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19ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN THE WORKS OF AMIR TEMUR FOR ECONOMIC
REASONS
Khalikova Lola Nazarovna
candidate of economic sciences, associate professor of the Samarkand Institute of Economics and Service.
Annotation. In this article, the author makes a theoretical analysis of the fact that Amir Temur is the main source of income for residents of the country.
Keywords: land tax, rent, funds, private property, plots, elevations, dynasties, horticulture, viticulture, agriculture, well.
Agriculture was a great economic importance during the time of Amir Temur. Thanks to the wise economic policy of our great-grandfather, the importance of agriculture in the economic development of the country has increased than to previous periods.
According to historian5 Sharofiddin Ali Yazdi, Amir Temur did not want a narrow land suitable for landscaping. His statement, "If I cut a tree, I planted ten seedlings," also means that agriculture was the main economic base for a sovereign empire.
That is why during this period special attention was paid to digging new channels, repairing and expanding existing irrigation networks. Water in the steppes were discharged and new lands were cultivated. In this regard, the government supported the activities of private entrepreneurs in creating new lands in the steppe, digging canals, landscaping and watering abandoned lands: "I also ordered everyone who planted a desert or a garden. If he turns green or lands the destroyed land, in the first year they will receive nothing.
Our great-grandfather, who learned of the economic condition of society, the future development and well-being of people, built large irrigation facilities in the vicinity of Samarkand, Bukhara, Kashkadarya, Merv, Tus, Chiron and the surrounding areas. An important event in the Samarkand oasis was the restoration of the ancient channel Ankhor, which was depleted from the Dargan River, starting from the Zarafshan River. The canal was the part of the Zarafshan River and washed away to Kashkadarya.
Amir Temur created the following treatises for the6 development of agriculture to satisfy the request of hardworking people: "If one of the peasants and pastoralists could not afford to grow, let him produce the seeds and tools necessary for growing ... to be done. If he is the owner and cannot afford to build, then let him have all kinds of tools and utensils to make his land better. " We rarely find such human ideas and politics in historical sources. Consequently, Timur realized that agriculture was the main source of income for the people of this vast country, countless soldiers and servants.
In agriculture, almost all varieties of grain, vegetables and melons known were grown. At that time gardening is an important factor.
One of the main types of agriculture was animal breeding. Cattle (horse breeding, sheep, cattle) play an important role in the economic life of the country. Material resources produced in agriculture were created by hard labor of workers, and their distribution determined the essence of socio-economic relations of the population. At that time, there were four more types of land and property in Movarounnahr and Khorasan: state, private, waqf madrassas and state lands. Most agricultural lands were state-owned. These lands were still dominated by the ruler of the country or rulers. In the Timurid era, the provision of state lands as robbers were widespread. As a rule, villages or cities, as well as individual villages were presented in the form of pillars. The entire city or province was often represented by the ruling dynasty or senior military officials. Such land and property were often passed down from generation to generation.
Another large part of the farmland was privately owned. Vast land plots were privately owned both on large land plots and in small mills. Most of the private lands were controlled by administrative, military, and religious leaders.
During the reign of Timur, many mosques, madrassas and hospitals with large lands were built in Movarunnakhr and Khorasan. This property is called the foundation of the property.
At that time, part of the agricultural land was in the hands of a small rural population. These lands were public property and more commonly found in areas with water scarcity in the highlands. Irrigation facilities, which were usually built with and at the expense of many people, and their land, have become state property.
The noble Lord also encouraged the work of peasants, pastoralists and gardeners with his wise policies. He banned per capita payments such as housewives. Amir Temur followed the recommendations of the Koran and
5 Yuldashev A.The world about A.Temur. "Economy and report". Journal. 1996, 12 pr. 72 -page.
6 Yuldashev A.The world about A.Temur. "Economy and report". Journal. 1996, 12 pr. 72-page.
Sharia in the development and implementation of tax policy. The recommendations of the Sharia were restored, which were reduced during the Mongol invasion.
In the Middle East, including Central Asia, state land tax is considered excessive. Harvest is mainly harvested and determined by its fertility and the availability of water during harvesting.
The seizure was originally used as a synonym for the term "jusya" in the territories of Arab caliphates and was received from Muslims who owned land and water, as well as from non-Muslims. Muslim jurisprudence divides the crop into hiraj musah (ground unit) and hiroj muhsama (one fourth, one third or two thirds of the crop, depending on the quality of the land and irrigation method). Harvesting in Central Asia was introduced by the Arabs in the 7th century. In each province, a commander, village chief, and secretary were appointed.
As soon as Amir Temur became king, he decided to collect fees for land and water in the form of grain, gold or silver. However, the ambitious tax system made significant changes to make Turkestan a country with a developed agricultural science and culture. Amir Temur emphasizes the importance of the fair performance of official duties by government officials in public spending, in regulating and developing the country's economy, in ensuring the country's security and prosperity. should be avoided. This is because emptying rhetoric will reduce the state treasury. And the depletion of treasures will lead to the dispersal of troops. If a foreign citizen agrees with the amount of the fee levied by him, let him deal with it, otherwise they will charge ... Again, I ordered that officials and senior officials harm the poor by oppressing the civilian population. ) to compensate the victim for losses and return them to the victims so that they can recover themselves. "
Amir Temur paid special attention to tax benefits for taxpayers. He emphasizes that taxation should take into account income, not require any additional taxes and not pay taxes to farmers before the harvest: "I ordered that rations should not be taken at maturity. Divide the tax into three parts according to profitability. If the director brings the tax himself, without sending the taxpayer, he should not send the tax collector there. If they are forced to send a taxpayer, they must levy taxes and get a good word; lest they hit him with ropes.
In Amir Temur's land tax system, it is obvious that the current land tax and land rent are the first kidneys: rent comes from irrigated, rain, meadows and plots. An additional crop from autumn, spring, winter and summer farming was left to farmers as differential rent II. Privileges play a significant role in his tax policy: those who acquire new land, occupy land, plant gardens, destroy land, were exempted from paying tax for one year and pay taxes for the second year. For the third year, they paid tribute in accordance with the tax laws of the country. It is shown that the developers of the destroyed lands must be provided with various tools in the case (administration).
In general, due to the fairness of Amir Temur's policies regarding taxation, collection and taxation of merchants and their income tax, citizens did not complain about the tax burden and injustice in the country and its suburbs. Because he preferred to act at the request of the head of the tax service. Ambassadors are reluctant to introduce fair taxes on the income level of their residents and pay state taxes to any of the people who have invested their property and investments in the development of the country, region and city, as well as in the development of culture and education. must provide benefits. There were even tax-free privileged categories in the kingdom. However, the ulus (provinces and countries) owned by Amir Temur was not excluded from his tax policy. Throughout the Middle Ages, including during the reign of Amir Temur, the idea that the state and the kingdom were alive by three things: property, treasures and armies were dominant.
To put an end to feudal disintegration and create a centralized state, Temur raised his economic thought to a new level. Qualitative changes in the economic thinking of Timur began to manifest themselves in his economic policy.
This policy was aimed at solving a wide range of tasks in essence and size. It was based on property relations.
The possession, use and disposal of land and water were the basis of the economic relations of society in the Middle Ages. The service of Amir Temur is that it strengthened economic relations, ensured stability until the time of his reign, and prevented abuse.
According to Sahibkiran's statement that "if the state is not built on a religious basis, it will lose its prestige, power and order" - a religious authority that protects and distributes funds. A judge, mufti, accountant (Kh.L.) has been appointed in each city and province.
Most importantly, the land, water and property of the chairman were protected, their immunity was ensured. Amir Temur learned about the plight of every resident of the country. The oppressors will pay the oppressed and take measures to compensate for the material and physical damage that they inflicted, and the rulers, soldiers and leaders had to quickly act on justice.
The basic principle of Amir Temur's economic policy was "to make the country prosperous and accept the rule". He believed that this could be achieved through the development of agriculture, the means of human prosperity and human live hoods. The consent of the rulers were both in the wealth of the treasury, and in the economic basis of its military power. According to the historian Ibn Arabshoh, Amir Temur paid so much attention to the development of agriculture that he ordered that no one abstain from agriculture, even if he had to leave his prayer. Today, for our rulers and officials, Amir Temur instructed farmers and farmers to not only their own country, but even every conquered country. He believed that the help and support of farmers is the basis of state economic policy. The destroyed lands were decorated by the state if they did not own it.
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the service of Amir Temur was to strengthen economic relations, ensure stability, prevent abuse and social protection of the population. Economic considerations, which are the main principle of the "Make the country prosperous, accept rhetoric" economic policy, remain valid.
References
1]. The kingdom of Temur and the Temurids. Editor-in-Chief - T.: 1994.
2]. Ibrahim is a believer. The role and role of Amir Temur in the history of Central Asia. "The science". T.: 1968.
3]. Council of Amir Temur. Tashkent. "Navruz" - 1992.
4]. Temur traps. Tashkent. Publishing and Resource Association. - 1991
5]. Muhammadjon Holbekov. Correspondence of Amir Temur with the kings of Europe. Samarkand. 1996.
TOURISM INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT IS INCREASING, NEW JOBS WILL INCREASE INCOMES
AND LIVING STANDARDS
Bahodirhon Safarov
Dean of Samarkand State University Doctor of Economics, Professor.
Djumaqulov O.Sh.
Samarkand State University 4th year student of the Faculty of Ecomomics
Annotation. One of the important issues of today is the development of the tourism industry with great potential for solving in the near future.
The development of the tourism sector will create new jobs, diversify the economy, accelerate the development of regions, increase foreign exchange earnings, increase incomes and living standards.
Key words: new jobs, incomes, employment, living standards, tourism industry, national tourism product, hotel business.
One of the main challenges of today is the progress of tourism in the country with a great potential for the solution of such important socio-economic tasks as job creation, economic diversification, accelerated development of the regions, increasing foreign exchange earnings, increasing incomes and living standards. will not.
In this regard, the adoption of the Presidential Decree "On Priority Measures for the Development of Tourism in 2018-2019" is a logical continuation of the government's policy in the tourism sector, creating a favorable economic, administrative and legal environment for the accelerated development of the tourism industry. the introduction of the most effective procedures, expanding the economic potential and income base of the regions, creating new jobs, increasing the inflow of tourists to our country. It is also an active and comprehensive effort to promote national tourism products in the global market.
From the experience of the world economy, the tourism sector serves to provide the treasury of the country currency, create new jobs and, at the same time, improve the living standards of the population. The potential of our country in the field of tourism is radically different from that of neighboring countries. The geographical location of Uzbekistan, with its extremely comfortable and beautiful natural climatic conditions, plays an important role in the cultural development of mankind. Uzbekistan has a unique historical architecture, hospitable people with sweet fruits, a variety of dishes, a great national tradition and traditions. All this attracts the attention of foreign tourists and amazes people. The existing political stability in Uzbekistan plays an important role in the development of tourism. However, to bring the tourism development to a higher level, there is still a need for many reforms, urgent measures and accelerated implementation.
Analyzing the conditions and state of development of the tourism industry in Uzbekistan, the investment policy pursued by the state in recent years has been focused not only on one sector but also on a number of areas. In the service sector, investment in tourism in Uzbekistan in 2012 was $ 26.6 billion. In 2016, it increased from 46.4 billion soums to 46.4 billion soums. $ 75.8 billion is forecasted from 2018 to 2021. soums.
