CC BY
13An analysis of the verb equivalencies and similarities between
Dari and Pashto languages
Hassan Ali Mahjore Shah wali Shahab Kandahar University, Afghanistan Gul Ahmad Amirzai Urozgan Higher Education Institute, Afghanistan
Abstract: There are numerous connected elements between languages from the same languages-family. Verbs are one of the components that both Dari and Pashto languages share in common. Both languages belong to the Indo-European family and are much more closely linked to one another. A verb that shows state and action in both languages comes at the end of sentences and has similarities and equivalences in both languages which this article explores. In these two languages, this article focuses on, a verb indicates state and action and appears at the end of the sentences, as well as parallels and equivalencies between the two languages. The article's findings demonstrate the abundance of similarities and likenesses that are covered in depth. Verbs are utilized according to person and number in both languages and according to gender in Pashto. The verb aggregation in Dari persists, while the verb in the present tense is eliminated in Pashto due to verb conformance. Furthermore, the quantity of verbs in both languages varies based on subjective suffixes; verbs for roots in Dari are separated into two portions, but in Pashto, they are separated into three groups.
Keywords: language, Persian Dari, Pashto, verb, root
INTRODUCTION
There are a number of related and similar elements that are present in all languages spoken worldwide and are referred to as international language phenomena. These components have a connection to those languages, much like members of the same family (Arlato, 1382). Arlato (1382), claims that Pashto and Persian Dari are related and have many connected elements. They come from the same Iranian lineage. The verb, which originates from the Arabic language and is used to indicate state and action at the end of a phrase, is another common featur. The verb is employed for imperatives and accepting states according to tenses in both languages, rather than for action or state. (Afshar, 1377 & Ziar, 1384). Furthermore, a verb in Persian Dari can have two meanings: it can be attributed by itself, or it can represent one of four meanings when combined with another word: 1. Person; 2.
count and no count; 3. time; 4. nouns' positivity and negativity; these are used to describe actions, the condition of objects or people, and their subjective and adjectival acceptance (Ahmadi & Anwari, 1388). For instance, Raftan (go) and Raftand (went) are used in Dari, but in Pashto, they are used for words that are done or weren't done at a specific time and specify person, number, and thing (Bukhari, Bita, & Ziar, 1384).
In both languages, the verb is a crucial element that expresses both status and action. Certain pupils who claim Pashto as their first language do not know much about verbs when we teach languages and learn more about Pashto and Dari literature. Thus, in order to improve Dari instruction at the undergraduate level, we set out to identify the parallels and divergences between the two languages. We searched and searched for credible books and articles on this subject, but were unable. Furthermore, there was no previous source that provided a detailed description of the verbs in both languages before.
Adjectives in Pashto are only characterized by covering meaning, contrary to an article by Hassan Ali Mahjore from 1398 that claims they are described through both formation and meaning. When counting, the adjective in Pashto changes according to gender and agrees with the noun. In addition, he wrote an article that was published in the Kandahar University Narang Journal in 1397, summarizing that nouns in both languages were exactly the same, with a few minor characteristics different.
Linguistics describes these two languages in detail in several works. Persian Linguistics, for instance, was published in 1385 by Ahmadi Gaywee and Hassan Anwari, and Persian Linguistics and Structure by Hussain Amaad Afshar in 1372. Five linguists wrote the second grammatical book in 1382, and a Persian book was released in 1390. In addition, M. Sabir Khishkai published Pashto Morphology and Phonology in 1390; Mahboob Shah Mahboob published Pashto Linguistics in 1395; the Pashto grammar was published in detail in 1396; and Mujaweer Ahmad Ziar published a book in Pashto grammar in 1384, introducing the verb and its parts in detail. After closely examining the grammar of both languages in this article, we found that the verbs in the two languages also share a great deal of similarities. While both languages have basic similarities and differences, there are also some specific differences. In both written and spoken languages, this article assists speakers in accurately using the verbs of both languages. This problem was investigated using a summary research design and a library-based approach.
Research Objectives:
1. Finding similarities between the verbs in Pashto and Persian languages.
2. Finding differences between the verbs in Pashto and Persian languages.
Research Methodology:
A library-based method of research is used in this study. Initially, a variety of trustworthy sources in both languages were examined, verbs were gathered, and verbs were examined. Verbs are not examined for all tenses, even if they were quickly reviewed in this article to prevent ambiguity.
Result: The analysis of the Verb Equivalencies and Similarities between Dari and Pashto Languages has reached the following results
Stem of the Verb: Arabic and other Sami languages are Indo-European languages that constituted a grouping of several consonant phonemes and never tolerated morphological modifications. (Nagaht, 1392). In the same way, Yamen (1390) noted that the stem-the component of a verb that conveys the stem state and pertinent meaning-is present in each verb. There are parallels in the stems of verbs employed in Pashto and Dari. ( Gaywee, & Anwari, 1388).
The verbs in Dari consist of two stems. 1. The stem in the present makes the simple present and imperatives. 2. The stem in the future creates a simple past and future. The past stem of the verb equals the infinitive (-an), and the stem in the present is similar to the verb in imperatives without any part in the beginning (b-). (Gaywee & Anwari., 1388). In Pashto, verbs also have two stems: a root in the future, like /ayust/ (wear), /luwast/ (read), /kinast/ (sit-down), and a stem in the present, like /xur/ (flat), /ayund/ (wearing). (Khishkai, 1392).
Verb Conjugation: Verbs in Dari can be conjugated singularly or plurally for the first, second, and third person. There are now six different forms for each of these verbs. Adding (-am, -im, -i, -id, -ad or 0,-and) to the first, second, and third person and designating single and plural forms is what we mean when we employ these six forms of the verbs in writing or speech in Dari. (Gayawee., & Anwari, 1388). Singular Plural
First Person: /guftam/ (Tell) /guftim/ ( Told) Second Person: /gufti/ (Tell) /guftid/ (Told) Third Person: /guft/ (Told) /guftand/(Told)
The past tense lacks any third-person singular modifiers. (Lazar, 1393). And in spoken language, the modifiers (-ad and -and) and for third person singular and plural, we use ( -e and / -an/) are reduced.
Person In number Identifier Stem Examples in Present Stem Examples in Past
nawis Write nawist Wrote
First Person Singular -am nawisam Writes nawistam Wrote
Plural -im nawisim Write nawistim Wrote
Second Person Singular -i nawisi Write! nawisti You wote
Plural -id nawisid nawistid
Wrote Wrote
Third Person Singular -ad nawisad nawist
Wrote Wrote
Plural -and nasiand nawistand
Wrote Wrote
Verb Conjugation in Pashto: The verb conjugation in Pashto generally occurs for people, numbers, and things. (Khishkai, 1392).
In Pashto, the verb's root is supplemented by adjectival suffixes to indicate the person. (Khishkai, 1392). For example, /za xuram/ (I eat) -am, /ta xure/ (you eat) -e, /de xuri/ (he eats) -i. In Pashto, a person can have counts and be either singular or plural; nonetheless, distinct morphemes can be used to distinguish between single and plural verbs. For instance;
Singular Plural
/Za kitab lwalam/ (I read a book) /tasdy kitab lwaldy/ (You read a book)
/de kitab lwale/ (He reads a book) /duy kitab lwale/ (They read a book )
/duy kitab lwale/ (They read a book) /da kitab lwal/ (She reads a book)
Pre-verb Composition:
There are more pre-verb elements that are placed before the verb in addition to the verbs constructed from the stem example. (Gayawee and Anwari 1388).
Elements of a pre-verb in Persian are /mi-/, /bi-/, - /na-/, /ma-/ (Gayawee and Anwari 1388). The creation of the verb in Persian can be done with the following two prefixes:
1. /mi-/ used to show the continuous tense and make adverbial participle, past continues, and present perfect continues tense. (Lazar, 1393).
2. /bi-/ (bi- before the vowel) is the morphological tool used for specifying the subjunctive mood and imperative. ( Lazar, 1393).
Pre-verb elements in Pashto: Pre-verb components in verbs are the crucial tool, and they join at the beginning of the verbs. For examples; /kishi/- / kishinistal/ (sitting down), /pri/ -/priwlal/ washing/. (Hashimi, 1383).
Count of Verbs:
The verb counts in Dari: Both solo and plural verbs are possible in Dari. The first form can be referred to as plural, whereas the second form is considered singular. (Gayawee and Anwari 1388). There are not any morphemes for the singular and plural of the verbs in Dari, but the suffixes used by the subjects to identify singular and plural. (First person /-am, -im/., second person /-i, -id/., third person /-ad, -id/). At the same time, for the third person in the past tense, there is no suffix or modifier.
The counts of verbs in Pashto: The verb in Pashto can either be singular or plural, but for pluralizing, there aren't specific morphemes but inflectional morphemes for each person. (/ am/, / -u , /-e/). In Pashto, the present tense of the third
person has comparable suffixes for both plural and single forms; thus, it indicates that there are verbal parallels with subjects in the mentioned tense, but not for numbers.
The Count of the Verb The Verb ( Sit)
Person Dari nisin (Sit) Pashto Kin (Sit)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1st Person nisinan nisinim Kinam /am/ Kinu /u/
2nd Person nisini nisinid kine /e/ kiney /ey/
3rd Person nisinad nisinand )Male(de kini Da kini (Female) Kini /i/
Counts of the Verbs The verb (sit) in Past
Dari nisast Pashto kinast
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Person
1st Person nisastam nisastim kinastam kinastu
2nd Person nisast nisastid kinasti kinastöy
3rd Person nisast nisastand de kinast da kinasta duy kinastal duy kinastli
(Khishkai, 1392).
Verbs in Meaning:
A verb in Dari can be categorized as either transitive or intransitive based on its meaning. (Gayawee and Anwari, 1388)
Intransitive verb: There is no object attached to the verb or it is not necessary. (Gayawee and Anwari, 1388). The activity that concludes with the subject's outcome is also intransitive verb. Like,/amad/(come), /raft/ (went), /nisast/ (sat). (Eshraqi, 1394).
Transitive Verb: The verb that requires or does not require an object. (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388). The activity that concludes without the subject's outcome is also transitive verb. Like /nawist/ (wrote), /award/ (brought), /burd/ (carried).
The verbs that have two structures: In Dari, some verbs can be used both transitive and intransitive. (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388). Like, /sikast/ (break), /rext/ (spilled), /soxt/ (burned) ...
Pashto verbs based on their meaning:
Intransitive verbs: the verbs in the past, present, and future tenses that don't require objects. These verbs can be parallel to subjects in the past tense, and they would be similar in person and number in the present and future tenses. In the past
tense, intransitive verbs are employed with the first and second person as subjects; they can also be used subtly with the third person. (Khishkai, 1392).
Simple Present
Person Singular Plural
First Za kinam Muz kinu
I sit. We sit.
Second Ta kini Tasu kinöy
You sit. You sit.
Third De kini Duy kini
He sits. They sit.
Da kini
She sits.
Past Tense
First Za kinastam Muz kinastu
I sat. We sat.
Second /e/ Täsi kinastöy
Ta kinaste You sat.
You sat.
Third De kinast duy kinastal
He sat. They sat. (male)
Da kinastla Duy kinastle
She sat. They sat. (female)
(Khishkai, 1392)
Transitive: These Pashto verbs take objects, and in the past tense they only
employed the object to denote the person, number, and gender in the sentence. For example:
Person Past Tense
First Ahmad za uwahlam Ahmad hit me. Ahmad muz uwahlu Ahmad hit them.
Second Ahmad ta uwahle Ahmad hit you. Ahmad tasi uwahdy Ahmad hit you.
Third Ahmad de uwaha Ahmad hit him. Ahmad da uwahla Ahmad hit her. Ahmad duy uwahal Ahmad hit them. Ahmad duy uwahle Ahmad hit them.
(Khishkai, 1392)
The active and passive form of verbs:
In Dari, verbs with specific subjects are in their active form. For example; /Ahmad nama ra nawist/ (Ahmad wrote a letter), /Jamsed ba bazar raft/ (Jamshid went to Bazaar).
When the subjects are known, Dari verbs are utilized in their passive forms. And the passive form of the verbs is always created with transitive verbs. (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388). For examples, /nama nawista sud/ (the letter is written), /Ahmad dida sud/ (Ahmad is seen).
In Pashto there are conjugations for active and passive forms of the verbs. (Hashimi, 1383).
A: Active form: The verb conjugation occurs when the subject of the sentences is obvious. For example,/Ahmad rayy/ (Ahmad came),/Mahmud xat woleka (Ahmad wrote a letter), /zalmay suwanjy ta wlar/ (Ahmad went to school).
B. Passive form: The subject is unknown and the object used as subject of sentence. For example,/Ahmad uwahal su/ (Ahmad was beaten),/^u^i uxoral su/ ( the food was eaten),/xat wolikal su/ ( the letter was written). (Khishkai, 1392).
C: Positive Form: A state's attribute conveys a form that is affirmative and positive. For example, /palwasi xat wolika/ (Palwasha wrote a letter).
D: Negative form: A state attributes and conveys a form that is negative. For example,/ palwasi xat wo nalika/ ( Palwasha did not write a letter/. (Hashimi, 1383).
Form of the verb:
Perfect verb in Dari: All of the structures and tenses of the verb forms that are employed are present. For example; Speak, Write, Hit and etc...(Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388).
Imperfect verb in Dari: all of the structures and tenses of the verb forms that are not employed all the time. For example; stay, to be, to stand, and etc. (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388).
Perfect verb in Pashto: The verb is done once or its result is known. For example,/woxura/ (ate), /rayy/ (came).
Imperfect verb in Pashto: The imperfect verbs are the verbs that the result is unknown and the verb done for second time. For example, /xur/ (eating). /rasa/ (coming).
Verb negation and prohibition: a present that disproves doing or existing in a certain way. (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388).
Negation and prohibition in Dari: the sign /na-/ used at the beginning of the verb to show negativity of verb. (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388). Lazar (1393) stated that the prefix /na- / is added to vowel sounds at the beginning of negative sentences. For example, /naxur/ (don't eat), /naraw/ (don't go), /nago/ (don't say). Additionally, in literary language the prefix /ma-/ is used for prohibition. For example, /mago/ (don't say), /maraw/ (don't go).
Negation and prohibition in Pashto: In Pashto all verbs changes to negative with a word /na-/ without prohibition and for prohibition the word /ma-/ used. For example, /ranayy/ (didn't come), /wanaxist/ (didn't get), /maxura/ ( don't eat) (Ziar, 1384).
Future Imperative Form:
In Pashto beyond of the imperative in present tense there is imperative form in future and the suffix /a/ in present tense changes to imperative in future with /-y/. For example, /woliky will write), /kisiny/ ( will sit), /woxandy/ (will laugh) (Ziar, 1384).
Form of the verbs in time:
The form of verbs for time in Dari has three basic tenses: past, present, and future. (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388).
The form of verbs for time in Pashto is divided into three tenses: past, present, and future. (Hashimi, 1388). The future verb in Pashto, the morph /b-/, adds to the present form of the verb and has two forms:
A: The complete form: /wobalikam/ (I will write), /wobaliki/ (Will write). The passive; /wobalikal sy/ (Will be write), /wobacisal sy/ (Will be drink).
B: The incomplete form: /likam ba/ (I will write), /liku ba/ (Will write). The passive; /xural/ (will be eaten), /yurjizam ba/ (Will be fallen). (Hashimi, 1383).
Verb Structure: There are six types of verb construction in Dari: transitive form, compound form, prefix form, simple form, and compound prefix form. (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388).
The simple form: The past participle is where verbs with morpheme roots are found. For example, /afaridan/ (to create), /aludan/ (to contaminate), /uftadan/ (to fall), baftan/ (to knit), /pusidan/ (to wear/. (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388).
The prefix verbs: the prefix verbs consist of one prefix and a simple verb. For example, /bardastan/ (picking up), /bargastan/ (to return), /daruftadan/ (oppose), /darguzastan/ (die), /bazdastan/ /to bloc) (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388).
The Compound prefix verbs: The verb prefix adds meaning and suffix to the term. For example, /damdarkasid/ (take a breath),.. (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388).
Compound Verbs: the verb preventive, which is composed of a single word, a simple verb, and a single meaning. For example,/arayis kardan/ (make up), /yadgirftan/ (to learn), /padidawardan/ (to create). (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388).
Phrasal verb: a collection of words that form a single verb. The phrasal verb has two words in it. For example, /az pay daramadan/ (get off/, /bar pa kardan/ (setup), /ba kar girftan/ (to employ). (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388). Intransitive verbs: are verbs that can only be employed while constructing the third person singular, and when they do, the passive continuous pronoun and the verb's additional person are displayed in place of the verb's identity. For example, /xusam amad/ (I liked), /xusman amad/ (We liked it), /xusat amad/ (you like), /xustan amad/ (you like), /xusas amad/ (did you like it), /xusisan amad/ ( they liked it). (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388).
The structure of Pashto Verbs:
1. Simple verbs; are verbs that are created from one morpheme and affixes adds to them. For example, /xur/ (to eat).
2. Derivational verbs: ate the verbs created of one morpheme and suffixes. For examples, /raylal/ (to come), ratlal/ (to come). (Zyar, 1384).
3. Compound analyzable verbs: the verbs create of two or more free-morphemes. For examples, /zmary kidal/ (bield)/, /mur kidal/ (dying). (Zyar, 1384).
4. Compound unanalyzable verbs: are the verbs made of two or more free morphemes and can't be analyzed or make compound sentences. For example, /sikar kidal/ /hunted/. (Zyar, 1384).
Verb mood: The mood of a verb can use for various purposes like, imperative, assertion, possibility, and indicative. (Emad, 1377).
The verb mood in Dari: in Dari the verb mood categorized on six parts; condition, subjunctive, imperative, conditional, descriptive, and infinitive. (Emad, 1377). But the grammarian use three parts for verb mood in Dar, condition, imperative, and subjunctive. (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388).
A: Indicative mood: is the mood telling the meaning of the verb definitively.
B: Subjunctive mood: the mood telling meaning of the verb definitively for hesitation, desire, and hope in a sentence. (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388). In Dari subjunctive mood has two tenses. ( Lazar, 1393).
C: Imperative mood: telling the occurrence and acceptation of state for the verb. (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388). And the imperative mood has one tense only. (Lazar, 1393). For example, /biraw/ (go), /bigo/ (tell).
D: Adjective or participle mood: the mood telling the past participle (bun mazi
+ -a) (root in the past + -a) and plus the other verb at end of the sentence. For example, /Ahmad ba xana rafta (Ahmad has gone to home) (Yamen, 1390).
E: Infinitive mood: in this case the verb uses as the verbal noun. For example, /guftan/ (to tell), /nawistan/ (to write) (Yamen, 1390).
Mood of the verb in Pashto is categorized as follow:
A: indicative mood: shows the action as indicative. For example, /baryalay xat likly di/ (Baryalee wrote a letter).
B: Conditional mood: show the action in conditional form. For example, /ki dar mal woxuri/ (if they take medicine).
C: ............. Show the state of action with use of helping verbs. For example,
/ma wolwistly su/ (I can read).
D: subjunctive and probability mood: telling about the state of action for probability and hesitation. For example,/muz ba dars lustly ta ba Ahmad wahly/ (we were studying and you were hitting Ahmad).
E: Imperative mood: tell about the action that is in form of imperative. For example, /zi ma kitab raka/ (give me my book) (Khishkai, 1392).
F: Infinitive mood: tell about the action without specific time or person. For example, /zakat warkawal farz di/ (Giving Zakat is obligatory).
G: Expectation mood: shows the expectation and desire and the word /kaski/ (if would able) come before the subject. For example, /kaski ze rayly way/ (If I could come) (Khishkai, 1392).
H: Possibility: Shows the possibility of one action. For example, /ma wolydalay su/ (I abled to meet him). (Hashimi, 1383).
The verbs in Dari basically divided into two groups based on the root 1 and 2; irregular and irregular. (Lazar, 1393).
Regular verbs: 1; adding the suffixes, /-id/, /-d/, /-at/, /-ad/, /-st/ change the verbs to past form. (Ishraqi, 1393). For example, /ara/, /yist/, /afsan/
Root 1; / bos/ (kiss), root 2; /bos-id/ (kissed), past perfect, /bosidam/ (has kissed).
Root 1; / afsan/ (spray),root 2; / afsand/ (sprayed), past perfect, / afsandam/ (has sprayed).
Root 1; / kus /. Root 2, /kust/ (killed), past perfect, /kustam/ (been killed/.
Therefore, the root 1 collection of the verbs can remove the final suffixes / -idan/ and can obtain from infinitive. (Lazar, 1393).
Irregular verbs: the past form of these verbs can create from the present forms. (Ishraqi, 1394). In the irregular verbs the root 2 always end with /-ad/,/-at/ and infinitives end with /-dan/, or /-tan/. This root after the vowels and consonants /n/ and /r/ ends with /-d/. (Lazar, 1393). For example, /azmudan/ (examine), /uftadan/ /fall/, /yistadan/ (stand). In some other cases this root ends with /-t/. (Lazar, 1393). For instance, /amuxtan/ (to learn), /rixtan/ (to -spill). The consonant /-d/ and /-t/ in root 1 can't appear.
Some of these irregular verbs based on roots 1 and 2 divide on several parts and have various usages. (Lazar, 1393). Like, /amuxtan/ (to Learn), root 1, / amuz/. Additionally, other verbs are excepted like, /goftan/ root 1 / gu/. (Lazar, 1393).
The verbs in Pashto based on their roots and morphological structures distributed on three parts. (Khishkai, 1392).
A: the verbs that have same roots in past and present and divided on two parts:
1. The verbs syntactically related to transitive and directly connected to their roots. Additionally these verbs used as subjects of the sentences in present tense and in past tense used as objects of the sentences. For instance, /taral/(to tighten), /cisal/ (to drink), /takal/ (choose), /zyorawal/ (to save). (Khishkai, 1392). The forms of these verbs changes with adding suffix / wo-/ from fixed to unfixed in continues tense. For example,
Unfixed Form Fixed Form
/Ahmad kitab palit/ (Ahmad look for book) /Ahmad kitab wopalit / (Ahmad looked for a book)
/ma xpul orur pal/ (I meet with my brother) / ma xpul orur wopala / (I met with my brother).
(Khishkai, 1392).
2. The verbs that have the transitive and intransitive forms changing to gerund the roots accept suffix /-wal/ to suffix /-yidal/.
Transitive Intransitive (gerund) /jalydal/ (Hang) /jarwal/ (Hanging). /xujydal/ (shake) /xujwal/ (shaking) /yorydal/ (spread) //yorwal/ (spreading) (Khishkai, 1392).
The verbs their roots are in present and past tenses changes to transitive and intransitive. For example,
Transitive: /alwatal/ (flying), /watal/ (going out), /xandal/ (laughing), /kinastal/ (sitting).
Transitive verbs in this group for present and past tense used for subject of the sentence.
Intransitive: /niwal/ (take), /pizandal/ (recognize), /mundal/ (find), /awridal/ (hear), /ayustal/ (wear), /yostal/ (want). The intransitive verbs in this group in present tense use for subject of the sentence and for the past tense it use for the object of the sentence. (Khishkai, 1392).
The fixed and unfixed forms of the verbs in this group differ with adding prefix /wa-/ to each other. (Khishkai, 1392).
3. The third group of Pashto verbs divided on three parts:
1. Compound verbs: the first part of these verbs are nouns or adjectives and second part the helping verb /ydal/ , /kidal/. For example, /xparydal (aware), /xasydal (burring). These verbs called passive verbs and based on the structure divided on two parts:
✓ The compound verbs that their first part are nouns and adjectives and ended with consonant the helping verb of consonant omitted. For example, /worjpana xparyzy/ (the news release), /kar smizy/ (the task become better) (Khishkai, 1392).
✓ The compound verbs that their first past are nouns and adjectives and are not ended with vowels in present tense the helping verbs do not omitted. For example,/saista kidal/ (decorate) (Khishkai, 1392).
2. Compound verbs: the compound verbs that their first part is noun or adjective and second part is helping verb /kawal/ (do) or the verbs that created from one word or a helping verb. Moreover, these verbs syntactically are intransitive and the modal verb in past tense is /karl/ and divided on two parts:
✓ The compound verbs that their first part is noun or adjective and end with consonant the consonant and modal omit in present tense but in past tense modal verb change to /kar/. For example, /kazwal/ (bend), /xparawl/ (broadcast), /^yrawal/ (increase).
✓ The compound verbs that their first part is noun or adjective and end with vowel in present tense the modal verb did not omit. For example, /husa kawal/ (relaxing), /saysta kawal/ (decorating) (Khishkai, 1392).
✓ The compound verbs that the first part is one basic verb and second part is modal verb /kidal/. For example, /tarl kidal/ (tying), /cyrl kidal/ (exploring), /ruzl kidal/ (training) (Khishkai, 1392).
Auxiliary verbs (Definite): the verbs that only help in conjugation of the verbs. For example, /dastan/ (have), /xastan/ (want), /sudan/ (done) (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388).
Semi-Auxiliary verbs: the verbs that sometime in sentence give some kind of semantic and practical help to some verbs and past participle of the verbs. For example,/sayestan/ (deserve), /bayestan/ (necessita), /tawanistan/ (able) (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388). The difference between an auxiliary verb and semi-auxiliary verb is that the auxiliary verb has a morphological role and the semi-auxiliary verb does not have this role. (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388).
Impersonal verbs: semi-auxiliary verbs sometime do not define the person called impersonal verbs. For example, /natawan raft/ (can't go), /nabayad nawist/ (shouldn't be written), /natwan guft/ (can't say). (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388).
Verb for "to pray": this verb doesn't have any special structure but just used the present implicit and imperative (Ishraqi, 1394), for example, /xudawand suma ra muwafaq gardanad/ /May God make you successful/, /salamat basi/ (be healthy).
Linking and full verbs: the verbs that indicate doing something special and specific are full verbs. For example, /guftan/ (tell), /xurdan/ (eat), /zadan/ (hit), /amadan/ (come), and /raftan/ /go/. The verbs that do not have complete meaning and are used only to prove or negate a relationship, and their meaning is completed by adding an adjective or another word are called linking verbs. For example, /budan/ (to be), /sudan/ (Become). (Gayawee, & Anwari, 1388). Mood of the verb in Pashto is categorized as follow; indicative, conditional, imperative mood, infinitive, expectation, and possibility (Khishkai, 1392). DISCUSSION
In Dari, the usage of verbs depends on the person and number. (Gayawee & Anwari, 1388). But in Pashto, verbs are used for person, count, and gender too. (Khishkai, 1392). The verb for gender in Pashto is just used for the past tense and third form. (Hahsimi, 1383). Moreover, this type of verb usage doesn't exist. Additionally, the verb in Pashto agrees with the subject in the present tense for person, not for number. (Khishkai, 1392). But in Dari, the verb in the present tense always agrees with the subject for the person and number.
The verbs in Pashto and Dari have plural and singular numbers but do not have specific morphemes, while the suffixes for subject pronouns show the singular and
plural forms. In Dari, for subjects in the past tense, there are not any suffixes. (Yamen, 1390). In contrast to Dari, in Pashto, the verbs for the third person in the present tense for singular and plural have the same suffix. (Khishkai, 1392).
Semantically, verbs in Dari are divided into three parts: transitive, intransitive, and modal verbs. (Gayawee & Anwari, 1388). But in Pashto, the verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive. The intransitive verbs in past tense are used for the object of the sentence; this is just for person, number, and gender. (Khishkai, 1392). In Dari, verbs can't be used for the object of the sentence.
Verb complement in Dari occurs when all structures and tenses are used. (Gayawee & Anwari, 1388). But in Pashto, it is used once with a clear outcome. (Zyar, 1384). Incomplete verbs in Dari are those for which all structures and tenses are not used. (Gayawee & Anwari, 1388). But in Pashto are the verbs that there is no clear outcome or action in process. (Zyar, 1384).
Simple verbs in Dari are the verbs whose participle is one morpheme. (Gayawee & Anwari, 1388). But in Pashto, the simple verbs are the verbs that are created from one morpheme, and suffixes and prefixes add to them. (Zyar, 1384). In Dari, the verbs that take prefixes are called verb-prefixes. (Gayawee & Anwari, 1388). In Pashto, the verbs that are created from one morpheme are called derivational verbs. (Zyar, 1384).
Compound verbs in Dari are in the form of prefixes (Gayawee & Anwari, 1388). Compound analyzable verbs are those that create two or more free morphemes. (Zyar, 1384). This is because in Pashto, compound verbs are in the form of analyzable and unanalyzable. (Zyar, 1384). Verb mood: The mood of a verb can be used for various purposes, like imperative, assertion, possibility, and indicative. (Emad, 1377). But recently, grammarians agreed that there are three moods for verbs: imperative, assertion, and indicative. (Gayawee & Anwari, 1388). But in Pashto, the verbs are divided into three categories based on their morphological structure. CONCLUSION
The verbs in Pashto and Dari indicate action and state that although there are some subtle changes between the two languages, they are largely comparable. Verbs in Dari are used for persons and numbers, and in Pashto, the verbs for the third person in the past tense are used for gender. Furthermore, verb agreement for the present tense does not occur in Pashto, but it does occur in Dari. Both languages' number verbs have suffixes for the subject, and there isn't a unique morpheme for pluralization. While Pashto has a suffix for both the single and plural forms of the third person, Dari does not have one. Dari has two-form verbs in addition to transitive and intransitive verbs, which are semantically related. In Pashto, however, verbs are employed in the past tense for objects. There are complete and incomplete verbs for structure and time in Dari, and there are complete and imperfect verbs for locating
and completing an activity in Pashto. Pashto defines simple verbs according to morphemes, while Dari defines them according to the past participle. Prefixed verbs, also known as derivational verbs, are verbs in Dari that accept prefixes. Parallel to this, derivational verbs in Dari also accept prefixes and are compound verbs in Pashto. Previously, grammarians divided the verbs in Dari into six parts for mood, but nowadays there are just three parts.
References
1. Abdul Azim Qarib, M. T. (1380). Grammar of Persian Language. Tehran: Danish Jahan Organization.
2. Anthony, A. (1382). Historican Linguistic Translated Ainadeen Nasaar. Kabul: Baher.
3. Hashimi, S. M. (1383). Short Grammar of Pashto Language. Peshawar: Aric.
4. Hassan, A. G. (1385). Grammar of Persian Language. Tehran: Fatimi.
5. Hussain, I. A. (1372). The Structure of Persian Language. Tehran: Danishga Alama Tabatabayee.
6. Khial, B. (n.d). Pashto Syntax and Morphology. Peshawar: Univeristy Bookd Agency.
7. Khishkai. (1395). Pashto Phonolgy and Phonetic. Jalalabad: Momand Publisher.
8. Lazar, Z. (1393). Modern Grammar of Persian. Tehran: Hurmos.
9. Mahboob, M. S. (1396). Pashto Linguistic. Jalalabad: Momand Publisher.
10. Mohmmad, I. S. (1394). Perisan Dari Grammar. Kabul: Saeed.
11. Naseem, S. N. (1392). Linguistic of Modern Dari Language. Kabul: Amiri Publisher.
12. Yamen, M. H. (1390). Modern Linguistic of Persian Dari. Kabul: Maiwand.
13. Yousafzai, T. (1387). Short Grammar of Pashto Language. Peshawar: Danish.
14. Zyar, M. (1384). Pashto Grammar. Peshawar: Danish Publication.
