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3TEACHING KARATE: THE ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF TEACHING APPROACHES IN KATATE PRACTICE
Lecturer, Dastonbek OTABOLAEV Alfraganus University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan E-mail: dastonbekotabolaev@gmail.com
Annotation. There are several approaches to learning the sport of karate, but there is no perfect approach to teaching karate. Therefore, some important factors should be taken into account when teaching the sport of karate. One of these factors is considered as a type of guidance However, there is a lack of research examining the role of the karate instructor in karate research. Due to the large number of learning methods, a study was conducted to analyze the various teaching methods used in karate and to develop a framework to identify these teaching methods. Several research methods were used to collect data in this study. The four main karate styles are Goju-ryu, Shotokan-ryu, Wado-ryu and Shito-ryu. Besides these four main branches of karate, there are also others that should be included in the differences between karate styles. Shorinji-ryu, Kyokushin-ryu, Shorin-ryu, Uechi-ryu and Isshin-ryu are among the other forms although there are also others. While these are not as well known, they are no less important or respected as part of karate history and community.
Key words: sport, practice, physical training, training, training process, modeling, karate, kata, kumite.
Introduction: The evolution of technology for the last decades has made a tremendous effect on our lives. Not long ago, no one thought that the internet would make such an impact on our day-today activities. Take a look around, it seems like the world become such a small place because of it. Though we welcome the advantage given to us by tech machines and their innovation, we cannot deny the fact that technology also has some downsides. Social media for example. Both adults and kids are spending more time on their online activities. In today's high-tech world, children become more distracted. They would rather play video games than spend their time doing physical workouts like attending karate classes or taekwondo sessions. As we all know, karate is one of the most delicate sports in the development stage. The search for the most effective ways to improve sports skills in karate is consistently carried out in all areas that determine the training process. In addition to recognizing the importance of research on the analysis of training techniques and methods in the sport of karate, it should also be noted that, like other components of the training activity, technical training, special physical training, and targeted improvement of the sport helps to realize the prospects of the skill. It is no wonder that scientists with a number of scientific potentials have conducted their research on the effective organization of training processes of karatekas. During training in this sport, certain movement qualities are developed, insufficient physical training leads to a violation of the technical structures of movement activity. At the same time, the difficulty of the tasks faced by the athlete and the coach in order to master a large volume of complex and extremely complex exercises often leads to the fact that the management of physical training is relegated to secondary tasks. This raises another issue regarding the active maintenance of physical fitness that underlies increases in exercise endurance. All this makes the measurement, regulation and management of physical fitness one of the first research tasks in the sport of karate. In addition, it is appropriate to organize the training processes of karatekas using the modern education system and educate karatekas in harmony with the oriental culture.
The purpose of the research: The purpose of the research: prospective improvement of karate training method processes using modern educational methods.
Research task: to organize a modern method of training karate players and increase the indicators of tactical and technical training of karate players.
Organization of research: Literature analysis, theoretical analysis, study of preparatory processes, application of effective priorities.
Research Discussion: You may already read or heard testimonies about how martial arts like karate can be a great help in enhancing someone's self-confidence. As you may not know, in most martial arts
classes, students are always encouraged to believe in themselves. That there's nothing impossible if they have enough belief in their own capabilities. Thus, eventually, this positive encouragement results in the molding of confidence. As in all sports, in karate, when evaluating the effectiveness of physical training equipment, it is appropriate to proceed from the characteristics that determine the qualitative and quantitative impact of specially directed loads on one or another movement qualities and functional capabilities of the athlete's body. The degree of compliance with the requirements of the competition activity is understood under the specificity of the training effect, as well as movement activities in the order of operation of the motor apparatus, as well as in the power supply mechanisms. The main fundamental part of prospective planning is inextricably linked with the organization of training processes in unusual ways.
Different levels of fatigue are observed in athletes depending on the amount of physical load and performance. For example, incorrect actions during physical exercise cause a violation of movement coordination and an excessive expenditure of energy by the body. In this regard, it is necessary to pay serious attention to the issue of fatigue and recovery when performing large and long-term physical loads during the training of qualified athletes.
These requirements for specific physical training loads during training are based on the amplitude and direction of movements with emphasis on the components of the amplitude of working movements, the maximum force and the time of its manifestation, the order of the muscles. It is expressed in the principle of dynamic compatibility, which implies that it is similar to exercises. As for the modern training of karate, this principle is the main one. In addition, it is necessary that the description of the parameters of training tools should be similar in terms of harmony and sequence. Unlike other sports, where special physical training is based on special working abilities, for karate, the combined effect of loads on the level of physical and technical training of the athlete is the most important characteristic of loads. In order to increase the possibilities of effective training and sports skills of such means of special physical training, it is necessary not only to model competition conditions, but also to increase them in terms of the maximum strength value, the time of its development and the strength of metabolic processes.
During training, excessive physical training leads to mental changes in higher nervous activity, decreased movement activity and various diseases, and this affects the health of the athlete. One of the indicators of the comprehensive assessment of the physical condition of athletes is physical performance. It is also an indicator of fatigue and physical fitness of athletes.
Even with a small physical load, the athlete's work capacity decreases and a mild form of fatigue is observed. A sharp decrease in work capacity and strength in long-term high-volume physical loads is evident in extreme fatigue.
In karate, the specific aspect of physical training is incomparably more important than in other sports and forms the main content of specific physical training loads. At the same time, the requirements for the content of physical training specific to karate are imposed on the age characteristics of maturity and the development of the movement apparatus. The content of physical training specific to the sport of karate is inextricably linked to these factors and helps to create a functional foundation for realizing the development potential of athletes and specifically improving movement skills. As sports skills are formed, the role of general physical training loads to activate recovery processes increases. In karate, this is important due to the fact that the number of training aids is not large, and training loads consisting mainly of competition exercises or their elements have a certain monotony. However, these studies have not progressed as much as they should, because many years of training can lead to a decrease in effectiveness.
What is Karate?
Karate (translated as 'empty hand') is an ancient method of unarmed fighting with a moral warrior code emphasising punching, striking and kicking. It was developed on the Island of Okinawa (now part of Japan) by fusing local fighting skills with techniques from near-by China. It was practised as an art of self-defence by a small elite group who closely guarded their methods, only passing them on to a few trusted students. But in the early 1900s karate was introduced into Okinawan schools and masters, like the founder of the Shotokan style, Gichin Funakoshi, later took it to mainland Japan where it quickly
became established alongside traditional Japanese martial arts such as Judo and Kendo (sword-fighti'ng). The art spread as a strict, disciplined way of life. Later a new type of sparring was developed to allow safe competitive fighting where blows were pulled short of contact to avoid injury. This new sporting side greatly enhanced karate's appeal and from the 1950s it spread rapidly around the world as the main Japanese karate organisations sent senior instructors abroad to teach. Millions of men, women and children of all ages and backgrounds now practice Karate and clubs compete in national and international tournaments. But many karate styles like Shotokan still emphasise the traditional moral codes, ways of training and self-defence techniques developed by the masters of past centuries.
What training consists of
Training in traditional Shotokan karate is based around three essential elements: kihon (basics), kata and kumite (sparring).
Kihon or basics are the building block techniques of how to punch, strike and kick; how to block or parry attacks and how to put different combinations of all these together. Throws and take-downs are also included. These central techniques are continually drilled until they are second nature, honing and disciplining the body. Even highly-accomplished black belts continue to do regular basics training.
Kata are set combinations of movements, lasting around a minute each, which are sequences of fighting techniques done with an imagined opponent or opponents in mind. They were developed by past karate masters to record their methods and principles and most are hundreds of years old and hold the 'secrets' of the ancient art of karate, like a living textbook. There are 26 different ones in the Shotokan style which are progressively taught to students as they become more experienced. The different fighting skills within the kata are also practiced separately with an opponent for self-defence. Kumite, or sparring, is practicing to fight an opponent, either in a sporting tournament with set rules and a referee or in a self-defence situation. Students learn the skills and principles through structured exercises using training partners as opponents. Classes are always based around these three essential elements of kihon, kata and kumite and as training progresses the level of complexity and skill taught in each area increases. Typical training session will nearly always begin with warm up exercises and stretching to get the body ready for training. Body strengthening and breathing exercises are also taught. Specialist training to prepare for competition fighting or kata performance is offered for those wanting to enter tournaments.
Fundamental Principles of Basics (KIHON).
Diligent training is very important to attain maximum speed and power. Impeccable control and maximum efficiency of power are a must in order to handle the stronger opponent. Practice with the aide of the Punching Board (MAKIWARA) or sandbag is helpful to develop hands and feet, as well as daily training to master all techniques. Proper balance, concentration of power, proper course in delivery, speed, rotation of hips, shifting the hips forward are the elements to apply in daily practice. Punching, striking, kicking and blocking must be executed with the hips as being the center, and power generated from the whole body to course through the hands and feet. When techniques are used, all unnecessary power must be eliminated in order to create a strong source of power. Generating a bolus of power is done as follow: where there is a sudden burst of power followed by total relaxation of the body but with an attentive, poised mind, ready for the next action to repeat this whole process. A Note Regarding the Instruction of Stances. When using attacking and defensive techniques, the body has to be in a state of balance or equilibrium in order to be effective. Good form, proper stance are the foundation of strong and efficient techniques. The upper body must be kept straight, the hips parallel to the floor, and balance must be kept to be able to use maximum speed and power. Strong and effective techniques come from a strong stance. After execution, there should be a resilience in moving into another form or stance which will depend on direction of techniques that one used and the type of technique that is used. Stances were historically created from diligent research of Pioneer Masters and resulted in being the foundation of modern KARATE-DO.
A Note Regarding KUMITE There are different types of KUMITE or fighting, according to different KUMITE levels. There should be an understanding of the characteristics and elements of each type of KUMITE, as well as capture clearly the objectives of each practice. Steps Basic Fighting (GOHON KUMITE) Steps Basic Fighting (SANBON KUMITE) a) the objectives of this being the basic blocking and
attacking techniques in a structured set of movements; emphasis is on proper feet movements as well as mastering proper blocks and attacks b) for the more advanced student, emphasis is on speed and rapid body shifting as well as blocking. Step Basic Fighting (KIHON-IPPON KUMITE), the objective is to block a basic technique and retaliate in a powerful manner, it is necessary to have a proper connection between blocking and counterattack, proper understanding of distance required to counterattack -each counterattack has a set distance to it, as well as each block has a set distance to it in order to be followed by a different specific counterattack, depending on the distance and position of the body to block, a quick choice is made of the appropriate counterattack to use, timing in blocking - to see the opponent's movements and wait until the last possible moment to initiate the block, in a rapid manner, when executing a block to try to apply different stances
How to use hands
Uses the whole body and all its parts thus can be used practically for both defense or attack. Training hard every day and with proper use, these body parts can become as effective as any weapon. 1. How to Use the Hands Hands can be used, closed as in a fist or opened. Forming a fist is done by flexing the tips of the fingers inward tightly until pressing against the upper part of the palm, at the base of the fingers. Then squeezing tightly inwards, until the fist is made. See the upcoming diagrams. Using the side of the thumb, press tightly against the side of the flexed index. This is followed by sliding the thumb until it rests tightly against the two first flexed fingers. As the little finger tends to eventually relax, it is important to keep it tight at all times. Here are the main weapons that can be formed by a hand into a fist: a) 2 First Knuckles of Fist (SEIKEN) Most of the time this attack is used. The two knuckles as well as the tip of the flexed fingers form 4 points that serve to hit a target. When the target is hit, the force of the impact is directed from the forearm straight into the fist. One must be careful to keep the wrist straight otherwise the power cannot be focused in the fist. There could also be damage to the wrist. Because this weapon is used most of the time, it is important to take time for the development of the fist. b) Back Fist (URAKEN) The two first knuckles but at the back of the hand level serve to hit the target. Generally the attack is directed to the face level, side of the body, or used for blocking. The springing motion of the elbow is essential to the execution of this attack, performed vertically or sideways. c) Hammer (KENTSUI) also called (TETSUI) The outer aspect of the fist is used and the outer aspect of the little finger.
How to Use the Feet
The feet like the hands, and depending on their use, can inflict more damage than one can think. a) Ball of the Foot (KOSHI) Usually used for kicking. Toes should be curled backwards and the base of the toes where there is the beginning of the ball of the foot serve to hit the target. This attack is executed to the chin area, the chest and abdomen area, and the groin. b) Outer Aspect of the Foot (SOKUTO) Used for techniques such as Side Kick (YOKO-GERI), Side Thrust Kick (KEKOMI), or Stomping (FUMIKOMI). This is a typical KARATE weapon. There are many different applications for this weapon and the results are more than anticipated. c) Heel (ENSHO) Used for Back Kick (USHIRO-GERI) when against being grabbed from behind or against a limb being twisted. d) Top of the Foot (HAISOKU) Bend the toes downwards and use the area at the base of the toes to execute this technique which can be performed to the groin. e) Knee (HIZAZUCHI) There are many uses for this attack - same as the elbow and especially effective - in close range Fighting (KUMITE) - for women and children - for self-defense. Execution it to the groin or thigh area, or after grabbing the opponent's head - bring it downwards while simultaneously performing the attack. Besides the use of the feet and the hands as weapons, the head, the forehead and the shoulders, as well as any other part of the body can very well serve to hit the target. Pursuant to study and research, any body part can be used for attack or defense.
CONCLUSION
Fitness - Karate training develops a high degree of strength, endurance, flexibility and coordination
Confidence - Karate trains the mind as well as the body by improving concentration, discipline, determination and confidence. Students often find karate helps them in other areas of their lives such as work and study
Self-defence - Karate was originally designed as a system of personal self defence and students learn effective methods to protect themselves if attacked within a strict moral code based on the important philosophy of 'no first attack'
Competitive sport - Modern sparring allows karate students to use their fighting skills to safely compete against each other. Kata are also performed competitively. There are numerous opportunities to take part in tournaments around the country and even abroad
Social network - A karate club is a 'family' where you can make friends and enjoy social occasions. Karate is now a world-wide fraternity and SKCE is very much part of this with strong links to clubs around the UK and abroad. Senior instructors, from around the globe including Japan, are invited to teach special courses.
An art - Karate has a long and proud history. Its traditions and techniques have been passed from generation to generation and constantly refined not only as a method of fighting but also as physical culture. A central idea of training is to strive for perfection. Anyone watching a karate demonstration cannot fail to appreciate the skill and artistry, some would say beauty, involved.
A way of life - Karate can be much more than simply a sport, martial art or physical activity. It is not religious, but with its strict moral code and encouragement of mental development it can become a way of life for many. Its emphasis on constant individual improvement means there is always something to strive for. Certainly karate can be enjoyed into old age and can help enjoyment of a healthy and long life. Many past masters lived to ripe old ages, training every day into their 80s.
Expectations from the Instructor a) awareness and pride as a karate Instructor b) all actions reflect KARATE-DO c) rather that becoming an expert in techniques, strive to attain the discipline of this Way of Life d) one must become an excellent role model to others e) depth in research, creativity and constructive mind is a must f) self-abnegation, cooperative interactions with others, dedication and commitment to the advancement of KARATE-DO are a must.
Elements to Pay Attention when Instructing a) good manners, courtesy and sincerity, restraint, true to one's self b) patience, not giving up, caution and attention to details c) avoiding favoritism or preference of certain individuals d) age, character and body condition of members, environment, variation in the way of teaching e) teaching the elite versus the general athlete - the approach must be different f) not only to point out the mistakes but as well how to correct them g) technical instruction and conditioning are two different issues h) do not teach your favorite techniques only, but the best way to do techniques and not one's individual techniques i) basics (KIHON) - KATA - KUMITE, there should be balance of these 3 elements.
Any martial life or sports is a mental roller-coaster of contradictory emotions in its pursuit, especially with regards to the practice of KATA. Therefore, patience and constancy in practice is foremost. A long time ago in Okinawa, it was said that it took three years to learn one KATA and it was quite common for Masters to be proficient in three to five KATA. The superficial knowledge of many KATA was not ideal, but on the other hand, practicing only very few became monotonous. Each KATA has its own characteristics and elements and it is necessary to practice a variety of KATA for these reasons. Each person has their own character and body type. Therefore it is not ideal for all to practice the same KATA. There is always a preferred and least-liked KATA
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