CC BY
39
Synthesis Ni-doped CuO nanorods via Successive Ionic Layer Deposition method
and their capacitive performance
A. A. Lobinsky, M. V. Kaneva Saint Petersburg State University, Peterhof, 198504 Saint Petersburg, Russia [email protected]
PACS 81.07.Bc DOI 10.17586/2220-8054-2020-11-5-608-614
In this work first described the new relatively simple approach to the synthesis of nanolayers of Ni-doped CuO via of Successive Ionic Layer Deposition (SILD) method. The study of Ni-doped CuO nanolayers, synthesized of SILD, has been carried out by HRTEM, XRD, FTIR and XPS spectroscopy methods; it was demonstrated that they had been formed of nanorods with dimensions of about 10-15 nm and tenorite crystal structure CuO were formed. The research electrochemical properties of nanolayers were carried out in 1 KOH solution by using techniques of cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic curves method. The electrochemical study of nickel foam electrodes modified by Ni-doped CuO nanolayer prepared by 30 SILD cycles demonstrates that specific capacitance is 154 mAh/g (1240 F/g) at current density 1 A/g. Repeated cycling after 1000 charge-discharge cycles demonstrates 8% capacitance fade from the initial value, so such electrodes may be used as effective electroactive materials for alkaline battery and pseudocapacitors.
Keywords: copper oxide, nanocrystal, nanorods, successive ionic layer deposition, electrode materials, alkaline battery. Received: 10 October 2020
1. Introduction
As is known, the key role of increase the effectiveness of energy storage devices consist is to create new electrode materials with high energy density and long cycle life [1,2]. From that point of view are of great interest use available oxides and oxyhydroxides of transition metals. These oxides and oxyhydroxides compete with noble metals (RuO2), used by electroactive materials in pseudocapacitor. Such materials are environmentally friendly, low cost and at the same time have high specific energy values. Usually, among all oxides and oxyhydroxides, cobalt oxides [3], nickel oxides [4], manganese oxides [5] and iron oxides [6] are used most frequently. However, recent research shows that the most effective electroactive capacity materials should have high intrinsic conductivity and must have a developed morphology of specific shape, which should provide, on the one hand, high specific surface area and, on the other, provide fast diffusion of ions on the surface of the electrode [7].
Recently, copper oxide nanoparticles have been studied as electroactive materials for energy storage devices, as this is one of the oxides with high conductivity and unique morphology [8-11]. In those papers, methods of chemical and eletrochemical deposition from solutions have been used for the synthesis of such nanoparticles. It is worth noticing that previously CuO nanolayers on the metal surface have been obtained via the SILD method (also called SILAR [12]) to form effective electrodes for supercapacitors. This method is based on the successive and repeated adsorption on the surface of the cations and anions substrate, which interact and give a nanolayer of an insoluble compound. The SILD method has great potential for practical use to form nanolayers on the surface of the products of complex shapes and has been used earlier, for example, for the synthesis of NiO1+xnH2O [13], MnOOH [14], CoOOH [15], AgMnO2 [16], Co-doped Cu(OH)2 [17], CoO-NiO solid solution [18], and also Zn-Fe layered double hydroxysulfate [19,20] which can be used as materials for electrocatalytic reforming of ethanol.
In the present paper, we report a new simple route of synthesis of Ni-doped CuO nanolayers via the SILD method. The obtained nanolayers consist of CuO, including nickel atoms, with nanorods morphology, oriented mainly perpendicular to the substrate surface. We also describe their properties as electroactive materials for the electrode of alkaline batteries and pseudocapacitors.
2. Experimental
As a substrate for the synthesis of CuO nanolayers 0.3 x 5 x 25 mm polycrystalline Ni plates were used, on which electrochemical experiments were performed, and also 0.35 x 10 x 25 mm single-crystal Si plates with (100) orientation, were used for physical characterization. Extra pure water (Milli-Q) was used in all experiments. Si substrates were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath filled with acetone for 10 min. Then plates of Si were sequentially treated for 10 min in concentrated HF, water, 70% HNO3, water, 0.1 M KOH and then flushed out by water. Ni plates
were treated according to the technique described in [21] for 15 min in 6 M HCl solution, then several times rinsed by water and dried on air at 120 °C for 30 min.
A solution of mixed Cu(NH3)4(CH3COO)2 and Ni(NH3)4(CH3COO)2 was prepared by dissolving dry analytical grade salts Cu(CH3COO)2 -n^O and Ni(CH3COO)2 ■ nH2O (C = 0.01 M) and NH4CH3COO (C = 0.1 M) indeionized water. The pH of the solution was 9.4 and adjusted by the addition of the NH4OH solution. The time between the preparation of solutions and synthesis was 0.5 h. For the synthesis of Ni-doped CuO nanolayers substrate plates were fixed in a holder of special home-made automatic setup and sequentially immersed for 30 s into a solution of mixed copper and nickel ammonia, then washed from excess reagent in distilled water. On the second step, plates were immersed in a solution of H2O2 (3%, pH 9.5 adjusted by addition of KOH solution) and again washed in water (Fig. 1). This sequence corresponds to one SILD cycle, which is repeated 30 times to obtain the desired nanolayer thickness. Finished the sample was calcined on argon atmosphere at 200 °C for 30 minutes at a heating rate of 5 °C/min.
it
h2o h2o2
Fig. 1. Scheme of synthesis Ni-doped CuO nanolayers by SILD method
The obtained samples were characterized by HRTEM, FTIR, XPS and XRD methods. The morphology of synthesized films was investigated by HRTEM (ZeissLibra 200FE, 200 kV). FTIR transmission spectra of synthesized films on the Si surface were registered by Infraspec FSM 2201 spectrophotometer using a differential technique with respect to spectra of bare silicon plate. XRD patterns were obtained using a Bruker D8 DISCOVER X-ray diffrac-tometer with CuKa radiation in grazing incidence diffraction geometry (0 = 0.3 0). The compositional analyses of the samples were characterized by XPS (ESCALAB 250Xi electron spectrometer, with Al Ka radiation 14 866 eV). Hydro-chemical equilibria in solutions were estimated using the simulation program Hydra-Medusa.
The electrochemical measurements of NF electrodes with the synthesized nanolayers were carried out in a three-electrode electrochemical cell using Elins P-45X potentiostat. The working electrode was prepared by the deposition of Ni-doped CuO nanolayers on the Ni foam surface as a result of 30 treatment cycles by the SILD method. Platinum foil serves as the counter electrode and Ag/AgCl (aq. KCl sat.) as the reference electrode. Electrochemical characterization of the films was made by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (CD) techniques.
The specific capacitance C (mAh/g) as an electrode for alkaline battery at different current densities can be calculated via eq (1):
C = / m (1)
J m
where I (mA) is a galvanostatic current, dt (h) is the discharge time of a cycle and m (g) is the mass of the active material in the film electrode [22].
Specific capacitance C (F/g) as pseudocapacitor were calculated using the following eq (2):
C -AAm (2)
where I (mA) is a galvanostatic current, A V (mV) is the potential window, At (s) is the discharge time of a cycle and m (g) is the mass of the active material in the film electrode [23]. The electroactive mass of Ni-doped CuO for the working electrode was measured using an OHAUS Pioneer TM PA54C microbalance.
3. Result and discussion
The results of the synthesized nanolayers study via the HRTEM method (Fig. 2) demonstrate that nanolayers are formed on the surface after 30 SILD cycles. The nanolayers consist of nanocrystals with nanorods morphology and dimension about 10-15 nm.
Fig. 2. HRTEM image of copper contained nanolayers
Figure 3 shows the XRD pattern of the synthesized copper contained nanolayers. The latter is in line with crys-tallographic planes with the orientation of (-111), (111), (-202), (020), (202), (-113) and (311), which are related to a monoclinic crystal lattice of tenorite structure CuO (JCPDS 80-1916) [24].
On the FTIR spectrum (Fig. 4) of the original sample, the broad bands at 3400 cm-1 and 1645 cm-1 are attributed to valence vibrations and deformation vibrations of the hydroxyl groups from H2O, respectively [25]. The bands with peaks at 1540 cm-1 and 1100 cm-1 correspond to the valence vibrations of the carbonyl group of acetate contained in precursor salt [26]. The bands observed at 530 cm-1 and 450 cm-1 can be corresponding to Cu-O vibrations in CuO [27].
The XPS spectrum shown in Fig. 5 indicates the presence of Cu and Ni elements with the atomic ration 1.0/0.38. As shown in Fig. 5(a), two major peaks with binding energy 934.1 eV and 954.1 eV are corresponding to Cu 2p3/2 and Cu 2p1/2, indicating that element Cu is the chemical state of 2+ in the sample [28]. The Ni 2p spectra (Fig. 5b) reveal the presence peaks with binding energy 855.4 eV and 872.9 eV are corresponding to Ni 2p3/2 and Ni 2p1/2, and also satellites peaks, which indicate of Ni is the chemical state of 2+ and 3+ [29].
Comparison of research results, conducted via XRD, XPS and FTIR methods, allows us to conclude: obtained nanolayers consist of copper oxide, doped nickel atoms, which are likely to be included in the crystal structure CuO.
We assume that such a structure can possess interesting and practical electrochemical performance, in particular as electrode materials for power sources in the alkaline electrolyte (1M KOH). The cyclic voltammograms of the nickel foam (NF) electrode with Ni-doped CuO nanolayers were recorded in a potential window from 0 to 550 mV vs. Ag/AgCl electrode at scanning rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mV/s (Fig. 6). At a scan rate of 5 mV/s, two redox processes on anodic curve take place in the layer, including the Cu+ ^ Cu2+ transformation at 310 mV and the Ni2+ ^Ni3+ at 390 mV. The proportionality of currents to scan rate provides information that the film is thick enough, and the charge transfer rate is limited by diffusion of charge carriers in the film.
The specific capacitance of the Ni-doped CuO NF electrode is calculated from charge-discharge curves (Fig. 7) by eq (1) and eq (2) to be 154 mAh/g (1240 F/g), 69 mAh/g (1063 F/g) and 25 mAh/g (960 F/g) at the current densities
Fig. 3. XRD pattern of copper contained nanolayers
450
3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Wavenumber (cm )
Fig. 4. FTIR transmission spectrum of copper contained nanolayers on silicon
of 1, 2 and 5 A/g, respectively. The high value of specific capacity can be explaining to good conductivity of CuO and also the significant contribution of nickel atoms in pseudocapacity for this sample.
Cyclic stability is also an important property for electroactive materials. The capacity retention of the NF electrode with Ni-doped CuO nanolayers after 1000 charge-discharge cycles at current density 2 A/g was kept 92% of its initial capacity (Fig. 8) that shows good cycling stability of this material. High cycling stability can be explained by the feature morphology of ultrathin nanocrystals of CuO which provide fast diffusion of ions on the electrode surface and while not being destroyed in charge-discharge process.
We believe that these electrochemical capacity characteristics for electrodes of alkaline battery and pseudocapac-itor based on Ni-doped CuO nanorods, synthesized via the SILD method, can be improved using a new scheme of their synthesis, including nanocomposite with carbon materials (CNT, graphene), the formation of which has been obtained after a new sequence of reagent treatment. However, these experiments fall outside the scope of the present paper. Undoubtedly, the synthesized nanolayers can also form a basis for effective electrodes of electrocatalysts and electrochemical sensors, etc.
Fig. 5. XPS spectra Cu2p (a) and Ni2p (b) of copper contained nanolayers on the silicon surface
Fig. 6. CVA curves for NF electrode with Ni-doped CuO nanolayers at a scan rate of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mV/s
Fig. 7. Galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of the electrode with Ni-doped CuO nanolayers
120
o
| 60 CD
I 40 -
ra
(J
20 -
0 -i-1-i-1-i-1-,-1-i-1
0 200 400 600 300 1000
Cycle number
FIG. 8. The cycling stability for the NF electrode with Ni-doped CuO nanolayers at 2 A/g
4. Conclusion
In summary, the possibility of obtaining Ni-doped CuO nanolayers via the SILD method using mixed copper and nickel ammonia aqueous solution and hydrogen peroxide solution was shown. The results show the synthesized nanolayers were formed nanocrystals of Ni-doped CuO the thickness of about 10-15 nm with tnanorod morphology and the monoclinic tenorite crystal structure of CuO. The electrochemical study of Ni-doped CuO nanolayers-modified nickel foam electrodes, prepared by 30 SLID cycles, demonstrates that the specific capacitance is 154 mAh/g (1240 F/g) at a current density of 1 A/g. Repeated cycling for 1000 charge-discharge cycles demonstrates a relatively small 8% capacitance fade. The electrode based on Ni-doped CuO nanolayers had shown high energy density and the long-term electrochemical cycling stability. Thus this material can be a potential application as electroactive materials for alkaline battery and pseudocapacitors.
5. Acknowledgments
This research was financial supported by the Grant of President of Russian Federation MK-2860.2019.3. The authors are grateful to the Centers for X-ray diffraction studies and Nanotechnology of Saint-Petersburg State University.
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