CC BY
0TEACHING ENGLISH BY USING NEW METHODS AND STRATEGIES IN
SECONDARY SCHOOL
БАРОТОВА РОБИЯ ХАЙДАРОВНА
преподаватель кафедры методики преподавания иностранных языков Бохтарский государственный университет имени Носира Хусрава Таджикистан, г. Бохтар, пр. С.Айни, 67
Аннотация. Современная методология включает в себя ряд методов. Одним из эффективных методов представления нового языка является так называемое «управляемое открытие». Скривенер определяет его следующим образом: учитель «помогает людям открывать для себя вещи, о которых они даже не подозревали, посредством структурированных вопросов» (Скривенер 268). ). Учитель также может представить ситуацию, контекст и вызвать у учащихся речь. В качестве источника нового языка можно использовать подходящее чтение или аудирование.
Ключевые слова: методология, специфически, эффективных, однокорневые, критерием, ситуацию, аудирование.
Аннотатсия. Методологияи муосир як цатор усул;оро дар бар мегирад. Яке аз усул;ои муассир барои пешнщоди забони нав ба истило; "Кашфи ро;намо" номида мешавад. Скривенер онро чунин муайян мекунад: муаллим "ба воситаи раванди савол;ои сохторй одамонро ба кашф кардани чиз;ое, ки он;о намедонистанд, ро;намои мекунанд " (Scrivener 268). ). Муаллим инчунин метавонад вазъият, контекстро муаррифи кунад ва забонро аз хонандагон фа;мад. Хондан ё гуш кардани мувофиц метавонад ;амчун манбаи забони нав истифода шавад.
Калидвожа: Методологияи муосир, хусусият, ба истилоконтекстро
Annotation. Modern methodology includes a number of methods. One of the effective methods for presenting new language is so called 'guided discovery.' Scrivener defines it this way: the teacher is "leading people to discover things that they didn't know they knew via a process of structured questions" (Scrivener 268). The teacher can also introduce a situation, a context, and elicit the language from the students. A suitable reading or listening can be used as a source of the new language.
Keyword: Modern methodology, related, specific, knew via, same root, context
One of the ways in teaching English is using strategy as apart that cannot separate in education. Strategy refers to a plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal. Based on the reasons above, the solution that the researcher offers is to apply direct. method in teaching to improve students' speaking skill. By using this kind of method, students will consider that it is easier to get an idea without thinking about grammar. Teacher will use some pictures that telling or illustrating someone, something or somewhere by using direct method. It will guide students to explore and to generate idea to speak.
It is one of the best methods in teaching English. The method originated in France in 1901. It is also called as the natural method or reformed method. The direct method of teaching an English language came as a reaction against the translation-cum-grammar method. It is the method of teaching English through conversation, discussion and reading without use of the pupil's language, without translating and without the study of formal grammar. In this the student is encouraged to think directly in English. This method could be defined "as a method of teaching English language, through conversation, discussion and reading, in the language itself, without use of pupil's language, without translation and without the study of formal grammar.
The direct method, which arrived at the end of the ninetieth century, was the product of reform movement which was reacting to the restrictions of grammar translation. Translation was abandoned in favors of the teacher and the students speaking together, relating the grammatical forms they were studying to objects and pictures, etc. in order to establish their meaning. The sentence was still the main object of interest, and accuracy was all important. The direct method has one basic rule and that is that no translation is allowed. The meaning of the name, Direct Method, comes from the fact that meaning is to be conveyed directly into the second language though demonstration and visual aids. Based on the principles, it uses the way how most people have traditionally acquired languages in early stages. It means that it is a must to use the target language in presenting the new vocabulary and in communication, and the teacher must use the pictures, gestures, realia or by using the target language that is familiar to the students in explaining the new words. In other words, the Direct Method is regarded effective in teaching English speaking.
By using Direct Method in the small group of the class, the students will experience English directly and naturally. It also can motivate students to speak more. In the teaching and learning process, the teacher will drill English language from the first time, from the basic until the complex one, so that, students are not easy to forget the vocabulary or structure related to the context, and they can generate the idea of situation in their mind using the vocabulary related to the idea. Besides that, students can directly know how to pronounce words or sentences in a correct way. The implementation of the action in this research was over. Based on the actions, observation, and the reflections, the findings were found as the following.
First, using the direct method is believed to be able to improve the students' speaking skill. Formerly, the students had difficulties in constructing sentences because they rarely practiced and thought that they could not find any partner to speak English. By using this method, the students were facilitated to speak English naturally. Second, using the direct method is believed to be effective to improve the students' motivation in speaking. Basically, this method gave them another point of view about speaking. When teacher used some techniques to support this method, i.e. miming game, role play and info gap activity, increased the students' enthusiasm to practice speaking. They were motivated to know how to ask and answer questions as well. Applying several games also helped them to be more creative as well. By drilling, this technique would help the students to memorize the vocabulary, especially when this technique was supported by a "spiral technique". A "spiral technique" would make the students remember about what they have learned before. This is what the researcher point about; to speak naturally by giving them example, drilling and practicing in the real situations, would make their mind to think differently.
Third, there were some factors that should be considered by the teacher to minimize the problem during the implementation. First, the teacher had to consider the time. The teacher should be able to manage the time well so that the activities could be done. Second, the teacher should give clear explanation and demonstration/gestures so that they could understand well and could do what the teacher wanted. The last, the teacher should be able to manage and handle the class well. Because teaching young learners was different. They were very active, so the teacher should know some tricks to handle them, so that the students did not make noise that not in line with the discussion of the texts given.
Using the direct method in teaching to improve students' speaking skill. The teachers always use the ordinary ways of teaching like giving some questions, discussion and homework without any challenges activities that will train their brain to think critically. And of course it will affect much the students" achievement in speaking. The students become not interested in learning English. So it is needed to find ways in order to overcome the students" low achievement of reading. People start to learn English at the early age. In curriculum, English already taught in elementary school or even in the kindergarten. In this case, children, who already learn English in
their school, have a same problem in speaking. For example, students at elementary grade sometimes face many problems in learning English specially in speaking, for example the students are shy to speak, low motivation, less self-confidence, afraid of making mistakes, sometimes are reluctant to speak English, and the students look confuse if the teacher call one by one of them came in front of class to performance their speaking.
It happens because they do not know what their aims to speak, so their speaking grows slowly and also states that many students who wants to speak to the other usually face some troubles such as cannot produce their ideas, arguments or feelings. In addition, that condition makes them to study English more outside the school, for example at the language course. That's why, the writer solves this problem by applying Direct method in teaching speaking Descriptive. Teaching is a process of guiding, assisting and facilitating the leaner. In teaching English, a teacher should have a preparation like the syllabus and teaching material. To drive a maximal achievement in teaching-learning process there should be interaction between a teacher and her students in learning-process, both of the teacher and the students must be active. If the students just keep silent, how can be the teaching-process going on well. An English teacher should be able to create interesting and enjoyable teaching learning activities. The purpose is to give students an active and joyful learning, so they will have a motivation so stay focus on the lesson.
The direct method, as its name suggests, is teaching the foreign language without the interference of mother tongue. It is also called "natural method" because the students learn the foreign language in the same way as they learn their mother tongue. The direct method alsomeans that give an object directly to attract the students in speaking English.To solve the problems, the writer chooses one method from eight methods, namely direct method. Especially, the direct method doesn't use for the beginner, but it uses to the students who have a background knowledge in English. The direct method has a very basic rule: no translation is allowed. In fact, the direct method receives its name from the fact that meaning is to be connected directly with the target language without going through the process of translating into the students" native language [Larsen, 2000:18]. Speaking is a productive skill, like writing. It involves using speech to express meanings to other people [Spratt, 2005: 34].Speaking is how to speak competently and creatively to explore, develop and sustain ideas through talk. Among the four skills in English, speaking is the most difficult subject.
The learners need a lot of helping to prepare for speaking in the classroom. Practice of necessary vocabulary, time to organize their ideas and what they want to say, practice in pronouncing new words and expressions, practice in carrying out a task, before they can speak English freely.
According to Rivers (1971:5), speaking also essentially interaction between persons, comprehension plays roles as well as in expression". This means that the people as the speaker tend to comprehend the conversation that involves the again holding, yielding of terms, negotiations of meaning and direction, shifting of topic and also the speaker tend to have skills to express about what will be talked perceptions, feelings, interaction or ideas to hold the conversation. In speaking, the students should have an idea in their mind to begin the activity. The idea can be equally mounting with the topic. The topic is what will be said or expressed. There are two objectives in this study. The first objective is to know the profile of students' speaking skill after the implementation of the Direct Method.
Then, the second one is to describe the effectiveness of using the Direct Method in teaching in teaching to improve students' speaking skill. The findings of the research showed that the use of the Direct Method was able to improve students' speaking skills. Based on the qualitative data, the students could develop their ideas to produce a short sentence with better vocabulary, sentence structure and pronunciation. They also enthusiastically joined the teaching and learning activities. Based on the quantitative data, the research showed that the total mean score of the class was higher after the posttest. From the data, it showed that students' mean score for the speaking skill was
improved. Brown [2000:6] states that learning is the process of acquiring or getting knowledge of a subject or a skill by studying experience or instruction. Based on the previous statement, Brown (2000) classifies learning into some components; they are:
• Learning is acquisition or "getting".
• Learning is retention of information or skill.
Retention implies storage systems, memory, and cognitive organization.
• Learning involves active, conscious focus on and acting upon events outside the organism.
• Learning is relatively permanent but subject to forgetting.
• Learning involves some form of practice, perhaps reinforced practice.
• Learning is change in behavior
Language learning is a long and complex way. Language learning is the steps where the learners explore all their competence to think, feel, and act. In addition, Brown (2000: 1) also states that language learning is not a set of easy steps that can be programmed in a quick kit. It needs regular training in order to succeed in the learning process. Direct Method is a method of teaching a foreign language especially a modern language, through conversation, discussion and in the language itself, without use of the pupil's language, without translation and without the study of formal grammar. The first words are taught by pointing to objects or pictures or by performing actions."
The main philosophy behind this method is that the learner learns a foreign language in the same way as he learns his mother tongue. Although this method involves the classroom presentation around a text, every attempt is to make the language learning situation center around language use. Direct Method is a method of teaching a foreign language especially a modern language, through conversation, discussion and in the language itself, without use of the pupil's language, without translation and without the study of formal grammar. The first words are taught by pointing to objects or pictures or by performing actions. The main philosophy behind this method is that the learner learns a foreign language in the same way as he learns his mother tongue. Although this method involves the classroom presentation around a text, every attempt is to make the language learning situation center around language use. The main characteristics of direct method are:
1. In this method, there exists a direct bond between word and the idea. The learners think and speak by using the same medium.
2. This method stresses the use of day-to-day vocabulary and structures.
3. In this method, the unit of teaching is 'sentence' and not 'word' as the method follows the principle that the sentence being the unit of speech helps the child learns to talk.
4. Much stress is laid on speech as direct bond can be built by oral teaching only.
5. In this method functional grammar is taught and that too indirectly.
6. This method favors the presentation of limited vocabulary, based on needs and experiences of learners. Some new items are used while teaching a particular item and this is the natural order of learning a language.
7. Extensive practice is given in listening and speaking till it becomes a habit - till the point of automatism is reached.
8. This method demands extensive use of Audio - Visual material to explain and classify the concepts and meanings.
9. This method follows the scientific principles of proceeding from simple to complex and from concrete to abstract.
10. This method strictly prohibits the use of mother tongue. In order to form the direct bond between thought and expression.
How Teacher Proceeds in Direct Method.
1. The teacher usually presents 'text' - a short specially constructed narrative in foreign language.
2. The teacher reads loudly and the students are then made to comprehend it individually.
3. It is followed by Question - Answer session.
4. The teacher gives full opportunity to the students to speak the language - the sounds, sentence, patterns, rhythm, intonation and correct pronunciation is emphasized.
5. The main objective of this method is to develop the spoken form. .The student shakes hand with the target language directly. It Enables the Children as:
1. The language used is of immediate environment starting from classroom, home, street, garden etc.
2. This method is a step ahead of its predecessors. A student gets chance to grow linguistically.
3. Here, a student and a teacher are in rigorous practice and the student feels satisfied owing to purposeful exercise.
Techniques Involved in Direct Method. The various techniques involved in this method are:
1. Dictation.
2. Imitation.
3. Mimicry,
4. Spoken form narratives etc,
5. Dramatics. Merits of Direct Method.
1. This method establishes a direct relation between language and features of human experience rather than bringing in the mother tongue of the learner as the medium to obtain comprehension.
2. This method stresses the spoken aspect of language thus developing good pronunciation and other speech skills.
3. This method follows the scientific principles of proceeding from simple to complex and concrete to abstract thus emphasizing the natural order of learning.
4. The teaching learning process becomes quite natural, easy and interesting.
5. The students get used to the language most of the time as a result more and more is learnt and due syllabus can be completed within specified time.
Drawbacks of Direct Methods.
1. It is challenging method for teachers. Hence incompetent teacher means ineffective teaching learning.
2. It sometimes becomes time consuming because at times it becomes very difficult to explain words in target language only.
3. The training beyond elementary level in this method is not available so it becomes confusing in the long run both for the teachers and the learners.
4. The teaching aids are to be used liberally which is not possible in all situations.
5. The classroom size should become as per the demands of this method but this is usually not possible in our situation.
6. The meaning of abstract things cannot be taught easily to the learners by using this method.
7. In this method, there is more stress on the oral aspects whereas reading and writing skills get very less attention.
8. It becomes an expensive method as the teacher has to make use of various teaching aids.
Keep the learning aims very simple and build in plenty of child-friendly practice tasks to allow them to practice your target language again and again.
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