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THE CATEGORY OF SPACE AND WAYS OF ITS EXPRESSION IN ENGLISH
N.Z. Khabibullaeva1, Senior Lecturer P.M. Zheenalieva2, Senior Lecturer 1Osh Technological University 2Osh State University (Kyrgyzstan, Osh)
DOLW.24412/2500-1000-2024-4-5-76-79
Abstract. The main characteristics of the concept of "space" in the English linguistic culture will be the subject of analysis. The differential features of the concept of "space" are revealed through the prism of linguistic fixation in the content of thought. This allows us to determine the specificity of the fragmentation of reality by the English linguistic culture, first of all into internal and external space as a ratio of the location of objects. The concept under study is determined by the world view, the prevailing philosophy, the axiological system, cultural traditions, religious beliefs, etc. in the English linguistic picture of the world.
Key words: concept, linguoculture, language, world language culture, English linguoculture, cognition, representation, verbalisation, concept "space".
Each nation's culture contains both elements peculiar to a particular community and universal, universal characteristics. Each national-linguistic community perceives and reflects the surrounding world, influenced by established cultural and national attitudes, traditions and experiences, and creates its own linguistic picture of the world.
The world's linguistic culture has universal features that are common to all humanity. It also has individual features that characterise an individual linguistic personality.
Scientists have long been interested in the problem of the relationship between language, culture and society. The study of the linguistic image of the world is not losing its relevance for specialists in various fields of knowledge, since it offers the possibility not only of understanding the mechanism of thought of this or that linguistic-cultural community, but also of "structuring the often fragmentary data about it into a system, the presence of which in the cognitive sphere of a modern human being makes the study of foreign languages and intercultural contacts much more effective" [1]. The study of the reflection of the category of space in different languages and cultures is a fruitful field of activity in this direction. Space is "what man accommodates, what he perceives around him, what he sees stretching before him, and at the same time a void filled with objects and
people". As a philosophical category, space's intrinsic properties (three-dimensionality, coherence, relative discontinuity, etc.) have a peculiar refraction in human perception. This is the most pressing problem of modern linguistics.
Those concepts that serve as ontological reference points, including the concept of "space" and its components of spatial localisation and orientation, play a special role in the totality of concepts that form the linguistic picture of the world. The concept of "space" is inherently a complex notion that is realised and experienced in intimate unity with specific notions [2].
Linguistic studies connect the problem of "space and language" with the sphere of subjective perception of reality, with human perception and with the peculiarity of the representation of the results of this activity in language. The studies actively use the concept of the spatial reference point, the "locus", which is understood as the space in relation to which the location of an object (action, attribute) or the subject itself is determined. On the basis of concrete material it is shown that language characterises the space "inhabited".
The approach we develop to the study of the national-cultural specificity of spatial perception and its reflection in language lies in the field of linguocultural studies. In particular, we are interested in which
linguistic means are used to express spatial relations in English linguistic culture. At all levels of language: morphological, syntactic, phonetic, etc., national specificity is expressed. However, it is most clearly manifest in the structural units of language, i.e. those units that are a direct reflection of extra-linguistic reality and have a figurative and symbolic basis. Such linguistic units include words, idiomatic phrases, linguistic aphorisms, winged expressions and paremi. On the basis of these figurative representations of reality, which reflect the entire spiritual, historical, life and cultural experience of the language collective, the units under consideration arise in different languages. Studying these peculiarities makes it possible to carry out extensive comparative-historical and comparative-typological studies [3].
Spatial and locative relations are verbalised in different ways in English, with spatial reference points grouped under the general term 'locum' as a space or object relative to which the object's location and type of relationship are determined. The thesis that the concept of space is derived from the concept of object and activity also applies to the English world view. Due to the fact that English does not have a locative predicate that could describe any locative states, the English world view is characterised by a tendency to classify localisation [4].
English reconstructs space in three dimensions, as do Indo-European linguistic cultures in general. English manifests this peculiarity through lexical polysemy and grammatical structures: for example, this language allows us to work with prepositions that express both spatial and temporal relations, such as in, at, before, after, by, next, etc. The following sentence illustrates the semantic overlap of different times. The semantic overlap between different times is illustrated in the following sentence: Not will be before you (in space or in time, or both).
There are certain difficulties in structuring space through language. For example, it is often difficult to translate correct information about the placement of new objects in relation to previously located objects. In cognitive grammar, a figure is defined as a prototype of
new objects, and a background (object orientation) is defined as a prototype of objects that were previously found in this space. It should be stressed that the figure and the background are gestalt structures that are alienated by the consciousness of the communicators; their conceptual character is the most important sign of the correlative links and relations.
In English linguistic culture, the core of the conceptual field of "'space" is represented by the lexeme space, but the English language has a number of units belonging to different parts of speech and naming different points of space, primarily representing its main characteristics and parameters. Adjectives (narrow, wide, tall, long, etc.) are often used to describe height, width and length. The dimensions of objects are parameterised by a whole set of lexical and grammatical categories of words that allow English to realise the variability of the representation of these parameters [5].
The concept of "space" is one of the few universal concepts, even within the English linguokulyura as a holistic representation of the national linguistic picture of the world. It is characterised by individualised objectification, because it operates with different modes of explication.
The following components make up the structure of the concept:
- Conceptual, rational-discursive, as a set of characteristics necessary for the generic identification of the concept and the preservation of its integrity;
- Metaphoric-figurative, emotive-sensual;
- Evaluative-epistemic/axiological, for which the characteristics that correlate with the value characteristics of the concept are fundamental.
In fact, 'space' mirrors a general, integral trace in memory, whose emergence comes from some object, phenomenon, event, quality [6]. The figurative and evaluative components of the concept of "space" are represented in the English linguistic picture of the world, first and foremost, by the units of the phraseological and grammatical fund of language, which are characterised by the greatest representativeness of the linguistic and grammatical specificity of spatial
receptive activity, and the most important place among them is occupied by the static localisation of the object, since the location of objects in space cannot be determined without establishing the orientation and position of a given object in relation to other objects located in space.
Also significant for the English linguistic culture is the representation of the components of the concept of "space" by means of deictic units characterised by the greatest semantic diversity, namely prepositions and adverbs. The concept of egocentric space with its basic principle of localisation "I - here - now" forms the basis for the analysis of adverbs and pronouns with spatial meaning. The speaker's figure is taken as the reference point, and the choice of a particular unit with spatial semantics depends on the position of the observer and the object of observation itself. The use of the pronouns here/there and the indicative pronouns this/these, that/those, which indicate the near or far location of the object, is the most vivid representation of the concept of "space". In the English world picture, "space" is primarily represented by parametric adjectives. This is due to the fact that any material entity always has some characteristics - length, width, height (depth) or volume. Those parametric adjectives are the basis for the formation of the concept of "space" in English.
Moreover, in the English linguistic world view, the concept of "space" is conditioned by the world view, the prevailing philosophy, the axiological system, the cultural traditions, the religious beliefs, and so on. The
anthropocentricity of this linguistic phenomenon is underlined by all these factors. All these factors again emphasise the anthropocentricity of this linguistic and cultural phenomenon. In addition, "the ability to verbalise the concepts in the construction of the text determines its main category - the linguistic personality of the author". In the part that characterises the concept of "space", the phraseological and paremiological resources of the English language are characterised by an increased expressiveness. The situation of the place is described by a literal reading of phraseological units and paremi, which makes it possible to "superimpose" it on the phraseological meaning, which gives the statement a stylistic and emotional brightness. Phraseological units and paremi with spatial meaning reflect the emotional and evaluative attitude to the world of the native speaker of the English linguistic picture within the objectification of the concept of "space". All specific properties of space: symmetry/asymmetry, shape, size, distance and boundaries are reflected in the English linguistic picture of the world. Space is perceived as relative. Spatial orientation and localisation are qualified in relation to other objects with which the localised object is somehow connected, juxtaposed or bounded.
Therefore, the representation of the concept of "space" in the English worldview is more precise and unambiguous than in the Kyrgyz. A different set of qualitative attributes and their selective combination with spatial components characterise the value component of the concept.
References
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2. Kuipers, Benjamin. Cognitive modelling of the map user // In Button, G., editor, Proceedings, First International Study Symposium on Topological Data Structures for Geographic Information Systems. - 1979. - Volume 7 ("Spatial Semantics: Understanding and Interacting with Map Data"). - P. 1-11.
3. Mark, David M., Svorou, Soteria, and Zubin, David A., in press. Spatial terms and spatial concepts: Geographic, cognitive, and linguistic perspectives // Proceedings, International Symposium on Geographic Information Systems: The Research Agenda. Crystal City, Virginia, November, 1987, proceedings in press.
4. Neisser U. Two Themes in the Study of Cognition // Cognition: conceptual and methodological issues. - Washington, 1992. - P. 253-267.
5. Peuquet, Donna J. The use of spatial relationships to aid spatial database retrieval // Proceedings, Second International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Seattle, Washington, 1986. - P. 459-471.
6. Trowbridge, C.C. On fundamental methods of orientation and imaginary maps // Science -1913. - №38. - P. 888-897.
КАТЕГОРИЯ ПРОСТРАНСТВА И СПОСОБЫ ЕЕ ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ В
АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ
Н.З. Хабибуллаева1, старший преподаватель П.М. Жееналиева2, старший преподаватель 1Ошский технологический университет 2Ошский государственный университет (Кыргызстан, г. Ош)
Аннотация. Предметом анализа являются основные характеристики концепта "пространство" в английской лингвокультуре. Дифференциальные признаки концепта "пространство" выявляются через призму языковой фиксации в содержании мысли. Это позволяет определить специфику фрагментации действительности английской лингвокуль-турой, прежде всего на внутреннее и внешнее пространство как соотношение расположения объектов. Исследуемый концепт определяется мировоззрением, господствующей философией, аксиологической системой, культурными традициями, религиозными верованиями и т.д. в английской языковой картине мира.
Ключевые слова: концепт, лингвокультура, язык, мировая языковая культура, английская лингвокультура, познание, репрезентация, вербализация, концепт "пространство".
