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Терминология
DOI: 10.14529/ling220104
PROPER NAME IN MARTIAL ARTS (BASED ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE)
I.L. Kuchesheva, kuchesheva@rambler.ru
Siberian State University of Physical Education and Sport, Omsk, Russian Federation
The article is devoted to the analysis of the proper name in the names of martial arts based on the material of the English language. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that names in the domain of martial arts with a proper name component in the English language have not been sufficiently studied both in domestic and foreign linguistics. The purpose of this work is to identify the linguocultural specifics of proper names in the composition of names from the domain of martial arts based on the English language. In accordance with this goal, the author solves the following problems: he offers an etymological characteristic of anthroponyms, toponyms and ethnonyms as part of names in the domain of martial arts, conducts a lexical and semantic analysis of the indicated anthroponyms, toponyms and ethnonyms, and compiles their thematic classification. As a result of the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that anthroponyms in the names of martial arts based on the English language received their names in honor of individuals and dynasties who first created such styles of martial arts as: karate, judo, aikido, jujitsu, and etc. Toponyms in the names of martial arts are closely related to the geography and history of those countries and island states where they first appeared, with the traditions prevailing in a particular region. Ethnonyms in the names of martial arts reflect the culture of ethnic communities.
Keywords: proper name, anthroponym, toponym, ethnonym, martial arts, name, etymology.
This work is devoted to the study of proper names (anthroponyms, toponyms and ethnonyms) in the domain of martial arts based on the English language.
Proper names correspond with the objects of the objective world, which they denote. Only those objects that are of particular interest to a person receive a proper name.
An anthroponym is a single proper name or a set of proper names that identify a person (for example, Alfred, Edgar, Edmund). Anthroponyms combine all types of personal names: first names, surnames, as well as their transfers to the names of brands of cars, ships and aircraft, types of clothing, weapons, utensils, sports and medical names [2, p. 39].
Anthroponyms can denote an individual or a group. Individual anthroponyms distinguish a person from a collective, group ones are given to collectives, distinguished on the basis of certain characteristics [1, p. 84].
Geographical names are proper names of oceans, continents, seas, rivers, lakes, swamps, reaches, springs, wells, mountains, hills, forests, cities, villages, farms, lands, tracts and other geographical objects; they are always multilingual and being of different age formations they are combined into a toponymic system in any region of the globe.
Toponyms include: choronyms (names of large areas, geographical, economic, historical), insulo-nyms (names of islands), etc.
Ethnonyms are the names of various types of ethnic communities, both peoples and nationalities, and also tribes, tribal unions, clans, etc.
Martial arts are systems and traditions of fighting for self-defense and physical, mental, and spiritual development. Martial arts include: kung fu, karate, judo, aikido, jujitsu, muay thai, taekwondo, etc. [3, p. 57].
Further, the classification of individual and group anthroponyms in the names of martial arts is given based on the material of the English language.
1. Anthroponyms a) Individual anthroponyms Nanbu-do: karate style. This style demands raw muscular strength that can be replaced with harmony of circular motions. The circle accumulates energy. It draws in the strength of the enemy, combines it with his own and turns against him. The main goals of this style are as follows: to acquire health and physical strength; to acquire psychic strength and self-control ability; to acquire dignity through assimilation of etiquette (named after the Japanese Nanbu Yoshinao, who created this style in 1978).
Konno-yuku: karate style. The peculiarity of Konno-yuku is that this style focuses on the study of the old Okinawan school. Currently, training system is based on the old Okinawan principles, and Okinawan technique is at the heart of the Konno-juku technique. The study of the fighting technique with a stick 182 cm long contributes to the development of a sense
of distance, mastering the technique of controlling the enemy by simultaneous coordinated actions of both hands (named after the Japanese Satosi Konno, who created this style in 1999).
Ashihara kaikan: karate style. Modern full contact street karate developed on the basis of Kyoku-shinkai karate, Thai boxing, pankration and ju-jutsu, using footwork. Ashihara kaikan focuses on both sport and self-defense. The style is aimed at practical application in real combat with the participation of several attackers (named after the Japanese Asihara Hyudeyu-ki, who created this style in 1980).
Tomiki Aikido: aikido style. Pays more attention to free-form sparring than most other styles of aikido. This style requires a well-developed set of training and balance exercises specific to both the free style and the general development of aikido. Tomiki Aikido is characterized by the use of forms in the study and conduct of competitions without weapons, as well as with a rubber knife (named after the Japanese Kenji Tomiki, who founded this style of aikido in 1967).
Saigo Shiro judo: judo style. A throw style called "mountain storm" that combines a throw and a wrist lock. The throw is so strong that most opponents cannot get up for some time after the throw (named after the Japanese Shiro Saigo, who created this style in 1884) [5].
Wing Chun Kuen: a style of Chinese wushu. The style is a conceptual traditional style of South Chinese wushu and a form of self-defense that requires quick hand movements and strong leg movements to defeat an opponent. Gentleness (through relaxation) and performing the techniques in a relaxed manner is the foundation of Wing Chun Kuen. The basic tenet of the style is to maintain the opponent's sense of movement by staying relaxed at all times while maintaining the strength to resist, much like the flexibility of bamboo. The style uses close-range combat techniques in which hands play an important role. The leg technique is also sophisticated and effective in real life, so a lot of time is devoted to the technique during training (named after a Chinese woman named Yin Wing Chun (Singing Spring), who created this style in the 17th century) [4].
Motobu Kenpo Karate: karate style. Karate Motobu features a series of kumite exercises for two people. They include the position of the legs and hips - these are the basics of karate, twisting left or right from the stance - gives a stance used in real confrontation, the blocking hand should be able to instantly turn into an attacking hand (named after the Japanese Motobu Choki, who founded this style in 1921).
Oyama-ryu: karate style. Differs in rigidity, intensity and practicality. In the exercises, the emphasis is on breaking objects such as boards, tiles or bricks (named after the Korean Masutatsu Oyama, who created this style in 1957).
b) Group anthroponyms Kojou-ryu: karate style. The peculiarity of Kojo-ryu is that it does not use punches that are widely used in most other styles of karate. Counterattacks are carried out using blows with the phalanx, blows with elbows, blows with the base of the palm. The main feature of the counterattack is the use of a joint strike technique, with the help of which the enemy is immobilized, and only after that the last blow is delivered (named after the Japanese Kojo family, who created this style in 1391).
Uehara-Motobu ryu: karate style. Technically, this style is bland. It is dominated by point punches with fingers, painful holds, throws, strangulation. Traditional Okinawan weapons from the ko-budo arsenal are widely used (named after the Japanese Motobu family who created this style in 1921).
Individual and group anthroponyms in the names of martial arts based on the material of English language received their names in honour of individuals and dynasties that first created such styles of martial arts as: karate, judo, aikido, ju-jitsu.
2. Toponyms a) choronyms
Vo Vietnam: Vietnamese martial arts. Barehanded fighting and fighting with weapons. Vietnamese martial arts had gained fame by 1938. To go in for Vo Vietnam it was required to meet three conditions: to be of noble origin, to have a recommendation from a person whom the master mentor fully trusted, to withstand rigorous acceptance tests. In addition, the training was highly personalized. The teacher-student relationship was most similar to the relationship of a strict father with his own children (named after the country in South-East Asia).
Japanese goju-ryu: karate style. Combination of hard and soft techniques. It appeared in 1922. Training is mainly about breathing exercises, kata practice and padding of the forearms. It is primitive in the sense of true art of life-and-death fighting, which has nothing to do with competitions, where they win or lose (named after the country in East Asia).
American goju-ryu: karate style. Adaptation of principles of rigid systems of South Chinese wushu, retaining the true art of real combat. This style uses inner energy of a person and is based on the melee technique, which includes strikes with elbows, knees, throwing techniques, grabs and wrestling on the ground, which makes it possible to use it in a limited space (lift, transport, crowd). It differs from modern sport karate by its energy orientation and high combat efficiency (named after the country in North America).
French boxing: boxing style. Combination of French leg with English fist. Such a synthesis would eliminate certain deficiency in boxing (after all, legs play an important role in hand-to-hand combat) and at the same time soften cruelty of classic boxing with the use of gloves and rules of sport combat. In France, the
Кучешева И.Л.
Имя собственное в названиях боевых искусств _(на материале английского языка)
massive spread of French boxing began only in the 1950s (named after the country in Western Europe).
Francomba, French military art. A new combat system for a new person. It is based on fighting techniques, hand-to-hand combat, which includes both strikes and wrestling techniques. A separate section examines techniques of using a cane and a pole. Fights are conducted using bibs and protective helmets, but without gloves (named after the country in Western Europe).
German ju-jutsu: ju-jutsu style. Modern self-defense system. Ju-jitsu techniques are focused on efficiency and versatility (the applicability of one technique in different real conditions). The style is developing dynamically, absorbing techniques of other schools. This style appeared in 1969, when several leading German masters from other types of martial arts (ju-jitsu, judo, karate and aikido) were tasked with developing a system that should both be effective in the aspect of self-defense and satisfy the needs of the police and customs. Trainings are held on hard mats, which are usual for oriental martial arts. Clothing should be a tight kimono. There are also specialized training sessions on hard floors, lawns, and etc. German ju-jutsu is a modern European system, but owes a lot to classic Japanese martial arts styles, and honoring them is an important part of the spirit of modern jujut-su. The rules of conduct and etiquette in training include, but are not limited to, bowing greetings and goodbyes, calm demeanor, respect for the teacher and partners (named after the country in Central Europe).
Brazilian ju-jitsu: ju-jitsu style. It is a martial art and international combat sport, the basis of which is wrestling on the ground, as well as painful and suffocating techniques. This art arose at the beginning of the twentieth century. This art is based on the principle that a person of poorly developed physique can successfully defend against a stronger opponent using the proper technique (painful holds and strangulation) and defeat him. Brazilian ju-jitsu can be trained for a variety of purposes: self-defense, sport, competition and mixed martial arts. Sparring and full contact training play a major role in training and preparation for a competition (named after the country in South America).
Korean kumdo. It is a modern martial art of fencing with bamboo swords. The goal is to form a full-fledged personality and a strong character, tempering the will and body of the fencer. It appeared in 1895 with the aim of reviving samurai traditions and strengthening the spirit among youth. The main method was fencing lessons in physical education classes in schools (named after the country in Eastern Asia).
Hongza-Vietnam. It is a system of exercises that form muscles and tendons, promotes opening of human energy meridians, has military and therapeutic applications. It is an integral part of the system of exercises designed to teach a person to generate and control the internal energy and has a fighting and health-improving effect. In addition, there are special healing
exercises that help to cope with a number of ailments (named after the country in South-East Asia).
Burmese boxing. It is an ancient martial art from Myanmar. It is considered one of the most violent sports in the world because head strikes are allowed and wrestling is fought with bare hands (named after the country in South-East Asia).
Mongolian wrestling. It has its own rituals, rules and specific features: earlier, fights were not limited in time (now time restrictions have been introduced), there are no weight categories, the fight is in open space, and the one who touches the ground with any part of the body first, except the soles of the feet, is considered defeated. After the fight the loser must pass under the winner's raised right hand as a sign that he admits his defeat. The winner performs the traditional eagle dance (named after the country in Eastern Asia).
South Indian martial art. Training is traditionally held in temples specially built for this purpose. These temples are built according to the ancient science of Vastu. Training begins with mastering basic techniques aimed at strengthening and developing the body. These exercises are basic punches and kicks, jumps, dodging. After mastering individual strikes, they study the ligaments - double, triple strikes, combinations of several techniques in one complex. When the student has completely mastered this part of the art, he begins to work in pairs without weapons. These are complexes of blocks and retaliatory strikes, aimed at practicing instant response and protection. Hand-to-hand combat training is divided into a number of stages. In South Indian martial art the following complexes are used: blocking an attack and an oncoming attack, blocking an attack with the capture and neutralization of the enemy. The first one is more difficult and more dangerous, it uses knowledge about points of life and death, and students must be very conscious so as not to cripple each other during training. First, 21 methods of protection against a blow to the head are practiced, then 21 methods of protection from a blow with a fist, etc. In total, there are 21 complexes. Combat bundles are formed from basic strikes and movement techniques. They are a combination of punches and kicks and jumps, aimed at a quick attack and advancement. It also includes jumping and punching and kicking, but this technique is designed to fight multiple opponents at the same time (named after the country in Southern part of India).
b) insulonyms
Hawaiian Kenpo karate: karate style. It is a form of hand-to-hand combat based on steps, breaking bones and joints along with fist fighting. It also includes wrestling, boxing and hand-to-hand fighting, as well as the use of weapons. The official history of Hawaiian karate began in 1905. Individual movements performed with breaks in between can be compared to typing. Movements that follow one from the other are italics, and if the block and hit, hold and stretcher
coincide in one move, it is shorthand. The easiest way to learn how to type on a typewriter. It is much more difficult to write quickly and beautifully by hand, it is not for nothing that there is such an art as calligraphy. Well, only a few people own shorthand. The task of the martial arts mentor is to teach his students how to shorthand freely (named after the island in the United States).
Okinawa Kempo karate: karate style. This style was created in 1953. The practice of free combat, with strikes in hard contact. The style is the fist method or even the law of the fist. But this does not mean that the warriors prove their case with the help of a fist. The Okinawa style includes stances where the attack is done with hands and feet. For Japanese warriors, their own body is also a weapon. The technique of fighting Okinawa kempo-karate is based on the principle of one blow. This means that the enemy must be defeated immediately, and not after a long skirmish. Therefore, clear, sharp and at the same time smooth movements are so important. The achievement of the goal depends on an accurate strike. The Okinawa kempo style is one of the oldest in karate. Only during its existence, it has radically transformed. This martial art involves the development of physical strength, strength and endurance. The style of karate Okinawa kempo differs from others in that during the fight, the warrior must control the center of gravity of his body. No matter what stage of the fight is going on, either waiting, or attacking, or blocking blows, the control of the body's center of gravity must be constant. There are no unnatural or awkward movements in Okinawa kempo karate. After all, they could reduce the effectiveness of the battle. Warriors of this style use their bodies as leverage to deliver powerful blows to the target. Controlling the center of gravity of the body allows the warrior to use less muscle power when attacking or blocking an opponent's blows. Thus, less power is wasted. This means that the warrior will be able to fight much longer time. This advantage helps in sparring when a group of opponents is opposing one fighter. Warriors who practice the Okinawa kempo karate style keep physically fit over time. The fact is that special stances and practicing the blows of this technique allow you to keep the body flexible and enduring to the toughest loads. And also the ability to use the bones of the skeleton and only those muscles that enhance the impact is developed (named after the island in Japan).
Canary wrestling. This type of fight consists of using the opponent's strength in order to knock him out of balance and force him to touch the floor with any part of the body, except for the feet. Unlike other types of wrestling, in Canarian wrestling, ground wrestling and combat captures are not allowed. Its origins lie in the traditional battles of the Canary aborigines. Recently, both men and women have been participating in this type of struggle. Canary wrestling is a sport confrontation between two opponents who begin the fight in a standing position opposite each
other and grabbing the opponent by the belt or cuff of special shorts or belt. For a maximum of 90 seconds, each of them tries, without leaving the circular wrestling ring, to knock the opponent down and force him to touch the floor with some part of his body. To do this, wrestlers use various gripping or blocking techniques, performed with hands and feet. It is forbidden to strike (named after the islands in Spain).
Filipino martial art. It is a striking technique with hands which includes three techniques: punches, kicks, hand grips and strangulation. The style is also known as hand-in-hand technique. This style emphasis is on the speed of strikes and their number. The task is for the attack to be a real flurry of attacks at different levels - as a result, it is difficult or impossible to defend against them. Many blows are performed in half motion as a red herring to deliver basic, powerful blows. An example of such a move would be a quick clap or a stab to the eye, which is performed after a jab with the same hand in a standard jab-cross-hook combination: here, the punch to the eye distracts the opponent's attention from the cross. Sometimes, kicks are also added to boxing combos, crippling and disorienting the opponent (named after the country in SouthEast Asia).
Toponyms in the names of martial arts are closely related to the geography and history of those countries and island states where they first appeared, with the traditions prevailing in a particular area.
3. Ethnonyms
Russian style. It is an applied system of martial arts designed for military personnel, police officers and state security agencies, for employees of security structures, as well as for self-defense against armed (including group) attacks. It includes Russian fistfight, which allegedly existed from time immemorial in the form of group fights (wall and clutch-dump) and pair duels (hunting battle). Moreover, this battle seems to them to be technically sophisticated and, moreover, based on the principles of nobility, humanity, and justice. Fist fighting in Russia appeared much later than wrestling (this was the case with all the peoples of the world), not earlier than the 9th century (named after ethnic community of Russia).
Russian campo: contemporary martial art. The style is based on the Kyokushin-ryu technique, supplemented by throw-painful and suffocating techniques from judo and sambo. However, it must be admitted that it is a contact sport. Conditionally their scheme can be expressed in the words of full-contact karate plus judo (named after ethnic community of Russia).
Kazakh wrestling. It is one of the ancient sport among the Kazakhs. In modern Kazakhstan, this martial art is popular, and competitions are held on holidays and celebrations. Since 1938 it has been included in the program of republican competitions. Grips by the upper body are allowed. The fight is carried out in a standing position. Legs are not allowed. You can
Кучешева И.Л.
Имя собственное в названиях боевых искусств _(на материале английского языка)
hold the jacket and belt. Receptions of belt wrestling are allowed. You can do sweeps, kicks and thighs. In no case should you touch the carpet with your knee, because of this, a warning is given (named after ethnic community of Kazakhstan).
Thai boxing. In modern Thai boxing punches, feet, shins, elbows and knees can be pounded, which is why it is called the fight of the eight limbs. Thai boxing is distinguished from karate or wushu by absence of formal complexes. They are replaced by basic ligaments of two or three punches, sparring and work on the paws and bags. Thai boxing became popular in the 16th century, but this sport gained world fame only in the second half of the 20th century after Thai fighters won a number of impressive victories over representatives of other martial arts (named after ethnic community of Thailand).
Ethnonyms in the names of martial arts reflect the culture of ethnic communities.
As a result of the analysis, it can be concluded that individual and group anthroponyms in the names of martial arts based on the material of English language received their names in honour of individuals and dynasties that first created such styles of martial arts as: karate, judo, aikido, ju-jitsu. Toponyms in the
names of martial arts are closely related to the geography and history of those countries and island states where they first appeared, with the traditions prevailing in a particular area. Ethnonyms in the names of martial arts reflect the culture of ethnic communities.
References
1. Kuchesheva I.L. Semantic analysis of English and German anthroponyms as part of phraseological units. Materials of the International scientific-practical conference "Actual problems of linguistics and methods of teaching foreign languages", March 27, 2015. Omsk, 2016, pp. 84-87.
2. Kuchesheva I.L To the issue of individual and group anthroponyms as part of phraseological units (based on the material of German and English languages). Foreign languages at school. 2017, no. 2, p. 39.
3. Matveev L.P. Theory and methodology of physical education. Moscow, Physical education and sport, 2001. 543 p.
4. Nechaev I.V. Russian-English sport dictionary. Moscow, Rus. yaz.-Media, 2006. 196 p.
5. Novikov, A.A. Fundamentals of sportsmanship. Moscow, VNIIFK, 2003. 208 p.
Irina L. Kuchesheva, Associate Professor, PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines, Siberian State University of Physical Education and Sport (Omsk), kuchesheva@rambler.ru
Received 17 June 2021
УДК 811.11-112 DOI: 10.14529/ling220104
ИМЯ СОБСТВЕННОЕ В НАЗВАНИЯХ БОЕВЫХ ИСКУССТВ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА)
И.Л. Кучешева
Сибирский государственный университет физической культуры и спорта, г. Омск, Россия
Статья посвящена анализу имени собственного в названиях боевых искусств на материале английского языка. Актуальность данного исследования заключается в том, что названия из области боевых искусств с компонентом-именем собственным на материале английского языка недостаточно изучены как в отечественном, так и зарубежном языкознании. Целью данной работы является выявление лингвокультурной специфики имен собственных в составе названий из области боевых искусств на материале английского языка. В соответствии с поставленной целью автор решает следующие задачи: предлагает этимологическую характеристику антропонимов, топонимов и этнонимов в составе названий из области боевых искусств, проводит лексико-семантический анализ указанных антропонимов, топонимов и этнонимов, составляет их тематическую классификацию. В результате проведенного анализа автор приходит к выводу, что антропонимы в названиях боевых искусств на материале английского языка получили свои названия в честь отдельных лиц и династий, впервые создавших такие стили боевых искусств, как карате, дзюдо, айкидо, джиу-джитсу. Топонимы в названиях боевых искусств тесно связаны с географией и историей тех стран и островных государств, где они впервые появились, с традициями, бытующими в той или иной местности. Этнонимы в названиях боевых искусств отражают культуру этнических сообществ.
Ключевые слова: имя собственное, антропоним, топоним, этноним, боевое искусство, название. этимология.
Литература
1. Кучешева, И.Л. Семантический анализ английских и немецких антропонимов в составе фразеологизмов / И.Л. Кучешева // Материалы Международной научно-практической конференции «Актуальные проблемы лингвистики и методики преподавания иностранных языков», 27 марта 2015 г. - Омск, 2016. -С. 84-87.
2. Кучешева, И.Л. К вопросу об индивидуальных и групповых антропонимах в составе фразеологизмов (на материале немецкого и английского языков) // Иностранные языки в школе. - 2017. - № 2. - С. 39.
3. Матвеев, Л.П. Теория и методика физического воспитания / Л.П. Матвеев. - М.: Физическая культура и спорт, 2001. - 543 с.
4. Нечаев, И.В. Русско-английский спортивный словарь / И.В. Нечаев. - М.: Рус. яз.-Медиа, 2006. -196 с.
5. Новиков, А.А. Основы спортивного мастерства / А.А. Новиков. - М.: ВНИИФК, 2003. - 208 с.
Кучешева Ирина Львовна, доцент, кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры общественных и гуманитарных дисциплин, Сибирский государственный университет физической культуры и спорта (Омск), kuchesheva@rambler.ru
Поступила в редакцию 17 июня 2021 г.
ОБРАЗЕЦ ЦИТИРОВАНИЯ
Kuchesheva I.L. Proper Name in Martial Arts (based on the English Language) / I.L. Kuchesheva // Вестник ЮУрГУ. Серия «Лингвистика». - 2022. - Т. 19, № 1. - С. 29-34. DOI: 10.14529/ling220104
FOR CITATION
Kuchesheva I.L. Proper Name in Martial Arts (based on the English Language). Bulletin of the South Ural State University. Ser. Linguistics. 2022, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 29-34. DOI: 10.14529/ling220104
