public Diplomacy? // The Edward R. Murrow Center of Public Diplomacy. The Fletcher School. Tufts University. URL: http://fletcher.tufts.edu/murrow/diplomacy
14 Tsaturyan S. A. Public diplomacy of the USA in the
new information century // USA and Canada:
economics, politics, culture. - M., 2010. - No. 8. - P.
105.
diplomacy decreased markedly. This is largely due to the fact that in 1990 it was replaced by a new term - soft power. Its author is an American political scientist, professor at Harvard University, Joseph Nye. Over the years, he developed this concept and developed a whole concept, highlighting the "hard power" of the state, which is based on military and economic power, "soft power", the essence of which is the ability to achieve other desired results on a voluntary basis - without coercion and threats, and "smart power", which, in his opinion, is the most winning strategy, and includes a balanced combination of "hard" and "soft" power15.
In addition, J. Nye expressed the view that one of the main ways to develop the potential of "soft power" is through public diplomacy. He suggested considering three dimensions of public diplomacy. The first is daily coverage of domestic and foreign policies and an explanation of the audience of government decisions. The second dimension is "strategic communication", which is a focused discussion of the most important political issues for the state. Thirdly, the development of direct contacts with foreign public through exchange programs, scholarships, scientific conferences, which allow foreign citizens to get acquainted with the culture and lifestyle of the country16. So, a study by J. Nye explained how public diplomacy should work.
Currently, one can observe a sharp increase in scientific and practical interest in this area17. There is nothing surprising in this, because the governments of countries must support the 24-hour news cycle and be aware that the information they transmit is under the constant attention of a foreign audience. As a result, public diplomacy is gaining an increasing political role and goes beyond the scope of simple slogans and other mass media that have long been associated with propaganda or public relations.
15 Nye J.S. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. - N.Y.: Public Affairs, 2005. - P. 63.
16 Nye J.S. Public Diplomacy and Soft Power // The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. - 2008. - Vol. 616. - P. 101-102.
17 Zonova T.V. The modern model of diplomacy: the origins of formation and development prospects. - M., 2003. - P. 129.
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If we talk about science, then in the political vocabulary of other countries you can find two versions of the translation of the term public diplomacy - "public diplomacy" and "public diplomacy". This is certain confusion, because these concepts cannot be equated. The fact is that the word "public" is translated into other languages as "social", "civil", "popular"18. Meanwhile, civil (people's) diplomacy is an unofficial activity of individuals and legal entities, NGOs, various institutions and movements that are not directly dependent on the government, but nevertheless can help improve interstate relations and establish cooperation between peoples.
Therefore, by public diplomacy we mean diplomacy at the level of non-governmental organizations, the expert community, while public diplomacy includes a wider range of activities. In this regard, the means by which one state seeks to influence the audience of another is correctly designated by the term "public diplomacy", because by it we mean the
УДК 34.05
ГРНТИ 10.91
system of interaction with foreign public of both governmental and non-governmental entities. Consequently, the concept of public diplomacy is only one of the areas of public diplomacy, but by no means a synonym.
Thus, public diplomacy is a generalized concept denoting the activities of various actors, both governmental and non-governmental, which is designed to explain to the foreign public the country's foreign policy and to encourage a particular foreign state to make its foreign policy decisions in a way that is beneficial to these actors. If we talk about the relationship between public diplomacy and soft power, then in this case, these two concepts cannot be equated with each other, because public diplomacy is just one of the tools of soft power. In turn, the forms of public diplomacy include: public, cultural, digital diplomacy, etc. They predetermine its entire need for use in foreign policy by the states of the world that are trying to influence the "hearts and minds" of people.
ОБЩАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА СМЕШАННОЙ ПРАВОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ИНДИЯ
DOI: 10.31618/ESU.2413-9335.2020.6.70.566 Пчелинцева Валерия Викторовна
Магистрант международно-правового факультета
МГИМО (У) МИД России г. Москва
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE MIXED LEGAL SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDIA
АННОТАЦИЯ
В статье рассматриваются особенности правовой системы Республики Индия как одной из смешанных правовых систем современности, а также обосновывается точка зрения о том, что данную правовую систему отличает сочетание черт англосаксонской, романо-германской, индусской и мусульманской правовых семей. Исследуется механизм применения на территории Индии систем религиозных и обычных норм, не признаваемых в качестве самостоятельных правовых систем современной сравнительно-правовой наукой. Обозначаются некоторые вопросы, касающиеся характеристики индийской правовой системы, которые требуют дальнейшей научной разработки.
ABSTRACT
The article contains the analysis of the key features of the legal system of the Republic of India as a contemporary mixed legal system. It is argued that the Indian legal system shows a combination of traits of the common law, continental, Hindu and Muslim legal systems. The mechanism of application of the systems of religious and customary norms that are not qualified as separate legal systems according to the modern comparative law doctrine is explored as well. The questions that require further investigation are announced.
Ключевые слова: правовая система Республики Индия, правовая система Индии, смешанные правовые системы, индусское право, мусульманское право, индийское право, юридическая география
Key words: Indian legal system, legal system of the Republic of India, mixed legal systems, Hindu law, Muslim law, Indian law, legal map of the world
Правовая система Республики Индия является уникальным образцом современной смешанной правовой системы. Ее отличает сочетание характеристик англо-американской, романо-германской, индусской и мусульманской правовых семей, а также таких систем религиозных и обычных норм, которые не признаются в качестве самостоятельных правовых систем современной компаративистикой.
Изучение правовой системы Республики Индия представляется актуальным для целей юридической географии, а также теории сравнительного правоведения, в частности учения о смешанных правовых системах. Оно также способствует формированию представления о правовых механизмах применения религиозных норм в современных светских государствах.
18 Ibid.
