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Parpiyeva U. teacher of English language Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural
Mechanization Engineers Tashkent, Uzbekistan TEACHING VOCABULARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Annotation. All languages have words. The article makes an attempt to effective teaching vocabulary, meaning of words, how to learnt active vocabulary for students and progressing learning foreign language.
Key words: Word, Vocabulary, learning, structural, content words, mother tongue, interference.
Introduction. Vocabulary represents one in every of the foremost vital skills necessary for teaching and learning a distant language. it's the idea for the event of all the opposite skills: reading comprehension, listening comprehension, speaking, writing, spelling, and pronunciation. Vocabulary is that the main tool for the scholars in their commit to use English effectively. once confronted with a native English speaker, once looking a picture show while not subtitles or when being attentive to a favourite English song, once reading a text or when writing a letter to an admirer, students can continuously got to operate with words. Theoretical Backround
What does it mean to "know" a word? Knowing a word means:
•having the ability to recognize it in its spoken and written forms.
•knowing its different meanings.
•knowing its part of speech [eg. a noun, a verb]
•being able to pronounce it properly
•being able to use it correctly within a sentence in an appropriate grammatical
form
•for technical words, recognizing it in context. Vocabulary - a list or collection of words or of words and phrases usually alphabetically arranged and explained or defined (https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/vocabulary)
Some very interesting experiments carried out by Brown and M.C. Neil Principles in learning and teaching vocabulary (1966) exemplify this point forcefully and give us clues about lexical organization. The experimenters gave testis definitions of low frequency vocabulary items and asked them to name the item. One definition was, 'A navigational instrument used in measuring angular distances, especially the altitude of the sun, moon and stars at sea'. Some testis were able to supply the correct answer, but the researchers were more interested in the testis who had the answer 'on the tip of their tongues'.
In fact, learning is memory. In contrast to the training of synchronic linguistics, that is actually a rule-based system, vocabulary data is essentially an issue of accumulating individual things. Teaching Vocabulary is that the base of
acquisition. To understand a language suggests that to master its structure and words. Vocabulary is that the data of words and word meanings. Thus, vocabulary is one in all the aspects of the language to be school in faculties. Vocabulary is that the total of words and word mixtures to e schooled and to be learned. The matter is what words and idioms pupils ought to retain. It is not possible to assimilate language skills (speaking, reading, writing, listening) while not the data of Vocabulary. Speech is not possible while not vocabulary things. "Vocabulary data is knowledge; the knowledge of a word not solely implies a definition however conjointly implies however that word fits into the planet." Vocabulary data is not one thing that may ever be absolutely mastered; it is something that expands and deepens over the course of a period. (Steven Stahl, 2005)
According to Michael Graves (2000), there are four elements of an efficient vocabulary program:
- wide or extensive independent reading to expand word knowledge
- instruction in specific words to enhance comprehension of texts containing those words
- instruction in independent word-learning strategies, and
- word consciousness and word-play activities to motivate and enhance learning
According to Wyner (2014), 'to improve your vocabulary, you would like to be told vocabulary'. While this idea may sound obvious, there are literally variety of approaches that might be taken to attain this aim.
Clark states that increasing vocabulary 'does not begin and finish with a worksheet on vocabulary', whilst, Folse (2004), in distinction, believes that word lists or the employment of translation, if utilized in moderation, are effective ways that to be told new vocabulary. This begs the question, ought to we have a tendency to truly use vocab lists to show lexical items? Graves (2016) suggests in our own way to create students' vocabulary is to 'immerse students in a very made array of language experiences in order that they'll learn words through listening, speaking, reading and writing".
Listening comprehension in English is simply doable once a particular quantity of vocabulary is learned. That means of speech remains abstract, no info obtained if the pupils do not recognize the vocabulary. English vocabulary has specific peculiarities and difficulties in reading. Whereas reading pupils understand by visual signals. That is why so as to urge info and to grasp he ought to acknowledge, to words, be able to scan them and to grasp their that means.
A lot of attention ought to be drawn to the lexical purpose of writing (written speech). The words designated ought to be:
(1) overtimes utilized in the language;
(2) simply combined (nice space, nice girl, nice weather);
(3) unlimited from the purpose of read of fashion (oral, written);
(4) enclosed within the topics the information sets;
(5) valuable from the purpose of read of word-building (use, used, useful, useless, usefully, user, usage). The primary principle, word frequency, is associate
in Nursing example of a strictly linguistic approach to word choice. The trendy tendency is to use this principle looking on the language activities to be developed. For developing reading skills pupils would like «reading vocabulary» and etc.
The words designated is also sorted underneath the subsequent 2 categories.
1. Words that we tend to speak with or form (structural) words that frame the shape (structure) of the language.
2. Words that we tend to mention or content words.
Practical part
In teaching vocabulary for sensible wants, each structural words and content words are of nice importance. This is often why they are enclosed within the vocabulary minimum. It is typically known that the varsity leavers' vocabulary is poor. They need bother with hearing, listening, reading and writing. One in every of the explanations is poor teaching of vocabulary. The teacher ought to bear in mind that a word is taken into account to be learned when:
(1) it's impromptu recognized whereas auditing and reading;
(2) it's properly utilized in speech, i.e. the correct word within the right place.
Learning the words of a remote language isn't a straightforward business each
word has its kind, that means and usage and every of those aspects of the word could have its difficulties so, some words are troublesome to create (daughter, busy, bury, woman, women) and simple in usage; different words are easy in kind (enter, get, happen) and troublesome in usage consequently, words is also classified in keeping with the difficulties pupils notice in assimilation. In methodology, some makes an attempt are created to approach the matter. The analysis of the words inside the foreign language permits America to tell apart the subsequent teams of words; concentrate abstract and structural Words denoting concrete things (book, street, sky), actions (walk, dance, read), and qualities (long, big, good) are easier to be told than words denoting abstract notions.
Peculiarities of nation Vocabulary. From the point of view of scientific discipline words (vocabulary) are the difficult development that stimulates perceiving and understanding the speech. As a machine there are 2 aspects of the word: on the one hand we tend to hear, hear the words and see it in written kind, and someone provides a solution with the assistance of words on the opposite hand. As a person's answer, we are able to see an additional facet (the third) of the word-action aspect. The pronunciations and writing (spelling) of the words are completed by actions (by brain activities). Thus, the assimilation of words by a pupil depends on the activity of the upper system (correlation of seeing, listening, hearing reflexes within the brain). Therefore the psychological structure that means of a word consists of listening, seeing, (visual) pronunciation and writing activities.
In teaching pupils English vocabulary the teacher-methodologist ought to bear the psychological aspects in mind. Words are parts of the language utilized in the act of communication. They are single units, and intrinsically cannot offer the act of communication by themselves they will provide it only they are combined during a sure manner. In teaching pupils vocabulary each the ear and the organs of speech ought to take a vigorous half within the assimilation of words, pupils ought to have
sample apply in hearing words and announcing them not solely as isolated units however in numerous sentences during which they occur. Rule one for the teacher: whereas teaching pupils vocabulary introduce words in sentence patterns in several things of intercourse. Gift the words to keep with the structures to be instructed. Rule a pair of for the teacher: gift the word as a part, i.e., during a sentence pattern initial. Then fix it within the students ' memory through completely different exercises in sentence patterns and phrase patterns.
Rule three for the teacher: whereas introducing a word pronounce it yourself during a context, raise students to pronounce it each severally and in unison during a context, too. Linguistic peculiarities of nation vocabulary is sorted into three categories.
1. Specific properties of nation vocabulary itself.
2. Peculiarities of nation Vocabulary as compared with the students first language vocabulary.
3. variations within the English Vocabulary as compared with the Russian and also the students first language vocabulary.
The primary cluster includes the following:
(1) silent letters in many words. E.g. Whom, take, light, autumn;
(2) equivocalness of words;(3) the presence of conversion. E.g. to figure - work;
(4) the exceptions from the reading rules of some letters. E.g. put [p t],gone [ n], come back [ k m];
(5) tough pronunciation of some letter mixtures in words: skinny, this, mathematics;
(6) the presence of the four varieties of English verbs: go - went - gone - going. 2. The second cluster includes the following:
1.words coincide with one word in mother tongue: qo'l - arm, hand.
2. This cluster includes international words that exist in 3 languages: E.g. finish, start, football, volleyball.
3. In English and in Russian the sense coincides however in K-k -not.
In teaching pupils vocabulary the teacher ought to use the pupils' natural language and Russian language. The pupils' natural language expertise might cause positive and negative influence once learning the pronunciation, orthography (writing), the which means of a people vocabulary. The positive influence makes the method of learning simple. The negative influence causes the questionable «interference». It makes the method of learning tough, e.g. for positive influence. Word order: bu kitob - this can be a book.
Word formation: work - employee (ish-ishchi); eating space (oshxona) The negative influence of the natural language factors: The absence of conversion: a watch - to eye (ko'z - ko'zga). The ordination in a very sentence: mening akam maktabda ishlaydi. My brother at college works. rather than My brother works at college. While reading in English conversion might cause interference. Ex. His works are terribly fascinating. he's employed okay. In every sentence, the word «works» is known as «ishlaydi». Silent letters within the words additionally build it difficult. Ex. Take, which, hour. Any word within the language
includes a terribly difficult relation with alternative words in pronunciation, meaning, spelling, and usage.
Rule four for the teacher: In teaching words, it's necessary to ascertain a memory bond between a brand new word and people already lined. For instance: see - sea; two - too; one - won (in pronunciation); answer - reply; caught - taught; night - right (in spelling); and etc.
Hence there are 2 stages in teaching vocabulary:
Presentation or clarification, retention or consolidation that are supported sure psycho-linguistic factors.
The way to Teach Vocabulary at school. Teaching and learning words are carried on through strategies we have a tendency to are acquainted with; the teacher organizes learning, i.e. within the acquisition of knowledge a few new word, its form, which means and usage; in drill and transformation to create lexical habits; in creating use of the lexical in hearing, speaking and reading, or in language skills. Varied techniques are wont to attain the goal - to mend the words in pupils' memory able to be used whenever they have them.
Presentation of recent words. Since each word has its type, meaning, and usage to gift a word means that to introduce to pupils its forms and to elucidate its which means, and usage. The techniques of teaching pupils the pronunciation and orthography of a word are as follows:
(1) pure or aware imitation;
(2) analogy;
(3) transcription;
(4) rules of browsing since a word consists of sounds it detected or spoken and letters it read or written the teacher shows the pupils the way to pronounce, to read, and write it.
There are 2 ways that of transfer the which means of words: direct method and translation. The direct method of presenting the words of a remote language brings the learner into direct contact with them, the natural language does not are available in between. The direct method of transfer the which means of foreign words s sometimes used once the words denote things, objects, their qualities, typically gestures and movements, which may be shown to and seen by pupils, as an example, a book, a table, red, big, take, stand up, etc. The teacher ought to connect a people word he presents with the thing, the notion it denotes directly, while not the utilization of pupil's natural language.
The teacher uses varied techniques for the aim. it's attainable to cluster them into Firstly visual, and verbal. The primary cluster involves the utilization of visual aids (object, pictures, situations, movements, and gestures).
The second cluster of techniques involves the use of verbal means that for transfer the which means of strange words. These could also be context, synonyms, antonyms, definitions, word-building components, etc. Example: the utilization of definition. The new word is blind. A blind the person is one WHO cannot see. Wordbuilding for transfer the which means of words. Teacher: you recognize the words: employee, teacher... currently guess the which means of the word author.
Write - writer; teacher - teach. The teacher may use synonyms to convey the which means of a brand-new word. as an example, the word city could also be given through the acquainted word city; receive -get; reply - answer, etc. Teacher: you recognize the word town. Kyiv may be a town, however Nukus United States of America, not a city. it's a city.
Conclusion
In my purpose of read, the way to observe vocabulary:
• Repetition - The time-honored method of 'memorizing' new material is thru the continual rehearsal of the fabric whereas it's still in memory
• Use - putt words to use, ideally in some fascinating method, is that the best method of making certain they're further to the long-run vocabulary. it's the principle popularly referred to as Use it or act.
• Post It Notes - notepaper notes are terribly versatile once it involves teaching and learning vocabulary. This image was taken from a lesson editing adjective and also the English were written in one color and the linguistic communication in another color. Students were asked to figure in groups to match the adjective sets from round the space. The primary team to match all sets in their space, correctly, was the winner.
• Music for committal to memory - Music has forever been an excellent tool to assist with memorization. After we hear music, we hear new words and that we learn mechanically new words.
• Word of the day - Educators WHO grew up within the Eighties certainly keep in mind "Pee-Wee's Playhouse" and "Pee-Wee's Word of the Day." once the word of the day was spoken, everybody within the plaything and the youngster's reception were purported to scream. Academics WHO need to encourage students to use their new vocabulary words (and who will stand a touch noise) may gain advantage from this methodology. Academics will build every day's word of the day a unique vocabulary word, and let students yell whenever somebody says it. Then, at the top of the yell, academics will inform students of the word's definition.
Used of literature:
1. Using technology to assist in vocabulary acquisition and reading comprehension. The Internet TESL Journal, 13(2).
2. Старков А.П. «Обучение английскому языку в средней школе».
3. Теоретические основы обучения иностранным языкам в средней школе. Под ред. А.Д.Климентенко и др. М., 1981.
4. Щукин А.Н. Современные интенсивные методы и технологии обучения иностранным языкам. -М.: Филоматис, 2008.
5. Педагогические технологии. Учебное пособие для студентов педагогических специальностей. / Под ред. В.С.Кукушкина. - М., 2004.
6. Пассов Е.И. Основы методики обучения иностранным языкам. М.,
7. Ж.Жаялов. Чет тил укитиш методикаси. Тошкент, 1996
8.У.Х.Хошимов, И.Я.Якубов. Инглиз тили укитиш методикаси. Тошкент, 1993.
