17Original scientific paper
Economics of Agriculture 1/2013 UDC: 634.711(497.11)
TENDENCIES RELATED TO THE PRODUCTION OF RASPBERRIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA
Raspberry for its biological characteristics, economic importance, agro-ecological, technological, organizational and other requirements, the market value of the product, as well as very high interdependence and interdependence between the various phases of reproductive cycle, specific fruit species. He is one of the most important types of berries in the world, and is one of the most profitable crops in the overall crop production. By production volume, Serbia is among the leading producers of raspberries, and its economic significance is very high level of market sells and market competitiveness of the European Union.
Accordingly, the paper presents the production season in the Republic of Serbia for the period 2000-2010 its average, minimum and maximum of values in production, changes in rates and coefficients of variation.
Key words: raspberry, production, economic importance.
The most significant production for the economy of our country within fruit production is the production of berrylike fruit (strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, cranberries, gooseberries) since an annual turnover realized with the export of this fruit, and first of all the export of raspberries, is more than 120 million of euros (Kljajic, 2012.).
Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is the most important kind of berry-like fruit. Growing raspberries has a very long tradition in our country, longer than a century. Growing raspberries in Serbia dates from 1880 but it was used just as an ornamental plant at the
1 Natasa Kljajic, Ph.D., Research assistant, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Volgina 15, 11060 Beograd, E-mail: natasa_k@iep.bg.ac.rs
2 Predrag Vukovic, M.Sc., Research assistant, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Volgina 15, 11060 Beograd, E-mail: predrag_v@iep.bg.ac.rs
3 Slavica Arsic, M.Sc., Research assistant, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Volgina 15, 11060 Beograd, E-mail: slavica_a@iep.bg.ac.rs
Natasa Kljajic1, Predrag Vukovic2, Slavica Arsic3
Summary
JEL: Q13, QU
Introduction
beginning. The production of goods dates from the period after WWI, more precisely in 1920 when raspberry was produced for the needs of the local market and mostly for preserves, treacle and pulp. After WWII demand for raspberries increased and the prices were high. Wide range of raspberry production in Serbia was realized at the end of the 20th century. Recently, raspberry has become the most important product in Serbian export. Serbia has become famous for its raspberries since they survived among competition on choosy western market (Misic, 2004).
Raspberry is one of the most important exported products, the framework of rural development in some circles, Serbian brand, an important branch in the economy and lot more. Raspberry fruit is very attractive, very tasty, with special aroma, juicy, it has high nutritional, dietetic and technological value and therefore extremely demanded and very appreciated. It is the most profitable exported product in Serbian agriculture. During the recent years in Serbia average annual production of raspberry was about 80.000 t which is 5,5% of total production of fruit. Over 90% of raspberry produced is being frozen and exported and the rest is being sold fresh or made into other products. About 25% of world raspberry production is from Serbia. In that way about 100 million of euros is insured in the Balance of Payment. Serbia mostly exports frozen and rarely cooled raspberry (Vlahovic et al, 2003, Dimitrijevic, 2009).
The production of raspberry in the world
In the world, raspberries are grown in relatively small areas, although for growing raspberries there is lot more space. According to the data of FAO Statistics FAO Statistics (FAO Statistical Yearbook, 2009.) the surface area of that space during the period 2007-2009 is in average 94.727 ha (Table 1.).
Table 1. Surface area planted with raspberries (by continents) for the period 2007-2009.
Area Surface (ha) Average 2007-2009 (ha) Structure (world=100%)
Year
2007 2008 2009
World 102.441 90.482 91.257 94.727 100,00
Africa 66 66 66 66 0,07
North and South America 10.001 9.379 9.539 9.640 10,18
Asia 2.800 3.100 3.200 3.033 3,20
Europe 88.806 77.380 77.958 81.381 85,91
Pacific 768 557 487 604 0,64
Source: www.fao.oig (http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor)
Observed by continents, the largest areas planted with raspberries are in Europe (81.381 ha or 85,91%), then in North and South America (9.640 ha or 10,18%), in Asia (3.033 ha or 3,20%), in Africa (66 ha or 0,07%) and in Oceania (604 ha or 0,64%).
Raspberry production in the Republic of Serbia
Serbian share in total European raspberry production is 20%, and its share in domestic structure of fruit production is 6,5%. The largest areas planted with raspberries in Serbia are in Central Serbia - 98%. If Central Serbia is observed, the highest concentration of raspberry producers is in Western Serbia, which is logical because raspberries are growing best in hilly and mountainous regions (Nikolic et al., 2008). Region of Vojvodina is insignificant regarding raspberry production. The raspberry production statistics regarding the Republic of Serbia and observed by regions and years is shown in Table 2.
The data sources were statistics publications (FAO, Statistics Division - FAOSTAT), as well as statistics publications taken from the official website of the Republic Bureau of Statistics and related to the observed period.
Table 2. Realized range of raspberry production in the Republic of Serbia for the period 2000-2010.
The observed period The Republic of Serbia Central Serbia AP Vojvodina
Area planted with raspberries (ha) Total return (t) Return per unit (kg) Area planted with raspberries (ha) Total return (t) Return per unit (kg) Area planted with raspberries (ha) Total return (t) Return per unit (kg)
2000. 13.519 55.999 4,14 13.238 55.530 4,20 281 469 1,67
2001. 14.753 77.781 5,27 14.385 77.068 5,36 368 713 1,94
2002. 15.293 93.982 6,15 14.943 93.572 6,26 350 410 1,17
2003. 16.354 78.974 4,83 15.987 78.664 4,92 367 310 0,85
2004. 15.995 91.725 5,73 15.589 90.861 5,83 406 864 2,13
2005. 15.413 84.331 5,47 15.063 83.777 5,56 350 554 1,58
2006. 15.024 79.680 5,30 14.672 78.929 5,38 352 751 2,13
2007. 14.496 76.991 5,31 14.116 76.185 5,40 380 806 2,12
2008. 14.680 84.299 5,74 14.174 83.335 5,88 506 964 1,91
2009. 14.957 86.961 5,81 14.441 85.302 5,91 516 1.659 3,21
2010. 15.174 83.870 5,53 14.709 81.240 5,52 462 2.630 5,70
Aver. 15.060 81.327 5,39 14.665 80.406 5,47 394 921 2,22
Source: The Republic Bureau of Statistics
The area covered with raspberries in the Republic of Serbia during the period from 20002010 in average was 15.060 ha with variations from year to year from 13.519 ha in the first observed year to 16.354 ha in 2003 (Table 3, Graph 1). The share of Central Serbia, an average surface area of 14.655 ha, in the total area planted with raspberries in Serbia was about 97,4% and the share of AR of Vojvodina was only 2,6%.
Table 3. Variations in surface area planted with raspberries in Serbia during the period 2000-2010.
Indexes Surface area (ha)
Republic of Serbia Central Serbia AP Vojvodina
Average for the period 2000-2010. 15.060 14.665 394
Minimum 13.519 13.238 281
Maximum 16.354 15.987 516
Rate variability (%) 0,19 0,07 4,53
Coefficient of variation (%) 5,01 5,08 18,32
Source: Calculation based on the data of the Republic Bureau of Statistics
Besides small exceptions in the observed period, the average surface areas covered with raspberries in Serbia had little tendency to grow (rate variability 0,19%) and in Central Serbia (rate variability 0,07%). However, the growth in the surface areas covered with raspberries in Vojvodina was a little bit more expressed (average annual rate variability 4,53%).
Graph 1. Variations in surface area planted with raspberries in the Republic of Serbia during the period 2000-2010.
Observing raspberry return expressed in kg/ha, during the period from 2000-2010 average raspberry return in the Republic of Serbia was 5,38 kg/ha (Table 4, Graph 2). The return per surface area unit in Central Serbia was significantly bigger - 5,47 kg/ha, while in AP Vojvodina it was 2,22 kg/ha.
Table 4. Variations in raspberry return in Serbia during the period from 2000-2010
Indexes Return (kg/ha)
Republic of Serbia Central Serbia AP Vojvodina
Average for the period 2000-2010. 5,39 5,47 2,22
Minimum 4,14 4,20 0,85
Maximum 6,15 6,26 5,70
Rate variability (%) 1,60 1,53 10,97
Coefficient of variation (%) 10,03 10,11 58,73
Source: Calculation based on the data of the Republic Bureau of Statistics
The average raspberry return shows tendencies of growth in Serbia in general (rate variability 1,60%), as well as in regions. Raspberry return in Vojvodina was increased according to the average annual rate variability which is 10,97% and there was a significant variability during the observed period (coefficient of variation 58,73%).
Graph 2. Average raspberry return (kg/ha) in the Republic of Serbia for the period from 2000-2010.
■ Republic of Serbia ■ Central Serbia I AR of Vojvodina
average ntui max
Average raspberry production during the observed period from 2000-2010 in the Republic of Serbia was 81.327 t and the lowest production was realized during the first year observed (55.999 t), and the highest in 2002 (93.982 t). The share of Central Serbia, whose average production was 80.406 t, in the total raspberry production in Serbia was 98,9% (Table 5, Graph. 3). The remaining 1,1% represent the share of AP Vojvodina in the total raspberry production in Serbia.
Table 5. Variations in raspberry production in the Republic of Serbia for the period 2000-2010.
Indexes Production (t)
Republic of Serbia Central Serbia AP Vojvodina
Average for the period 2000-2010 81.327 80.406 921
Minimum 55.999 55.530 310
Maximum 93.982 93.572 2.630
Rate Variability (%) 1,79 1,61 16,01
Coefficient of Variation (%) 12,33 12,31 73,08
Source: Calculation based on the data of the Republic Bureau of Statistics
Total raspberry production in the Republic of Serbia was increased according to the average annual rate variability of 1,79%, with a remark that the intensity in production growth was significantly more expressed in Vojvodina (rate variability 16,01%) in relation to Central Serbia (rate variability 1,61%).
Graph 3. Total raspberry production (t) in the Republic of Serbia for the period 2000-2010
■ Republic of Serbia ■ Central Serbia ■ ARof Vojvodina
100000
There are several regions in Serbia where raspberry production is widespread: 1) Region of the city of Valjevo (Podgorina and Pocerina), 2) Region of the city of Sabac (Krupanj, Loznica, Bajina Basta), 3) Region of the city of Kosjeric (Povlen-Varda), 4) Region of the city of Arilje (Arilje), 5) Region of the city of Ivanjica (Ivanjica, Kaona, Kotraza, Guca), 6) Region of the city of Cacak (Cacak and Kablar), 7) Region of the mountain Kopaonik (Brus with the surroundings), 8) Region of the city of Kraljevo (Kraljevo, Dragacevo), 9) Region of the city of Leskovac (Leskovac). The biggest part of raspberry production is concentrated in the areas of the following municipalities: Kosjeric,Uzice, Arilje, Pozega, Ivanjica, Valjevo, Mionica, Osecina, Koceljeva, Krupanj, Ljubovija, Gornji Milanovac, Cacak, Lucani, Brus, Aleksandrovac (Table 6).
Table 6. Raspberry production in the Republic of Serbia (t) according to municipalities for the period 2001-2010
Municipality 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Kosjeric 4.752 5.611 4.624 6.416 5.230 3.700 2.950 3.321 3.483 3.853
Uzice 3.403 3.987 3.499 3.997 3.426 2.590 2.435 2.539 3.074 2.863
Arilje 8.185 10.000 10.904 11.775 7.310 9.225 8.480 8.650 11.015 10.230
Pozega 4.411 4.958 3.745 4.870 4.121 4.006 3.152 3.631 4.138 3.952
Valjevo 3.136 5.358 2.450 2.223 2.936 3.047 3.048 3.142 2.090 2.304
Ivanjica 7.421 7.398 7.009 11.075 9.120 8.513 8.495 9.720 9.236 9.637
Mionica 499 630 242 371 274 286 282 492 318 228
Osecina 3.640 5.862 3.479 4.232 3.894 3.524 3.210 3.992 3.468 3.710
Koceljeva 1.417 1.526 799 1.054 1.331 1.343 1.367 1.323 763 962
Krupanj 3.537 4.897 3.868 3.912 3.421 3.951 4.309 4.224 4.364 4.304
Ljubovija 3.542 4.138 3.937 1.751 3.452 3.578 3.537 4.575 4.516 3.889
Gornji Milanovac 1.400 1.374 1.518 1.885 1.888 1.470 1.726 1.912 2.168 2.217
Cacak 1.368 1.422 2.753 2.707 3.377 3.102 3.041 3.558 3.142 2.829
Lucani 6.046 7.967 5.638 5.815 7.223 5.704 4.402 5.181 5.712 4.671
Brus 5.178 6.322 5.232 5.207 6.349 5.469 5.384 6.538 6.434 5.834
Aleksandrovac 2.605 2.691 3.250 3.282 2.613 2.256 3.621 3.719 3.906 3.170
Source: The Republic Bureau of Statistics, Municipalities in Serbia, 2002-2011.
According to the data in Table 6 the biggest raspberry production during the observed period was realized in the following municipalities: Arilje (from 7.310 t to 11.775 t), Ivanjica (from 7.009 t to 11.075 t), Lucani (from 4.402 t to 7.967 t), Brus (from 5.178 t to 6.538 t) etc. Raspberry is being grown in other regions too, but on smaller areas. Other regions that have been started to develop significantly regarding raspberry production are: Region close to the river Drina, region of the mountain Kopaonik, region of the city of Sabac and region of the mountain Zlatar, but there are also regions where there are no optimal conditions for this kind of production, but because of profitability people started to grow raspberries there, as well (Kljajic, 2012.).
Raspberry production depends on weather conditions. There are irrigation systems just on small areas and therefore every drought year significantly reduces return (Cecic et al., 2006b). Droughts that are more often and last longer and which appear because of low rainfall, low water resource capacity and extended vegetative period, higher temperature and evapotranspiration, cause serious damages to raspberry production (MilivojeviC et al., 2005). Therefore, in some areas, considerable fall in raspberry return was recorded with the tendency of further falling. On the other side, improper fertilization resulted in too much acid in soil, so it is necessary to check low pH value for a while in order to grow raspberries on that soil again.
Some of the problems in raspberry production in our country are related to the foreign investment. In an effort to enable foreign investments the problem appeared - poor infrastructure since we are talking about undeveloped hilly and mountainous areas. On the other side, genetic resources related to fruit growing in Serbia are significant and represent the base for improvement. It should emphasize the most modern and quality fruit types breeding and not rely on old fruit types that don't have potential. There is a long tradition in raspberry production on farms in Serbia, but specialization in households is necessary, as well as to form associations and unions in order to inform producers about the latest trends in production and to help producers directly. In particular, it is necessary to organize seminars to educate producers especially in order to transfer knowledge in production planning and realize the highest quality possible at the lowest possible production costs.
The problem related to raspberry production which is also important to mention is certainly the emigration of manpower from villages and an increased number of older people and therefore it is necessary to create conditions that will attract young people to return to villages. On the other side, there are lots of uneducated and unqualified seasonal workers, especially in the prime fruit-picking season, but because our workers are not interested to work, workers from Romania and Bulgaria are imported. In order to improve the situation it is necessary to ensure compliance with the EU Regulations, especially related to hygiene and human rights related to fruit picking jobs, as well as related to education and advanced training. In the EU countries rural development is considered to be an integral part of economic development. Therefore, rural development represents required standard for the development of our country. Besides, the question of dying villages and environmental protection are becoming more and more interesting topics in transitional societies and therefore, one of the most important tasks for the Ministry is to create more suitable conditions that would motivate young people to start with various activities related to those fields (Cecic et al., 2008).
Conclusion
Raspberry production is an exceptional chance for the development of agriculture and Serbian Economy in general. It could be realized through increased economic efficiency in primary productivity, as well as in the improvement in product quality. Regarding competitors which have become more and more outstanding over the past several years, it is necessary to regain positions on the world market that our country used to have; it is important that state enables loans with favourable terms and that state protects raspberry as a product of national interest etc. (Milic et al., 2011)
Strategy of raspberry market development, since raspberry is an extremely important fruit type for our country, should be based on the following:
1. To extend growing season by introducing new fruit types suitable for long term storage, by modernization in pomotechnical measures and by introducing fruit growing in semi confined or confined space or sheltered space;
2. Fruit picking and quality control using new picking techniques, applying international quality standards and certification;
3. Packaging and logistics through the improvement in packaging plants and the improvements in transportation of products to foreign markets;
4. Sales and marketing through the improvement in regional and foreign fresh fruit market information, international promotion from Serbia using mass media and participation of fruit producers in international fairs;
5. To coordinate standards with the EU requirements and to create Serbian product according to European standards (Cecic et al., 2006a, 2007).
References
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TENDENCIJE PROIZVODNJE MALINE U REPUBLICI SRBIJI
Natasa Kljajic4, Predrag Vukovic5, Slavica Arsié6
Rezime
Malina je po svojim bioloskim osobinama, ekonomskom znacaju, agro-ekoloskim, tehnolosko-organizacionim i drugim zahtevima, trzisnoj vrednosti proizvoda, kao i vrlo visokoj meduzavisnosti i uslovljenosti izmedu pojedinih faza reprodukcionog ciklusa, specificna vocna vrsta. Spada medu najznacajnije vrste jagodastog voca u svetu, i jedna je od najrentabilnijih kultura u celokupnoj biljnoj proizvodnji. Po obimu proizvodnje, Srbija se svrstava u vodece proizvodace maline, a njen ekonomski znacaj je u izrazito visokom stepenu robnosti i konkurentnosti na trzistu Evropske Unije.
Shodno tome, u radu je prikazana proizvodnja maline u Republici Srbiji za period 20002010. godine, njene prosecne, minimalne i maksimalne vredosti u proizvodnji, stope promene i koeficijenti varijacije.
Kljucne reci: malina, proizvodnja, ekonomski znacaj.
4 Dr Natasa Kljajic, istrazivac saradnik, Institut za ekonomiku poljoprivrede, Volgina 15, 11060 Beograd, E-mail: natasajk@iep.bg.ac.rs
5 Mr Predrag Vukovic, istrazivac saradnik, Institut za ekonomiku poljoprivrede, Volgina 15, 11060 Beograd, E-mail: predrag_v@iep.bg.ac.rs
6 Mr Slavica Arsic, istrazivac saradnik, Institut za ekonomiku poljoprivrede, Volgina 15, 11060 Beograd, E-mail: slavica_a@iep.bg.ac.rs
