CC BY
7The arrival of borrowing words to Pashto language and ways
of its prevention
Sharifullah Malal sharifullahmalal 123@gmail. com Mohammad Hussin Miakhel mh.mhieahel@gmail. com Mohammad Haroon Wahedi mhroonwahedi29@gmail. com Farah University, Afghanistan
Abstract: This study is dedicated to the arrival of Borrowing words in Pashto language and ways to prevent them, which is the purpose Clarifying the impact of other languages on the Pashto language and finding out the ways of borrowing into the language and knowing the possible ways to prevent borrowing into the language. The value of this research is that, considering the value of language, the readers will be attracted to the original value of their language and will try to use their pure words instead of vocabulary from other languages and according to the importance of language. all speakers of the same language will be aware of the influence of other languages and the ways in which Borrowing words arrive. The result of this research was It can be mentioned that Pashto language has been influenced by other languages in various ways such as: migration, commercial, political, religious, economic dominance, political and conflict goals, religious, neighborhood and common border. Even now Pashto is under threat of other language and no steps have been taken to prevent it. The type of this research is bibliographic, which has been completed by using descriptive method
Keywords: effect, Pashto, language, Pseudonym, prevention, words
INTRODUCTION
Afghanistan is one of the Central Asian countries and most of its people speak Pashto, has a common border with Iran, China, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, and faced to invasion and colonization of other countries from time to time. Therefore, on this basis, it has also affected the language of the Pashtuns living in the region. From time to time, different expressions from other languages have entered the language from different ways, and this effect can be seen more in the phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical aspects. In this research paper, there is a discussion on ways and means of preventing the transfer of vocabulary from other languages to Pashto language. Considering the value of this subject, Pashto speakers
will be able to identify the sources of the influence of other languages on their language and protect themselves from these effects as much as possible and also understand the importance and value of the language. Most of the time, it will work to use the native language to its maximum level. The result of the study is that the arrival of Borrowing words to the Pashto language has come from different ways such as: migration, political orientation, strong language of a strong neighbor, colonialism, tendency towards ease and some other ways. The type of this research is library and field, which has been completed with the help of descriptive method.
Research objectives:
The main objective
Clarifying the ways to prevent the arrival of Borrowing words in Pashto language.
Sub-objectives
Clarifying the influence of other languages on Pashto language.
Clarifying a special policy in the prevention of loan words to preserve the integrity. and survival of the Pashto language
Clarifying the ideas of scholars in the field of debt prevention.
Research questions:
The main question
What are the ways in which Borrowing words came to Pashto language and what are the ways to prevent them?
Sub questions:
What are the sources of influence of other languages on Pashto language?
Is there any special strategy to prevent Pashto language in order to keep it alive and intact?
What do experts think about preventing debt?
Statement of the issue:
As Many words have come to the Pashto language from other languages and are still used as active words in the language and the influence of other languages on the Pashto language is visible. Therefore, I considered it necessary to research the ways and effects of words coming to Pashto language from other languages, to know impact of other languages on Pashto language and Pashto speakers and to prevent these effects in the future. Work and use their native language invest.
Significance of the subject:
The value of this research paper is that, with its help, the readers will be observing to the influence of other languages and will also use their pure vocabulary instead of the vocabulary of other languages.
Research Hypothesis:
In this research article, it will be clear which ways Borrowing words have come to Pashto language and what steps should be taken to prevent them.
Research method and methodology:
The type of my research paper is library and field, completed with using descriptive method
Literature Review:
No any such special work or article written on the impact of other languages on Pashto language and the arrival of Borrowing Words So this will be the first insightful article that will reach it to readers
The arrival of Borrowing words to Pashto language and ways of its prevention Language is a social phenomenon, which is affected by all the factors of the society from time to time, that is, any change that occurs in the society will also cause a change in the language itself. In short, it can be said that man, society and language change according to the conditions of the society, and this change can be seen in every aspect of life and society.
As our topic is related to the arrival and prevention of Borrowing words in the language; So it can be said that researching the words involved in a language and knowing the reasons for their coming is a serious issue in linguistics and is considered a point of attention; Because Borrowing words make up a large part of those changes, which are considered external causes of language change. (Malatar, 1397:1).
Pseudonym that enters a language to express new concepts, this transfer can be either direct or indirect. Any vocabulary used in a language can generally be divided into two parts, one of which is called its own or main vocabulary and the other part is foreign Pseudonymy vocabulary; The words that are considered to be their own, will either be created in the same language or will be made from the morphemes of the same language according to the requirements of the rules of dictionary creation, such as: hand, land, read. Spring education e etc... The words that are considered foreign are those that have come from other languages, this change has different reasons that will be discussed in its place (Ludin, 1399: 116).
Mr. Faqir Mohammad Faqir writes in the work titled "A Linguistic Study of Khushal Khan Khattak's Poetry in the Light of word Formation": The exchange of words is in two categories, one is cultural and the other is relational. According to him, there is no political force or influence in cultural or cultural transactions, nor is this influence one-sided. The language of the strong is the giver and the language of the weak is the receiver, who borrows words that have synonyms in their own language. faqir says that the foundation of the language does not change quickly with the change of words and it is not a bad thing to borrow words from other languages to express the need and meaning of other languages; But it is not right that a tribe does not think about the future of its language (Faqir,2014:72).
According to investigation each words of each language is a trust of the traditions, culture and values of the speakers of that language and the history behind the word is protected.
To some writers, a language can develop when it is able to express all kinds of concepts in its own language and keep up with progress and change. Held that progress in the present world is proceeding very rapidly; So in any case, vocabulary can be borrowed to meet the needs and concepts of society but some words points should not be ignored.
Some linguists of the world believe that the language should be left to its own devices, because the language is a means of understanding and to understand and in this way our goal can be achieved; But in my opinion, language is not only a means of understanding; Because behind the words of the language, the history and identity of the language is safe, if we leave the language to its own devices, it is not far that the language will lose its meaning, along with our other historical foundations such as: culture, Civilization, historical consciousness, etc. are always lost.
If we think about those tribes who have developed and left their languages to their own fate, there has been a significant change in their culture, culture and historical consciousness, because all these things are side by side. are running side by side; If we consider the Pashto language, which has a very long history, if we leave this language to this terrible cultural invasion of foreign words and terms, and we sit on the hill of fate, it is not far from the funeral of our ancient and sacred language.
If the Pashto linguists do not pay attention to the future linguistic and cultural threats and invasions that the Pashto language is facing and do not find an alternative to the vocabulary in the language; Therefore, in the future, we will use several languages instead of one language, and by doing this, we will have lost the original vocabulary of the language, which we have an alternative to, from history has lost. It should not be ignored and ways of preventing the entry of vocabulary into the language should be considered and alternatives should be thought deeply. If we don't do this, the history behind the words of Pashto language will be lost from future generations and our language will lose its purity.
Regarding the proximity of languages, it should be said that linguists always look at the bases of all languages when dividing and grouping languages, considering the similarity of rules and the proximity to the roots of words, if languages are based on these bases. If they are close and similar, they count those languages in one group and say that they belong to the same family (Habibi, 2004: 32).
French German Englsh Latin stay Sanskrit Parsi Pashto
toe fatter thefather Peter Peter Patri father father
Mr the car themother cometome matter material themother mother
red Schuster Sister Surdar Hokhar Swatcher sister sister
Freer brooder brother more more better brother brother
The languages that linguists associated with indo Aryan languages are all very close in basis rules and vocabulary, as shown in the table below.
That the Pashto language is related to the Aryan family, so the influence of the languages of this family cannot be ignored (Malatar, 1397:105).
As our here is mostly related to the coming Borrowing words into the Pashto language and ways to prevent them; Therefore, we should know the level of vocabulary of other languages in Pashto language and how these words entered Pashto. Is there an alternative to these words in Pashto or not If so there is an effect that the original vocabulary has been removed from the language and a foreign vocabulary has taken its place.
We must accept that there are no languages in the world that are free from the influence of other languages. Scholars are also of the opinion that there is no such language in the world, in which elements of other languages are not found, and that it should be a pure and pure language; That is, all languages of the world take and give vocabulary from one another Taniwal, 1397: 255).
If we accept that a language is free from the influence of other languages, it means that the speakers of this language have not had any contact with the speakers of other languages, although this work has no practical or scientific form.
In the light of the above principle, there is an influence of other languages on the Pashto language, many words and terms have come to Pashto from other languages. According to my information the influx of words from neighboring languages such as: Dari, Urdu, Arabic Turkish languages into Pashto language is much more than other languages which has an impact on the phonological, lexical and phonetic part of Pashto language. It is very visible. Although it is very difficult to save our language from the influence of other languages and call it the Naga language; However, keeping silent and standing idly by the arrival of foreign words and other items shakes the foundations of the languages and cultures of peoples and communities, destroys their identity and destroys their cultural heritage. For this reason, we should use the vocabulary of our language as much as possible and use scientific standards in this field. We will have prevented the development of scientific standards and there may be a complete obstacle to the use and popularization of the small vocabulary of our language. In the following way, we will discuss the factors and ways that one language is influenced by another language and can cause words trade (Taniwal, 1397: 254.).
Immigration: Migrations take place in all regions of the world and the speakers of each language, who migrated to each region, have influenced the linguistic structure of the languages of those regions, and as a result of the return of these immigrants, they also brought those effects with them and they have remained in the language. Pashto is a language that is spoken in the border provinces of Afghanistan, which share a border with other countries, and most of its people have migrated to these countries from time
to time and lost their Pashto language or they brought many words with them from there and they have been replaced in the language (Marhoon, 1396: 741).
One thing we should not forget is that these migrations are of two types, one is the migrations in their own region, which has the same language but with a different accent, such as: the arrival of eastern people to the south and southwest regions in these regions Pashto is spoken but the dialects are different. Now I see these dialectal changes directly in my children who sometimes use some words in Farahi dialect, which has affected our dialect; So it can be said that such migrations bring with them the most negative effects.
The second type is migration away from one's own language to another language area such as: Iran, Pakistan, India... our goal is to investigate this effect in this research paper. As a result of this type of migration, phonemic, lexical and other changes occur in the language. We should pay attention to one thing that such developments in the language are not the work of man, but a natural process.
The strong language of a strong neighbor: There are many languages in the world, some of these ethnicities and their languages are stronger and more powerful than others in political, economic and cultural terms it means have worked a lot in related fields. Now that the world has chosen the status of a village; So this topic has become public because the whole world is connected through the internet and anyone can talk to anyone from anywhere and maintain their social relations with anyone anywhere, so for this purpose The important tool is language, which can be understood by both parties. If we see that most of the materials are found in English language, the language is always rich in sources and has more facilities in daily life. It creates more tendency, because by nature, human beings have the ability to make it easier for themselves, so if there is no vocabulary in their language or it is difficult, they take it from another language and solve their problems with it.
We will present this topic in an example in Afghanistan, Pashto and Persian are languages that were born from the same language, and they have been complex for years in this region, but Dari or Persian has always prevailed over Pashto because Farsi or Dari language is a strong and powerful language in the region, which is spoken in several countries and according to the historical background it has always remained the court language in Afghanistan It has influence. If we study the dialects of Pashto language, we see many words in the dialects of the south and center that come from Persian and Dari, or Pashto words have adopted Persian and Dari characteristics; Because the ruling and influential language in the center has remained Dari, and in the south, many years of kingdoms have passed, on the basis of which, most of the influences of Dari or Persian have come from the southern Pashto dialect (Marhoon, 1396: 746).
In addition, that both languages are phonologically and lexically close to each other, there are other factors that make one language under the influence of another language. As frome it is not payed attention in government office works were in Dari language pashto contribution in educational curriculum and broadcasts was negligible, while in Iran, Afghanistan, India and Mawra al-Nahr, more work was done on Dari languages than private education in mosques. The deeds were also in Dari language, the deeds and introduction were all written in Dari language All these factors had no effect on the Pashto language, this was the reason why Pashtuns have entered many words of Dari language and many Pashtuns have even forgotten their own Pashto (Malatar, 1397:106).
In my opinion, the strong neighbor always affects the weak neighbor for several reasons, one of the main reasons being that the weak neighbor always pretends to be the strong neighbor in order to appear strong and show himself to be advanced. This is the reason that in Pashto language There is a way to flood the walls and in this language Many words have been imported from other languages; In short, strong neighbors are dangerous when it comes to the extinction of language origins.
Colonization of the region: Colonies always try to fully implement their culture, of which language is one of the most important members, in their colonies and cover the colonized areas with their culture in such a way that they cannot get rid of it forever; A good example can be given by Russia, which during the Soviet Union brought the Russian language to the corners of its colonial countries. The countries that were their colonies, although they are no longer there, but their language is still dominant, such as: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, etc...
In addition to this, the colonies of the Greeks and Romans are also good examples of which language patterns and writing can still be found in most countries. In addition to the mentioned colonies, the most famous colonialism is the British colonialism, look to which still has many traces in Central Asia, especially (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan), if we (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) countries Let 's look at the principles that can be seen in these countries from that time until today. If we listen to the languages of these countries, we can find English words in more than half of them. The effects of colonialism on the evolution of Pashto language in Afghanistan were often short-term, when the British ruled the region, some words and the terms came from the English language, but they were forgotten by the people after the independence, then when the Russians ruled the region, Russian words entered the language, but they disappeared as soon as the Russians left (Marhoon, 1396: 751).
People's desire for ease: From the beginning of life, man has been looking for how to make his life comfortable. Language as a social phenomenon is the most widely used phenomenon; That's why the most efforts are made to ease this phenomenon. This
tendency is not something that people do consciously, but unconsciously, some words enter the language and become gradually common.
Media effects: You will have heard a lot from Khyber TV (Do you watch Khyber TV?) Media and society are closely related to each other That is why media is called the language of society. You must have seen many times that the media has left its impact in our homes as well. We see that things are often done in our homes that our family members have heard or seen in the media which are the effects of media that we are not protect.
The media changes and effects that occur in the language have more harm than benefit, with this most people deviate from their language, means, they remove most of the words and phrases that they have in their language from their mouths and replace them. The same applies to media words and phrases Above we have discussed the effects that cause change in the language, now we will discuss the ways of words coming from one language to another language.
Ways of getting words from other languages into Pashto language
Scholars have generally divided the ways of words from one language to another into two names, one is the oral way and the other is the written way. Dr. Daulat Mohammad Ludin writes about this in the book titled words study: .. .words will have gone from one language to another through speaking or in written (Ludin, 1399:120).
He has distinguished these two ways as the words that have entered from one language to another language orally and through speech, he considers this kind of anonymity to be a characteristic of the past centuries, especially in the times when writing was not yet invented or that was not well published. According to the author, oral anonymity occurs in places where speakers of different languages live in close proximity to houses and villages, and in many areas of life they maintain their relationships orally without systematic writing; The second type makes it clear that in writing, the familiarity or vocabulary movement enters the language of readers and students through reading and studying various works of books, newspapers, and magazines from other languages.
Linguists mention the influence of other languages on a language and the reasons for the introduction of words and names from one language to another language, commercial, political, religious, economic dominance, political and engagement purposes, religious, neighborhood.
Mr. Daulat Mohammad Ludin also mentions the factors of the transfer of words from one language to another language, the contact between the speakers of different languages in economic, political, cultural and other areas of life. Either individual, group, peacefull or war oriented. He adds that the movement of pseudonym from one language to another language will be either bilateral or unilateral or material or mental. In material anonymity, not only one meaning is taken, but also the sound and written
form, and the anonymity that has a semantic aspect is not the material side of the words, but the meaning is taken (Ludin, 1399: 120).
Professor Siddiqullah has distinguished the arrival of foreign words from one language to another in the following ways.
Dakheel: The first type of pseudonym is the one that enters and is used in a language without any verbal or spiritual change, such as: knowledge, patience, rule, rule, Hajj... and others (Rishtin,1372:410)
In languages, it also happens in language that the language has its own vocabulary to express a concept, but still the vocabulary has been borrowed anonymously from other languages (Ludin, 1399: 126)).
The above words and some combinations are very common in the Pashto language, which are still used as active words in Pashto. One thing I must say is that most of the words and phrases that have come to Pashto have alternatives in Pashto; But these words and combinations have come to Pashto in the same form as they are in the original language.
Scholars and language researchers who have done a lot of research in the field of language have said as a result of their research that language is a social phenomenon and does not exist outside of society. The life of human societies has not remained in its previous state and the reason for this is that the needs and inconveniences of life have encouraged them to try hard and remove the shortcomings of their lives. Since the number of human beings increased; So, to provide the needs of life, they went to one side and the other. There are many kinds and great differences in human life; So, as a result of this discussion, it can be said that there is no language in the world that we can call a pure language and which should be completely protected from the influence of other languages. In this regard, Mr. Muhammad Siddiq Rohi said: If we look at the evolution of languages, there is no pure language in the world, and even if there is, it will be the languages of some primal communities, which do not have scientific and cultural relations with the rest of the world Hotak, 2007: 79)).
In order to show that the language cannot remain unaffected in any way, it would be very good to take the opinion of Ustad Allamah Abd al-Hay Habibi in this connection. No part of the common life in human being is far away from the languages and traditions of other nations. He also presented some examples of the influence of other languages in the Holy Qur'an based on the suyuti mazhar in the Holy Qur'an.) including the Syriac language. Saradaq, Toor the Zangi language. Hasab, Siri, the Turkish language, Ghasaq, and the Indian language. Mishkaa, the number of these words reaches a hundred (Shasha'i, 1389: 82)
In my opinion, the primal communities are also required to establish relations with other communities in order to settle their lives, in order to provide their needs; Therefore, it is natural that in this process, they become familiar with the vocabulary
of other languages, and in this way, the vocabulary of other languages finds its way into their language and the possibilities of its use are created, which indicates that the language It cannot be completely remind.
Mr. Mola Jan Taniwal has presented a question about the extension of the chain of purism for language preservation, how and in what way the chain of purism should be extended? According to him, this series should be carried forward jointly and unanimously by experienced professional scholars and lexicographers. These scholars should be very precise in choosing the worids of their language and in determining the place of their use. to be used as one might expect from the use of a worids; So, in this way, it becomes possible for our own vocabulary to express the concepts that foreign vocabulary expresses (Taniwal, 1397: 252).
Dr. Ali Ahmad Popel gives an example about the harm of language refinement and says that: the iranians started the work of language refinement with intensity and made the fluent Persian language difficult, while in refining the richness of a language No, but in the correct and appropriate use of familiar words. (Pope 1387: 217).
It is his belief that the speakers of that language face problems in the process of using the language because they have been familiar with the use of foreign words for many years and for a long time. There are no difficulties in understanding, the writer hopes that the public will be able to understand the use of these words and their need.
In view of the above statements it can be said that the language preservation process has been causing problems for the language speakers for some time; But if this process is carried out preciesly in my opinion, the language will not face any problems. However, there are some methods that can be used to reduce these effects problems and the integration of foreign words, some of which are mentioned below.
Position: Ensuring satisfaction in different regions and languages: To create and develop a standard vocabulary for Borrowing words.
Educational process: Efforts to protect the Pashto language and teach its importance in the educational process.
Governmental and Non-Governmental Policy of Language Use: A useful policy should be created for language use in official and informal communication, media and public spheres, especially such government policy should be created.
Catching Gizm: Creating new word s and compounds in Pashto language, in order to fill the gap of borrowing foreign words.
Language Academy: Establishing a Pashto language preservation academy, dedicated only to the development of the language in order to organize the words of the language and promote the purity of the language.
Media and Propaganda: Encouraging the people to use the pashto language in the media literature and advertisements in order to maintain their position to strengthen the
language. In order to create awareness and use Pashto language, efforts should be made to use original vocabulary through social media and hashtags should be created for it.
Community involvement: All Pashtun regions should be involved in efforts to protect the Pashto language, so that a sense of ownership and pride in the language is created.
Translation efforts: Considering the circumstances, the need for direct borrowing through translation can be reduced, through translation, diverse content in the mother tongue can be ensured and this effort can be promoted through translations be given.
Cultural cultivation: Pashtun culture, traditions and heritage should be promoted, because language and culture are closely related to each other, Pashto language should be integrated in cultural activities such as: story, poetry and music
Meetings related to language: To enrich Pashto poetry, art and language, regular plans of meetings should be arranged, Pashtun writers and journalists should be encouraged to give priority to the original terminology of the language.
Business: Businessmen should be encouraged to use the Pashto language in advertisements and customer services.
Research: In the process of using the Pashto language, the foreign population should be explored through research and a systematic strategy should be made for its implementation.
Traditional words: instead of Borrowing words, Pashto speakers should be encouraged to use their original words and phrases in different ways, and linguistic efforts should be promoted in this regard.
Technology and innovation: Such online resources should be created where people can easily find substitutes for foreign words, special software and online tools should be created to facilitate language in online places.
Language learning and resources: To learn Pashto, make sure that there are wide resources in the language such as: words, grammar guides, language learning materials
Linguistic adaptation: if any words is borrowed; Therefore, it is necessary to match the grammatical and phonetic patterns of the Pashto language. CONCLUSION
In this research paper, I came to the conclusion that the influx Borrowing words into the Pashto language has various factors, the most important of which is migration due to political influence, common borders, trade, religious and economic routes, powerful languages of strong neighbors, colonialism and There are others who have paved the way for the influx of Borrowing words into the Pashto language. the adoption of original words the creation of online resources, research, business, cultural education, meetings related to the importance of language, translation, specific government policy on language use and some other ways can be as possible.
References
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