CC BY
0
^sll ISSN 2310-5720 ppublishing.org
DOI: 10.29013/EJLL-23-4-22-25
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPRESSION OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE FORMED USING THE MORPHEME j LE IN CHINESE LANGUAGE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF NOVEL 'AFFAIRS OF THE WORLD" OF UTKIR KHASHIMOV) TITLE
Shamsiddinova Zebo Fazliddinovna 1
1 Department of Oriental Languages, University of World Economy and Diplomacy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Cite: Shamsiddinova, Z. F. (2023). The Characteristics of Expression of the Past Perfect Tense Formed Using the Morpheme j Le in Chinese Language (on the Example of Novel "Affairs of the World" of Utkir Khashimov). European Journal of Literature and Linguistics 2023, No 4. https://doi.org/10.29013/EJLL-23-4-22-25
Abstract
This scientific article analyzes the expression of the past tense formed by the morpheme j le in the Chinese language, and its specific features. In the novel "Affairs of the World" of writer Utkir Khoshimov examines the characteristics of expression of the past tense verb forms in sentences given by simple Uzbek speech through the morpheme jle in the Chinese language. Keywords: morpheme j le, Chinese language, past tense, modal verbs, auxiliary word, action verbs, state verbs, finite (resultative) verbs, non-finite (non-resultative) verbs, Uzbek language
Introduction
The meanings of the past tense in Chinese language are not expressed through morphological means, are mostly expressed by lexical and syntactic means. In this case, the auxiliary words as grammatical indicators, sequence of words and tone take an important place.
In Chinese, the past tense is represented by various word classes, it is principally expressed through time words such as zuotian "yesterday", qiantian "the day before yesterday", i^shang ge+time words/ noun "previous time", ^^ qunian "last year", HX shang ci "last time" and others, joining the suffixes such as verb+jle/^guo, adjec-tive+jle/^guo (in this case, the grammat-
ical features of the suffixes that make these two verb forms have their own characteristics, during our scientific analysis we will discuss about the own characteristics in detail), suffixes ^^lâizhe (this suffix is not used in all dialects), stable syntagms such as ^shi...| de, iEjiù ...Tle, verb1+Tle1, ...^¡jiù+verb2+T 2, "—...+nounfrS+verb+ä". In the scientific analysis below, we will consider the features of the past tense form made by the morpheme Tle.
Materials and Methods
Several manuals "Modern Chinese Grammar" written by Chinese linguists provide information about adverbs and auxiliary words
from grammatical categories related to the tense category. For example, Zhu Qingming's " Analysis of Modern Practical Chinese Grammar " (AftloI^R^fffl^S^ff) published in Beijing in 2005, Cheng Mingan and Hao Wenhua's Practical Chinese ^^.^fflRii) published in the reference book, tenses, words T, tense prepo-
sitions, postpositions, etc. are shown. In addition, in Zhang Wei's book " Practical Types of Modern Chinese "
ii®), published in Beijing in 1992, many constructions that actively participate in the expression of time in the Chinese language are listed.
It should be noted that Wang Li's "Modern Grammar of China" (I^.tBIftiS), although it was created in 1943, divides tenses into separate types and explains their modern and ancient forms with examples.; Similar to the concept of time in other languages, the Chinese fWII- "state of action" is divided into seven types, namely simple state, ®
^tII- the state of being in the process, the state of completion, The division into such ffi&il- near past state, beginning
state, duration state, short
duration state also caused a wide coverage of the time category in Chinese.
Result and Discussion
In Chinese, the morpheme Tle has two different functions in the sentence: when it comes after a verb, it acts as a past tense suffix, and when it is used at the end of a sentence, it acts as a modal particle or an auxiliary word. So, when the suffix T which makes the form of past tense comes after the verb, it is used together with action verbs, state verbs, finite (resultative) verbs [1, 81-82], non-finite (non-resultative) verbs, it expresses various meanings such as the occurrence, beginning, completion, or duration of an action. For example:
(Na nian dongtian zhe wei yisheng you yici bangzhule women) (Khashimov, U., ect. 2021).
In winter, that man (doctor) did us a favor once again (Khashimov, U. 2005).
In this sentence, are formed the definite past tense forms by combining the finite (re-sultative) verb bangzhu "to help" and the suffix T of the Chinese, in this case, it expresses the completion of the action.
In the process of expressing the definite past tense, adverbs of time na nian
dongtian "in the winter of that year" played an important role as a lexical indicator.
Table 1.
The position of the morpheme T in the sentence
Meaning
Function
Example:
After a predicate verb, before an object
After a finite The completion of (resultative) verb the action
After a non-finite It serves to express (non-resultative) that the completed
verb
At the end of the sentence
action lasted for a certain period of time
The beginning of a new state
As a suffix
that makes ^^^Ta cong shubao tenses li nale ben shu, du qilai / He took a book out of the schoolbag and started reading
Qiang
shang guale yige shubao/ A schoolbag hangs on the wall
Particle ^bffiTMTWaimian xia yule/ It is raining outside
Hen kexi... Youyi geren qushile... (Khashi-mov, U., ect. 2021).
It is pity that a poor man passed away. (Khashimov, U. 2005).
In the given sentence, the suffix j is added to the limited verb ^^ qushi "to pass away" to express the past tense, and indicates the completion of the action.
The table which formed by Dan In (Den In, 2006) on semantics and its usage of the morpheme j clearly shows the position, meaning, and function of this morpheme in the sentence (Table 1):
As we mentioned above, the location of the morpheme j determines its meaning and function in the sentence. In Uzbek, it corresponds to the form of definite past tense with the suffix -di. However, it should be noted that various grammatical and lexical indicators also play an important role in the process
of expressing in Chinese tense. For example:
...
... Dan er zi jiehun hou jiu gen er xi ban qule (Khashimov U., ect. 2021)
. As soon as the son got married, he moved to the house of his wife (Khashi-mov, U. 2005).
In this sentence, the verbs Mban and ^qu are combined together to form a compound verb meaning "to move". By adding the suffix j to the compound verb, the past perfect tense was made and with its help formed the definite past tense -di in Uzbek language. In making the form of past tense, ^ "after" expresses the meaning of time and serves as a grammatical indicator.
If two or more verbs are used in a sentence, then the past tense suffix j is used after the verb at the end of the sentence to express the past tense. For example:
Mama rang wo yongyao shui shu kou, mei yong, gei wo he xing zhi ye meiyou xiaoguo... zuihou wo shishengle (Khashimov U., ect. 2021)
My mother tried to rinse my throat with alum, but it did not benefit me, then she boiled some, and made me drink the water of mincemeat, but it did not help me too. Finally, I lost my voice (Khashimov, U. 2005).
The given sentence contains three verbs such as i^Pshu kou "rinse throat", B§he "drink" and ^^shisheng "lose voice", j as past tense indicator is used after the limited verb ^^shisheng "lose voice" and indicates the completion of an action.
The suffix jle is mostly used with finite (resultative) verbs. As a result of being added to non-finite (non-resultative) verbs, apart from giving the meaning of a certain period of time to an action in the past tense, it can also indicate the completion of the action and the result of the action. For example:
Na tian wanshang wo jiu fashao, kesou le (Khashimov U., ect. 202l)
That evening, my temperature rose, I coughed hard for a long time (Khashimov U. 2005).
Although the verb "to cough" is made with the verb form -a, which expresses the present future tense, the sentence refers to the past tense in terms of content.
Therefore, the suffix jle expressing the past tense is used after the unlimited verb ®^kesou "to cough" at the end of the sentence, and expresses the duration of a certain period of the action in the past tense.
Conclusions
As a result of the analysis, we can note that: the past tense form of the morpheme jle is expressed by using the suffix jle after the verb and the particle jle at the end of the sentence; the position of morpheme jle in the sentence determines its meaning and function; the morpheme jle combines with limited verbs, non-limited verbs, verbs of state, adjectives, and give information about various meanings such as a certain action happened in the past tense, the completion of an action, the characteristic of the result due to an action or change; the Uzbek equivalent of the past tense verb form made by the morpheme jle is given through the definite past tense form -di; it can also be by using the stable grammatical constructions such as verb1+ j1, ...^+verb2+j2 in compound sentences with subordinate clause involving the morpheme jle; some grammatical constructions such as jkuai/kuai-yao/yao.le, jjiu yao.le, verb1+j le1, ...^¡jiu+verb2... and others involving the
morpheme Tle do not refer to the past, but to the present or the future.
As we have seen from the above scientific analyses, the scope of usage of the morpheme Tle is so wide that it can cause various dif-
ficulties in the process of its use, therefore, based on all its aspects and characteristics, it is suitable for the purpose to use it correctly in the process of speech.
References:
Den, In. (2006). Semantics and functions of verb forms of the past tense of the perfect and imperfect forms in the Russian language in the mirror of Chinese, Dissertation for the degree of Ph.D.,- Moscow. Khashimov, U. (2005). The affairs of the world, - Tashkent. Yakhontov, S. E. (1957). Verb category in Chinese,- Leningrad.
Khashimov, U. (2021). The affairs of the world,- Tashkent.
submitted 19.10.2023; accepted for publication 08.11.2023; published 16.01.2024 © Shamsiddinova Z. F. Contact: sita-zebo@inbox.ru
