CC BY
4
DOI https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2021-03.04
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING DIFFERENT LEVELS OF OCTOPUS WASTE SILAGE
ON BROILER PERFORMANCE
Manasikana Anna*, Postgraduate Student Junus Moch, Sjofjan Osfar, Lecturers Faculty of Animal Science, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia *E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing octopus waste silage (OWS) for meat bone meal (MBM) in diets on broiler performance. Octopus waste was fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum and molasses for 14 days. The materials used to 200 day old unsexed Lohmann strain were used 35 days periods. The dietary treatments were as follows: P0 = basal feed 100% MBM + 0% OWS; P1 = basal feed 75% MBM + 25% OWS; P2 = basal feed 50% MBM + 50% OWS; P3 = basal feed 25% MBM + 75% OWS; P4 = 100% OWS + basal feed 0% MBM. The observed variables were body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), production index, and mortality. Data in this experiment were analyzed by ANOVA of the completely randomized design consisting 5 treatments and 4 replications. If there was difference between the treatments, tested by Duncan's multiple range test. MBM substitution up to 100% using OWS did not significantly affect the body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), production index, and mortality. Our results also confirmed that the OWS could reduce the proportion of MBM as crude protein feed ingredient for broiler and the important point is as economically this will reduce production costs.
KEY WORDS
Octopus waste silage, feed, broiler, performance.
Indonesia is currently experiencing rapid development in the field of poultry farming, one of which is broiler farmers. The broiler population has increased annually from 1,848,731,364 in 2017 to 1,891,434,612 in 2018 (BPS 2018). Poultry farms continue to grow in line with the interest of their products that are favored by the people of Indonesia because the source of animal protein has an affordable price. The maintenance of broilers is relatively easy, consumption is small, as well as has rapid growth. In the business of broiler farming is influenced by several factors, namely; superior seeds, good management and adequate feed needs. Feed is one of the most important factors in broiler farming and the costs incurred reach 60-70% of the total cost of broiler farming. Strategies are needed in order to make feed costs cheaper, efficient and effective in the broiler farming business. One of the feed ingredients that can be used as a source of protein is waste from fishery products and can be replacing octopus waste silage (OWS) for meat bone meal (MBM).
Nutrient content in 100 g octopus meat is 15-16 g or protein, I g of fat, vitamins, 73-91 calories, potassium, phosphor, selenium and iodine (Rokua, 2012). Octopus waste when given directly to livestock can't be utilized to the maximum because it has low quality, so it is necessary treatment or processing in the form of silage in order to have better quality and maintained protein content contained in it. The process of preserving fresh feed ingredients by adding acid in anaerobic conditions is silage. Making silage biologically by utilizing lactic acid bacteria by adding carbohydrate source materials such as; molasses, pollard or bran. Octopus waste when given directly to livestock can't be utilized to the maximum because it has low quality, so it is necessary treatment or processing in the form of silage in order to have a better quality and maintained protein content contained in it.
Silage is a liquid product that is processed by fermentation through the use of lactic acid bacteria. Acids that form in the silage process are organic acids such as lactate, acetic, and butyric (Stefani et al., 2010). The advantages of silage making process include:
1) the availability of substrates that support the occurrence of good fermentation, so that it has a much lower failure rate compared to single-made silage and 2) contains nutrients that suit the needs of livestock (Lendrawati, 2012). The principal objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of replacing OWS for MBM on broiler performance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH
The experiment used 200 unsexed day-old chick (DOC) broilers, strais Lohmann with average body weight 41.12±2.07g. The chicks have been already vaccinated in the hatchery. Twenty plots cages (1x1m) of 10 chicks per cage and the equipments (manual feeder, drinker and lamp) were used for the maintenance of these chicks. The treatments were the substitution of MBM with OWS those were: P0 = basal feed 100% MBM + 0% OWS; P1 = basal feed 75% MBM + 25% OWS; P2 = basal feed 50% MBM + 50% OWS; P3 = basal feed 25% MBM + 75% OWS; P4 = 100% OWS + basal feed 0% MBM. The composition of the diet and nutritional content of diet can be seen in Table 1. Feed were given in 2 times a day and water was provide ad libitum.
The study was started by making the OWS and rearing the day old chick for 35 days. The OWS was made by octopus waste (digestive, respiratory, reproductive and ink organs), molasses and Lactobacillus plantarnm 1x106 CFU/ml and then mix them in tank (fermentation process) for 14 days. The fermentation was carried out at pilot scale using the methodology described by Ramirez (2013) Fresh fish by-product mixture, which contained heads, viscera, skin, bones and meat scraps. Fish by-products were minced through a 5 mm sieve using a meat mincer. Sugar cane molasses contained (%) water 25.1, ashes 10.4 and soluble carbohydrates 55.7 and Lactobacillus sp. B2 was used as starter. The results of the fermentation are opened and make a powder was drying for 48 hours with 60-80°C in oven and then use to grinder. Samples the difference of fresh octopus waste and OWS were used to determine for diet can be seen in Table 2.
A completely randomized design was used in this experiment, with 5 treatments and each treatment was repeated 4 times. The variables measured were body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), production index and mortality. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and followed by Duncan's multiple range test to assess the difference between mean values (p<0.05) (Steel and Torrie, 1995).
Table 1 - Feed Composition and the Nutrient Content of the Experimental Diet
Feed composition (%) Starter P0 P1 P2 P3 P4 Finisher P0 P1 P2 P3 P4
Yellow corn 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58 58
Soybean meal 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
Bran 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5
MBM 6 4.5 3 1.5 0 6 4.5 3 1.5 1.5
OWS 0 1.5 3 4.5 6 0 1.5 3 4.5 4.5
Fish meal 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 7 7 7
Methionine 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Di-calcium phosphate 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
Premix 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57
Salt 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Oil 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93 2.93
Nutrient content:
Crude protein (%) 22.90 22.77 22.64 22.51 22.38 21.03 20.90 20.77 20.46 20.51
Crude fiber (%) 4.39 4.39 4.39 4.39 4.39 4.34 4.34 4.34 4.34 4.34
Crude fat (%) 7.47 7.59 7.71 7.82 7.94 7.47 7.59 7.71 7.82 7.94
ME (kkal/kg) 3113 3113 3113 3113 3113 3133 3133 3133 3133 3133
P0 = basal feed 100% MBM + 0% OWS; P1 = basal feed 75% MBM + 25% OWS; P2 = basal feed 50% MBM + 50% OWS; P3 = basal feed 25% MBM + 75% OWS; P4 = 100% OWS + basal feed 0% MBM, MBM: meat bone meal, OWS: octopus waste silage.
Table 2 - Proximate Composition
.. Octopus waste
Items r
Fresh_Silage
Dry matter (%) 95.56 90.03 Ash (%) 13.96 17.51 Crude protein (%) 48.52 48.14 Crude fat (%) 14.56 13.03 Crude fiber (%)_282_2.98
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The effect of treatments on all variables can be seen in the Table 3. The substitution of MBM by OWS up to 100% did not significantly (p>0.05) affected on body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), production index and mortality. In the previous study (Yudiarti, 2020) reported diet containing 10% functional feed did not affected on the body weight gain (BWG), FCR and feed consumption of the chickens at 42 days old. Similarly (Kelly, 2021) showed dietary treatments were introduced during the finisher period and continued until the end of the trial (49 days), however these treatments were not shown significantly influence BWG, FCR, and FI. In another experiment this reported contrast is did have significant effects on feed intake week 1, 2, 3. Johson (1985) reported during the evaluation of nutritional quality of two types of fish silage for broiler chickens, no significant effects related to performance of birds were observed.
The results obtained showed a trend similar to those reported by Santana (2008) who found no significant difference on weight gain among the treatments in broilers feed amounts of fish silage. In other study, there was no significant difference in body weight between unrestricted and restricted chicks at 42 days (Xu, 2017). Singh (2019) evaluated the effect corn kernel hardness and whole corn inclusion in broilers from 1 to 21 days and found no effect of whole corn on BW gain or FCR. Similarly Ovi (2021) whole corn inclusion did not influence BW, feed intake, and FCR at 28 and 42 days.
Ramirez (2016) showed his study broilers feed intake had no significant difference between treatments during every week. Onsongo (2018) reported dietary BSFPM inclusion in broiler diets had no significant effect on FCR. Similarly Cullere (2016) showed this result no difference in ADFI, BWG, and FCR from the conventional feed when intensively reared growing quails were fed on defatted BSFPM. In other study (Mursyid, 2010) was reported the broiler performance showed that the corn substitution with FSCW and USCW did not have a significant effect on the feed intake (FI). Furthermore, another factor that could explain the result of this research was the ability of the fiber to absorb water in the digestive tract (Choct, 2002). Daily feed intake was not affected significantly by the treatments of fish waste silage (Shabani, 2018). Kismiati (2010) was showed feed consumption of treatment were not significantly different, these were caused by the low proportion of expired bread meal.
Table 3 - The Effect of Substitution of the MBM with OWS towards Broiler Performance
Parameters Treatments P0 P1 P2 P3 P4
BWG (g/day) 1166.58±67.44 1044.68±69.38 1095.91±80.00 1071.35±49.70 1094.24±67.85
FI (g) 2638.43±183.04 2560.50±109.19 2494.38±218.33 2255.13±109.18 2350.38±248.22
FCR 2.27±0.23 2.46±0.18 2.28±0.14 2.28±0.30 2.15±0.19
PI 154±0.24 125±0.16 139±0.15 137±0.11 144±0.16
Mortality 0±0.0 0±0.0 0.1±0.025 0.1±0.025 0.2±0.05
P0 = basal feed 100% MBM + 0% OWS; P1 = basal feed 75% MBM + 25% OWS; P2 = basal feed 50% MBM + 50% OWS; P3 = basal feed 25% MBM + 75% OWS; P4 = 100% OWS + basal feed 0% MBM, BWG: body-weight gain, FI: feed intake, FCR: feed conversion ratio, PI: production index.
Since none of significant differences upon the factors influencing the production index could be observed insignificant difference of production index. Mortality rate following feeding different levels of Chlorella sp. was not significantly different (p>0.05) (Sugiharto, 2010). Bird mortality was not affected by any treatment. Overall mortality was low, indicating that the birds were exposed to a normal grow-out environment (Zhang, 2020). Kelly (2021) reported cumulative mortality (0 to 42 days) as affected by incubation treatment, dietary fat source, and their interactions. The lower mortality rate observed in broiler chickens fed low-CP diet implies that this kind of diet may be appropriate for broiler chickens when confronting stressful circumstances (Ghasemi, 2020).
RJOAS, 3(111), March 2021 CONCLUSION
The results obtained in this experiment allow concluding that the OWS did not affected (p>0.05) on broiler performance (BWG, FI, FCR, production index and mortality). These findings indicated that the used of OWS did not have negative impacts on the broiler performance. Furthermore, our results also confirmed that the OWS could reduce the proportion of MBM as crude protein feed ingredient for broiler and the important point is as economically this will reduce production costs.
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