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© Grigoriev M.N., Uvarov S.A., Digusov N.N., 2017
УДК 330
Terziev V.K.,
University of Rousse, Rousse, Bulgaria, National Military University, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria University of Telecommunications and Post, Sofia, Bulgaria Professor, Ph.D., D.Sc. (National Security), D.Sc. (Ec.),
Petrova, E.S.
National Military University, Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria
Associate Professor, P.h.D.
THE CONTRACT BETWEEN SOCIETY AND AUTHORITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE NECESSITY OF EDUCATION IN SOCIAL SECURITY
Abstract
This article attempts to examine the contract between society and authority in the context of the necessity of education in Social Security. We believe that the initiation of such training on international and inter-regional level is necessary and would only contribute for creation of professionals, which working on that issue. That would be the contribution of the academic community to the problems of regions which already include not only economic development but also the interests of citizens belonging to different ethnic groups and communities, negative demographic trends, modernization of education, need to promote scientific researches, as well as problems related to violation of territorial integrity, manifestation of which is the kind of military aggression, growing terrorism, ethnic conflicts, organized crime and others.
Key words
Social Security, Social Policy, Social Protection and Probation, Management of Security Systems.
Introduction
The main resource for system's survival and its sustainability is maintaining of dynamic equilibrium between system and its surroundings. Stability is that state where characteristics of a system and the characteristics of the surroundings are such that it is possible to be established an equivalent exchange between them, i.e. reflect the interests of both parties. The European Union is also a system in constant change, which is characterized by flexibility
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and dynamism. Prosperous systems never stop. They are in a continuous progress. They retain their leading positions by making changes, despite their successes.
The European Union reacted difficult and painful to any crises in recent years, and the crisis with immigrants from the Arab world more clearly emerges the need for adoption and implemention of the idea of realization of social and economic change based on the protection of national and regional security of the its members. The export of traditional industries outside the European Union in order countries, so to exploit cheap labor globally proved not to be profitable policy and today we are seeing the effects of it - rising unemployment. It is not surprising that the European Union does not prevail on the stage of the world economy and even lost its leading position in the markets for traditional goods and services. Main economic problems that draw the dynamic processes in the economies of countries and regions are: realization of low gross domestic product, inflation processes, unemployment, dying out of traditional manufacturing and commercial sectors, and enhanced emigration of labor. It remains to outline a number of economic and social problems inextricably linked to national and regional security.
Social Security and the Role of Civil Society
Security is a measure of resistance of any system. Security exists in a region or country when the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens are protected, there is no risk of armed attack, there is no risk of forcible change of the constitutional order, there is no risk of political diktat or economic coercion, and society preserves and enhances its prosperity and development, while the individual, his life, health, peace, property rights and freedoms are protected.
The social security is an element of national, regional and international security like economic, political, information's, military and environmental security. It is certainly considered as the basis for high quality healthcare, good material living conditions, employment, social insurance and social assistance. It includes the rights and interests of citizens belonging to different ethnic groups and minority communities, overcoming the negative development of society demographic trends by creating economic and social conditions, modernization of education, promotion of research and scientific activities, promotion of employment, etc. But the social security can not be considered one-sided and also includes problems of: violation of territorial integrity, occupation of a territory, internal or external military aggression, terrorism, ethnic conflicts, extreme nationalism, organized crime, religious fundamentalism, information's risks and disruption of the ecological balance.
The new understanding of social security, which emphasises on the security of the individual, is likely to be implemented only in a civil society. To what extent the government will work for achieving the interests of national security depends largely on the maturity of the civil society.
Our task is both simple and ambitious - to replace ,,I" to ,,we ". [1]
The civil society expresses essential interests and relations in the social environment of people. The control, regulation and expression of public opinion in terms of political governance and policy makers have an essential feature of the necessity of its occurrence.
There are many definitions for civil society. Some of them include voluntary collective actions of people who share common interests, goals and values. [2] Its institutional forms are different from those of the state, family and market.
Historically, the term "civil society" has changed from its original classical form. Upon its establishment concept has been used as a synonym for "good society" and was an integral part of the state. It was believed that civil society regulated social conflict by imposing rules that restrict people to harm one another. The term „Societas Civilis" was introduced by Cicero. In its form it presented an idea of providing peace and order among the people.
The civil society does not distinguish between state and society in its classical period of development of the concept. It was believed that the state is a form of civil society and human beings were rational and had the ability to voluntarily gather and unite in support of a common cause and for maintaining peace in society.
Due to the nature of feudalism, the concept of civil society virtually disappeared from the scientific discussions and was replaced by the problem of war in the Middle Ages. The Thirty Years War and the subsequent „Treaty of Westphalia" heralded the birth of the system of sovereign states. As a result of the contract monarchs acquired the right to form armies, professional bureaucracy and tax offices. All of this allowed them to maintain direct control and sovereignty over their subjects and to control the economy. Until the mid-eighteenth century, absolutism was the hallmark of both the management of Europe and of scientific thought on the continent.
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During the Renaissance Thomas Hobbes emphasized the need for a strong state. According to him, human beings are motivated by their own interests. They can unite for the protection of these interests. In the paradigm of Hobbes formation of civil society leads to the formation of the government, the state and laws.
John Locke's concept for the state is similar to that of Hobbes. Locke laid the foundations of the theory of contract between society and state according to which people are agree to be represented by a general public authority. They are obliged to obey this public authority which posseses authoritative functions and powers, and undertakes to respect and protect their fundamental rights and freedoms. According to Locke, fundamental human rights are the protection of life, liberty and property.
While Hobbes and Locke emphasized the coexistence of the state and civil society, Hegel completely changed the meaning of the concept of it. Unlike its predecessors, the leading thinker of Romanticism argued that civil society was a world apart. According to him, it appears in a certain period of development of capitalism and served in the service of its interests [3]. According to Hegel, civil society manifests contradictory forces, and for that reason its constant monitoring by the state is necessary.
In the 90 years the concepts of citizenship are undergoing development by tying citizenship identity and affiliation of the individual to society. Scientists reflected new phenomena such as European integration, globalization, migration and their political, social, economic, cultural and environmental consequences.
The Contract between Society and Authority
The concepts of freedom, legitimacy, will, consent, activities and agreement were formulated for the first time by Jean Jacques Rousseau / 1712-1778 /, who wrote: „Man is born free and everywhere is in chains. How was done this change? I do not know. What can make it legitimate? I believe I can answer that question. But the social order is a sacred right which serves as the basis for all others. However, this right does not come from nature. So it is built on the agreement". [4]
The idea that the legitimate government of the country is an artificial product of voluntary agreement of free moral figures that there is something called "natural" political power is at the heart of the social contract.
Legitimate means literally „who has a legal right exists or act in accordance with the law; legal; consistent"
[5]. The legitimacy of power is defined as a concept characterized the degree of agreement between rulers and ruled. The legitimacy is acquired through proper formation of institutes of power.
„It's hard to say whether passion for greatness is the result of insufficient knowledge ... kings and emperors of Rome and Egypt go mad and declared gods, and not only survive as such, but also want to be worshiped as gods "
[6].
Main goal of any system is to obtain the consent of the governed be controlled precisely by those who currently manage and and just this way. Obedience can be achieved with violence or threat. The methods of violence or threat, however, are ineffective under continuous management. Only legitimate power can be stable and effective.
The struggle for power and hierarchy is inherent not only to man; it is inherent in all living nature. Based on the achievements of many modern sciences like psycho-biology and sociobiology, it can be argued that the problem of power (although it is social, psychological, political and economic problem) is encoded in organism, because this issue concerns the protection of life and preservation of the species.
Weber handled a broader concept of the phenomenon of power and defined power as „an opportunity for a person or group of people to impose their own will in the orientation of a social action even in resistance from the other participants". [7] Weber emphasizes the close relationship between domination and economy. The pursuit of economic interests and the availability of economic goods, if not exclusive purpose of holding power, then in any case its „usual desirable consequence", and „one of the most important resources", that the form of dominance is „economically irrelevant moment", [8] i.e. influences the shaping of economic relations. From other side the desire for power is a distinct pattern of human activity, in particular other than the desire for profit.
Definitions of power can be summarized as follows: an individual or group imposing its will, purpose or purposes of others, including on those who are disagree. Modern definitions of power highlight the ability to influence. This distinguished power as: the ability of a person to influence others and institutionalized law, delegate the organization of the position to influence the behavior of others.
The theory of social contract is represented by John Locke's claim that „voluntary agreement gives .... political power to the rulers for the good of their subordinates" [9]. According to the contract, the agreement has three degrees:
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■ People should unite natural forces and can act together to support each other's rights.
■ Community's members agree with the majority to establish legislative and other institutions.
■ Owners of property in society must agree either in person or through their representatives, what taxes to pay.
In modern times, according to the contract, management is interpreted as legitimate and established by
agreement, but the agreement is in effect manifested free will of individuals.
A good socially oriented social contract cannot be static. As societies progress and evolve, so the social contract between citizens and governments must be developed. The world has changed since the principles of the contract were developed for the first time. This urgently looks for modernized social contract - one that will take into account that Europe is in the process of movement towards a modern knowledge-based economy. This new social contract should be built around four guiding principles: employment and job creation, education and lifelong learning, and possibilities and innovation, and sustainability of public finances [10].
International and Interregional Cooperation in Education in Social Security
International and interregional cooperation is vital for the United Europe. Partnership at various levels and (institutional, local, national and international) leads to the generation of a new type of interaction between European regions are - social partnership.
Absorption methods for change management and support policy for economic and social growth requires action at many levels:
■ Companies and industrial sectors which are facing growing competition must restructure in order to compete effectively;
■ Regions should provide economic change through innovative employment initiatives to ensure that workers and relevant skills are used to support economic growth;
■ Governments must ensure that investment and employment strategies are appropriate to meet the needs of future generations, and social protection systems will cope with new challenges;
• Workers must adapt to change and actively take control of their careers by constantly improve their knowledge and skills.
The academic community - universities and training institutions need to predict the needs of the economy and help to build these social skills and knowledge. Theoretical ideas should be combined with the possibility of entering into practice. This may become a reality through the implementation of joint international and interregional bachelor's, master's and doctoral programs in „Social Security".
Education in „Social Security" should be built around the concept of optimum harmonization and preparation in order to obtain basic competence in the field of social security and the managerial aspects of national and regional security.
The education can be done by studying the fundamental and profiling subjects and modules, after which the student has to acquire some competencies:
■ to have fundamental skills and knowledge of social security;
■ to have fundamental skills and knowledge for the management of social security;
■ to conduct and take appropriate and economically justified management decisions;
■ to have fundamental skills and knowledge of European and international standards and legislation on social security;
■ to conduct research in the field of social security;
■ to have the necessary ethics, knowledge and skills for work with different grops of people.
Students must acquire knowledge for: current trends in the development of in social security; social security systems; European social policy in the area of social security; management of social security; analysis and control of social security.
Students need to develop new capabilities for: management and control of activity in social security; implementation of European and international principles and standards in social security; making efficient, effective and appropriate management decisions in the field of in social security; various forms of social protection and protection of human rights in relation to social security; management of enterprises and organizations working in the field of in social security.
A future curriculum could include disciplines in the specialty as [11-14]:
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■ Social Security
■ History of Social Security
■ Social Policy
■ Social Protection and Probation
■ Management of Security Systems
■ Financing of Security Systems
■ Strategic Management of Social Security
■ Social Infrastructure Security
■ Social Assistance
■ Social Skills
■ Correctional Social Work
■ Anti-discrimination Policies and Practices
■ Social Issues and Work in a Multicultural Environment
■ Management of Humanitarian Operations
■ Others.
Graduates can work as specialists and executives of various levels in state and municipal administration, nonprofit organizations and other organizations with activity - social security. The preparation allows them proffessional realization in the relevant organizations and specialized structures in various European countries in pan-European administration and organizations in connection with the social security of countries and regions. Apply it to the System for Transferring Academic Credits on European level will create conditions for academic mobility and international comparability of acquired knowledge and skills. Conclusion
Social security generally relate to the system of relations including: national and supra-national agreements on wages, humane attitude towards human resources, training opportunities, education, health, benefits, incentives and other issues related to employment. However, this is a very limited approach that describes only industrial relations. Nowadays, social security has expanded to all relations in the economic, military, social life, culture, art, education and ecology on different levels.
This article attempts to examine the contract between society and authority in the context of the necessity of education in Social Security. We believe that the initiation of such training on international and inter-regional level is necessary and would only contribute for creation of professionals, which working on that issue. That would be the contribution of the academic community to the problems of regions which already include not only economic development but also the interests of citizens belonging to different ethnic groups and communities, negative demographic trends, modernization of education, need to promote scientific researches, as well as problems related to violation of territorial integrity, manifestation of which is the kind of military aggression, growing terrorism, ethnic conflicts, organized crime and others. References
1. Laetitia Pugari al, Manual on European citizenship, Council of Europe and European Commission, Information Centre of the Council of Europe, 2003.
2. http: //www .lse.ac.uk/collections/CC S/what_i s_civil_society .htm.
3. Zaleski, P., Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality, Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte (Felix Meiner Verlag), 2008.
4. Peev, Ilia, Political Psychology. S., 2000.
5. Peev, Ilia, Political Psychology. S., 2000.
6. Kirov, D., D. Svilenov, D. Korudzhiev, Handbook for Christian Ethics, S., 2003.
7. Weber, M. Sociology of Domination. S., 1992.
8. Weber, M., Sociology of Domination. S., 1992.
9. Peev, Ilia, Political Psychology. S., 2000.
10.Hofheinz,'s Paul, a Mettler Ann, al., A Social Contract for the A Social 21st Century - the Building of a Society, Sustainability, the Opportunity and Responsibility for Trade, All the- Lisboncouncil - www.visionwebsite.eu/.../ social's modelXXImanifest .. , <br> free download 05.02.2016.
11.Терзиев, Венелин, Николай Ничев, Пенсионно-страховая система военнослужащих в Болгарии от
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освобождения до настоящего времени, Новый взгляд. Международный научный вестник, Volume 14, ISBN 978-5-00068-639-3, ЦРНС, Новосибирск, Россия, 2016, с.123-137.
12. Терзиев, Венелин, Николай Ничев, Развитие на пенсионното осигуряване на военнослужещите в България от освобождението до наши дни. Застрахователният и осигурителният пазар: тенденции, визия, приоритета и очаквания за управление на промяната. Свищов, 14 - 15 октомври 2016 г. ISBN 978-954-23-1193-5, стр.221-230.
13. Терзиев, Венелин, Николай Ничев, Предпоставки и необходимост от промени в пенсионното осигуряване на военнослужещите в България", Застрахователният и осигурителният пазар: тенденции, визия, приоритета и очаквания за управление на промяната. Свищов, 14 - 15 октомври 2016 г. ISBN 978-954-23-1193-5, стр.231-240.
14.Ничев, Николай, Венелин Терзиев. Основни характеристики на пенсионно осигуряване на военнослужещите в България. Втора национална научна конференция с международно участие „Човекът и Вселената", посветена на 30-годишнината от създаването на Съюза на учените в България -Смолян, 13-14 октомври 2016 г., Смолян.
© Terziev V.K. Petrova, E.S., 2017
УДК334.012.64(470.620)
Алексанян К. К.
студентка 5 курса направления подготовки «Педагогическое образование», бакалаврская программа «Экономика» и «Право» ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный университет» филиал в г. Славянск-на-Кубани, РФ e - mail: [email protected]
Махова А. В.
Канд. экон. наук,
доцент кафедры социально-экономических дисциплин ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный университет» филиал в г. Славянск-на-Кубани, РФ
АНАЛИЗ ДИНАМИКИ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ РАЗВИТИЯ МАЛОГО БИЗНЕСА
В КРАСНОДАСКОМ КРАЕ
Аннотация
В данной статье будут рассматриваться основные показатели численности работников на малых предприятиях субъектов ЮФО за 2015-2016гг., основные показатели оборота малых предприятий субъектов ЮФО за 2015-2016 гг., основные показатели инвестиций в основной капитал малых предприятий (в части новых и приобретенных по импорту основных средств) за 2015-2016гг. Также в статье будут проанализированы: число малых предприятий по видам экономической деятельности в Краснодарском крае 2015-2016гг. и Оборот малых предприятий по видам экономической деятельности 2015-2016гг.
Ключевые слова
Малый бизнес, Южный Федеральный округ, субъект ЮФО, инвестиции, оборот, капитал.
Малый бизнес является незаменимым компонентом в экономике. Изучение анализа динамики показателей развития малого предпринимательства весьма разумное решение. Каждому начинающему молодому бизнесмену необходимо оценить ситуацию в округе, на рынке, определить окупаемость вложенных инвестиций в тот или иной вид деятельности. Поэтому в данной статье все подробно проанализировано, что позволит прийти к какому-то умозаключению.
