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1GEOLOGICAL AND MINERALOGICAL SCIENCES
SYNERGISTIC PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Niemets K.
Doctor of Sciences (Geography), Professor, Department of Human Geography and Regional Studies, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, https://orcid. org/0000-0002-7262-2111;
Sukhov V.
PhD (Geology), Senior Lecturer, Department of Hydrogeology, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5784-5248;
Matveyev A.
Doctor of Science (Geology), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Geology, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2600-6529
Abstract
The article deals with some methodological problems of the usage of synergetics in hydrogeology. The brief overview of the development of synergetics, in particular, in geological studies has been given. The concept of complex systems development has been analyzed terms of self-development as applied to hydrogeological systems, and it has been shown that the basic principles of synergetics have a semantic interpretation in hydrogeology. The synergistic principles of homeostaticity, hierarchy, nonlinearity, openness, instability, emergence and observability have been considered. The conclusion about the opportunity of interpreting the synergistic principles of development in the study of hydrogeosystems has been substantiated.
Keywords: hydrogeosystems, synergistic paradigm, hydrogeosystems functioning, hydrogeosystems development, homeostaticity, hierarchy, nonlinearity, openness, instability, emergence, observability.
The relevance of the research. Formed at the end
of the last century, the synergistic paradigm has radically changed the scientific understanding of the development of the surrounding world. First of all, the syn-ergistic approach has interested scientists who study systems in real time. It is not by chance that new ideas and concepts of synergetics quickly began to be introduced in chemistry, physics, biology and at the interface of these sciences, i.e. in the subject area where the studied systems develop quickly and are readily available for observation. For example, it is convenient to study hereditary mutations of organisms on biological species, for which the lifespan of a generation is several days.
In the Earth sciences the situation with the introduction of the synergistic paradigm is significantly different. Thus, in physical and human geography, research objects develop in the historical and geographical dimension of time (the distinctive period of development of processes, on average, vary from tens to thousands of years) and therefore is relatively accessible for studying their dynamics. In geology the objects of study - geosystems - develop on a geological scale of time and the distinctive period of development of geological processes is 5-6 orders of magnitude greater than that of historical and geographical processes. As a result, geological structures (geosystems) are represented to modern people as static and are studied only as sources of structural information that has been formed by now. Earthquakes, volcanism and other modern tectonic phenomena, which are considered by
the general public as natural disasters or catastrophes that threaten people's lives, testify to the dynamics of geosystems development. The real role of these cataclysms, as well as of other phenomena, in the dynamics of the development of the Earth can be assessed only by geologists of the relevant specialization. Therefore, the tool for studying the dynamics of geosystems is mainly hypothetical conceptual models that find partial confirmation in the results of field studies.
The described situation gives rise to a certain pessimism regarding the introduction of the synergistic paradigm into geological studies. In the scientific literature of the post-Soviet space, arguments about the doubtfulness of applying synergistic principles to studying social and natural systems (including geosystems) because synergetics is a false science can be occasionally found (for example, [3]). In our opinion, this is the consequence of the fact that the new progressive theory is being "tried on" with outdated ideas instead of creating new epistems and models. Unfortunately, in geology, at first glance, there is every reason for this. For example, a geologist cannot interpret the principle of non-linear development while almost all the phenome-nological laws of local processes established in the nineteenth century have a linear form (Darcy, Fick, Fourier, and others). Hence, all the calculated equations and dependencies, which in this case describe filtration, diffusion, and heat transfer, are applicable only for the area of linear flows. Therefore, the methodological apparatus of the relevant sciences has not yet "matured"
to the horizon of synergetics. There are other «bottlenecks» in the interpretation of geological processes from the standpoint of synergetics. That is why the interpretation and study of the opportunities of applying the synergistic principles in the study of geosystems is not only an important theoretical, but also an applied task.
The review of previous studies. Synergetics as a science formed in the middle of the twentieth century owing to the fundamental research of the German scientist G. Haken. In the mid-60s, he formulated the main provisions of synergetics as a science of interaction and self-development of large complex open systems. Studies in the first half of the twentieth century on the theory of A. Bogdanov and L. Bertalanffy, the cybernetics of N. Wiener, the theory of information of R. Hartley and C. Shannon, the thermodynamics of nonequilibrium processes and systems of I. Prigogine and many other researchers accompanied this.
The process of self-organization of a system was first described in the works of G. Haken [16, 17, 18, and others]. G. Haken showed how features of a complex system can be described and studied at the macro level. In parallel, I. Prigogine developed the theory of thermodynamics of nonequilibrium and strongly nonequilibrium processes and systems. In his numerous works with co-authors [5-14], specific applications of this theory in various fields of science, in particular, in natural science, are considered. The important methodological consequence is that I. Prigogine justified the informational criterion for the evolution of systems, which makes it possible to consider their development as a continuous process of accumulation and transformation of information. In particular, the criterion of evolution gives possibility to use the quantitative analysis of the self-development of systems, which puts the study at a higher methodological level.
The work of scientists of the second half of the twentieth century created a solid foundation for a new science, which became the basis of the new general scientific paradigm of the 21 st century - synergistic. Modern synergy, as the science of self-development, is based on two fundamental principles that are not typical for classical science. These are non-linearity and unpredictability of the processes of evolution in complex systems and modes with aggravation (with rapid avalanche-like growth).
The development of the synergistic paradigm in the late 20th and early 21st century is associated with the names of such scientists as S. Kapitsa, S. Kurdyu-mov, E. Knyazeva, Yu. Klimontovich, B. Mandelbrot, E. Moran, F. Varela, and others. The fundamental works of J. Gregory, M. Sadovsky, D. Egorov, F. Let-nikov [4] and many other scientists are devoted to the problems of using the synergistic paradigm in various areas of geology. Currently, the synergistic approach is beginning to be increasingly used in geology, since the synergistic principles and patterns of self-development of large complex systems, undoubtedly, can be applied to geosystems.
The purpose of the study. In this article we aim to show the opportunities of interpreting the principles
of synergetics in the study of hydrogeosystems - systems of layers of permeable rocks saturated with gravi-tationally free water, and more generally with other fluids. In particular, hydrogeosystems are deposits of underground waters (drinking, industrial, thermal, etc.), oil, gas, and other fluids.
The main material. The main process in hydro-geosystems is fluid filtration in the voids and cracks of water-bearing rocks. Therefore, their most important feature is that they, as secondary formations in relation to the primary geological structures, are more dynamic, change much faster and their evolution is available for observation and research for several decades. Another feature is due to the fact that all types of regime (hydro-dynamic, hydrochemical, hydrothermal and others) of hydrogeosystems are well formalized and described by the corresponding equations, which allows using mathematical models to their study. In addition, the regime of hydrogeosystems is easier to manage, i.e. one can experiment with their dynamics.
As follows from the research of the scientific school of I. Prigogine [12], the development of any large complex and open system depends on the degree of its disequilibrium. It is advisable to consider this question conceptually for some abstract system and, by comparison, for a hydrogeosystem.
When a system is in complete equilibrium, there are no drains and sources in it. This means that there are no gradients and flows of matter and energy inside the system and between it and the external environment, and the total entropy reaches its maximum value. In hydrodynamic interpretation, this means that a hy-drogeosystem has no gradient of gravitational potential (pressure) and there is no flow of groundwater. Water particles (molecular aggregates) in the pore space can randomly move only under the influence of molecular interaction forces.
When a system is brought out of equilibrium, gradients of matter and energy arise between it and the external environment, as a result of which the material-energy and information exchange inside the system and with the environment begins. In a weakly non-equilibrium state (in the field of homeostasis), these flows are linearly reversible, system parameter fluctuations under the influence of the external environment are suppressed by negative feedback mechanisms, as a result of which the system retains a certain constancy of structure and functioning with a minimum of entropy production. With regard to a hydrogeosystem, it should be noted that the emergence of a pressure gradient in it due to the changes in the external environment begins to influence the processes of molecular interaction between particles of water and rock in the pore space. In pores of sufficiently large size, the gravitational movement of water begins with a minimum pressure gradient. In smaller pores, when there is a large amount of clay particles in the granulometric composition of the rock, the structural viscosity of the water first appears due to the sorption potential of the rock. The movement of water in them begins when a certain initial pressure gradient is reached, which is sufficient to overcome the forces of molecular interaction. And only after that, the lami-
nar flow of groundwater, described by the linear filtration law (Darcy), is formed in the whole space of the hydrogeosystem. The structure of the flow depends on the specific characteristics of the primary geological structure of the hydrogeosystem and hydrodynamic features at the boundaries of the system. At each point of the flow, the velocity vector is stable in direction, and its length depends on the magnitude of the pressure gradient. This is the constancy of the hydrodynamic structure of the flow and the hydrogeosystem as a whole.
In a more non-equilibrium state (close to the boundary of the homeostasis area), the real-energy and information flows in the system become non-linear (described by non-linear equations). As a result, positive feedback mechanisms are beginning to manifest themselves, contributing to the accumulation of fluctuations (mutations) in the system. In a strongly non-equilibrium state (far from the equilibrium state), the effect of positive feedback mechanisms prevails, as a result of which parameter fluctuations are not suppressed, but accumulate. When they reach critical values at bifurcation points in a state of instability, the system undergoes a phase transition, i.e., it jumps into a new state - new structure, features, behavior, functions, etc. are formed. In a hydrogeosystem, the increase in instability leads to flow turbulization, when the velocity vector at any point begins to pulsate - randomly changing direction and length. Such a flow regime is described by a two-term dependence of the filtration rate on a pressure gradient with a predominance of a quadratic term. At the same time, suffusion is observed in well-permeable porous rocks, as a result of which not only the mesostruc-ture of the groundwater flow changes, but also the lith-ological composition of water-bearing rocks changes irreversibly due to the removal of small particles. Thus, outside the area of homeostasis (linear flow regime), a hydrogeosystem undergoes irreversible changes, which in the degenerate case can lead to its complete destruction. At the same time, in the influence zone of such a hydrogeosystem, engineering structures (for example, dams), due to the decomposition of the base, can partially or completely lose stability.
Often at the bifurcation point there are many possible options for the further development of a system (new states), from which one, the most likely at the moment, is randomly "chosen". Further, a system continues to develop according to the "chosen" way to the next state of bifurcation. Thus, the trajectory of the development of non-equilibrium systems is the order of bifurcation points, in which the revolutionary jump-like phase of development is realized, and between them there is a more quiet evolutionary phase with the gradual accumulation of new features. At the same time, if in the evolutionary phase of development a large number of strong changes in parameters accumulate, at the next point of bifurcation a system can move into the area of attraction of another attractor. This leads to a fundamental change in the goals of development. In addition, at the highest hierarchical levels of the system, specific order parameters are formed, which determine its behavior and features at the macro level, since they have a much greater influence compared to the current
factors of the lower hierarchical levels. Owing to the stochastic nature of the behavior of a nonequilibrium system at bifurcation points, predicting its development as a whole becomes problematic.
I. Prigogine [2] in the 70s of the last century showed that under highly non-equilibrium states of a system one more new development invariant appears -as a result of self-organization, dissipative structures are formed. They are highly resistant to environmental disturbances. In hydrogeosystems, apparently, dissipa-tive structures are locally formed in karst cavities, fracture systems with large disclosures, etc., where the resistance to groundwater movement is minimal and the flow energy is not only spent on motion, but also dissipated due to intense mechanical mixing of the streams and the formation of a free surface.
From the foregoing it can be seen that in the subject-object field of hydrogeology it is possible to find confirmation and methodological opportunities of using main provisions and principles of synergetics in the study of hydrogeosystems. However, one important feature of hydrogeosystems functioning should be noted - all of them, almost without exception, at different hierarchical levels experience the influence of a powerful universal parameter of order - the purposeful influence of man. In some cases, this influence is purposeful, then one can talk about the management of hy-drogeosystems (drainage, water intakes, restocking, regime optimization, etc.). In others, it is an unpredictable result of nature management (desertification, landscape change, subsidence of the earth's surface, deterioration of groundwater quality, depletion of aquifers, etc.). In the first case, the attractor of the development of the hydrogeosystem (development goal) is specifically set by society, and in the second, it is formed randomly due to the failure of a man to foresee the negative consequences of environmental management. This raises the need to take into account synergistic effects in the development of hydrogeosystems in order to better understand the mechanisms of minimizing or completely eliminating the negative consequences of managing hydrogeosystems and natural systems in general.
The development of hydrogeosystems (hydrogeo-logical process) we consider as their movement in a phase multidimensional space, which makes it possible to apply the scientific apparatus of analytical geometry to its study. In addition, there are indicators of systemic development (informational entropy, information, gravitational potential, concentration of solutes, geophysical indicators, etc.), which allow us to identify the approach of hydrogeosystems to bifurcation points and influence the further trajectory of their development.
We now turn to the consideration of the principles of synergy regarding to hydrogeosystems. Today, in our opinion, seven basic principles of synergetics [1] are sufficiently substantiated - two principles of being (state), three principles of becoming (development) and two constructive principles.
Principles of being:
1. Homeostaticity is maintaining the state and functioning of a hydrogeosystem so that the trajectory of its development corresponds to the selected attractor
- the goal of the hydrogeological process. If a hydroge-osystem is controlled, i.e. its state is purposefully changed by a man, the most urgent is the task of monitoring the real development trajectory and timely diagnosing critical deviations from the planned (project) trajectory, which involves reaching the attractor with minimal expenditure of resources - time, energy and matter. Upon detection of critical deviations, measures are taken to return the real trajectory to the reasonable corridor. Since controlled hydrogeosystems belong to the type of natural and man-made systems, their regime is established and adjusted by means of man-made elements (wells, drains, barrages, etc.).
In the event that changes of hydrogeosystems occur as a result of unforeseen, side effects of nature management, as a rule, the main process needs to be adjusted. For example, in case of water withdrawal above the reasonable norm from the main aquifer, a significant violation of the hydrodynamic regime of other, associated with it, aquifers may occur. To remedy the situation, optimization of the operating regime of the main aquifer is required, taking into account all possible connections in the hydrogeosystem as well as possible consequences.
It is obvious that such tasks require creating an optimum monitoring system as well as the competence of control subsystems.
2. Hierarchy is the presence of a hierarchical structure of a complex system, when subsystems of a higher order consist of subsystems of a lower order with the transfer of the latter part of their degrees of freedom and functions as well as the creation of a new quality (emergence). Hydrogeosystems, generally, have a complex hierarchical structure in accordance with geological criteria (primary geological structure). However, they must be supplemented by at least three more criteria: a) the phase state of water; b) disturbing (man-made) effects; c) physical and chemical interaction.
The criterion of the phase state of water is manifested in the fact that the mobility of the phase boundary between water-ice and ice-steam is determined by the thermodynamics of the array in the field of permafrost or within the layer of seasonal freezing or thawing. The water-steam boundary can be the boundary of ther-modynamic phase equilibrium (which is associated with the temperature regime of the lithosphere) or the boundary, which is released as the rocks are saturated (the boundary between the complete saturation zone and the aeration zone, in which the concentration of water steam can be far from the limit values). This criterion is specific and secondary to geological criteria.
The imposition of the criterion of disturbing effects is determined by the high dynamism and quick response of hydrogeosystems to natural and man-made impacts. Natural disturbances caused by natural disasters and cataclysms occur extremely rarely, and techno-genic disturbances are much more common and have a massive and widespread nature. Therefore, this criterion is relevant for natural-man-made hydrogeological systems.
A hydrogeosystem development should be considered at least in two time dimensions: in the geological time scale and historical time scale. In geological time,
its dynamics are not directly observable, therefore, conceptual theoretical models based on the deductive approach are used. In historical time, under undisturbed conditions, a hydrogeosystem can be considered as stationary, when there is a balance in the exchange of matter and energy with the external environment, the system structure is stable, system connections and features are constant (but in geological time the system is dynamic). When an active technogenic element (water intake, drainage, absorbing well, etc.) is put into a natural hydrogeological system, it abruptly changes its structure and leads to the system disturbance, its rapid withdrawal from the state of relative equilibrium. This means that in an unperturbed natural system a new anthropogenic system-forming factor appears, which, firstly, influences established system links and, secondly, determines the need for the development of new system links.
Thus, a natural hydrogeosystem turns into a natural-man-made system. The degree of its perturbation depends on the intensity of the technogenic element impact. Due to the anthropocentric nature management -the desire to meet the needs of mankind (including water demand) at any cost - the cumulative man-made disturbing effects on the underground hydrosphere are currently characterized by progressive dynamics and intensity. This is manifested, for example, in the increase in volumes and rates of water withdrawal from underground sources, the emergence and deepening of large depression craters in areas of mining enterprises concentration, intensive and progressive production of liquid hydrocarbons and natural gas from deep horizons, etc. All this develops in historical time and creates the massive nature of groundwater pollution and depletion.
So, stable in historical time, natural hydrogeosystems, while going into a state of natural and man-made systems, acquire an imbalance in exchange processes with the external environment and are characterized by high dynamism in changing links and features, which ultimately leads to a loss of relative stability and change in their functioning nature.
The impact on a natural and man-made hydroge-osystem of technogenic elements can be analyzed in two aspects: temporal and spatial. The time aspect requires an analysis of the impact intensity, that is, the degree of perturbation per time unit. The perturbation analysis in space is associated with such important concepts of engineering geology and hydrogeology as the "sphere of interaction" and the "influence zone" of an engineering structure. The temporal and spatial aspects of a hydrogeosystem perturbation are connected by a fundamental relation - the Fourier criterion. It shows that the size of the influence zone depends on the time of the disturbance. Therefore, the sphere of interaction is allocated in a hydrogeosystem as a dynamic subsystem, which significantly changes its size in time. This conclusion is critical since it allows to substantiate the criterion of the structural organization of a hydrogeo-logical system with anthropogenic impact - the intensity and duration of the human pressures.
The criterion of physicochemical interaction reflects the features of the formation of flows of matter
and energy in the underground hydrosphere at micro-and macro levels, i.e. realistically explains the hierarchical structure of hydrogeosystems and justifies the need for transition from a real discrete filtration environment to a hypothetical continuous geofiltration environment with continuously distributed parameters. At the micro level, a porous environment is discrete and, when fluid moves in it, random fields of micro velocities are formed, having a complex structure depending on the configuration, size and other geometrical parameters of the pore space, physical and kinetic properties of the fluid, features of interaction between the fluid and the mineral skeleton of the rock and other factors. While the description of these factors is unavoidable when describing a microflow, when passing to a macroflow (in volumes significantly exceeding the geometric dimensions of the pore space), it becomes possible to statistically average and replace them with an integral parameter - the filtration coefficient. This greatly simplifies the description of the filtration process and allows the usage of continuum mechanics methods. The minimum radius of a spherical elemental (representative) rock volume, within which the averaged parameters of the porous environment still retain statistical stability, determines the boundary between two fundamentally different levels of the structural organization of a hydrogeosystem. The parameters of chemical interaction are taken into account in the same way in the study of hydrogeochemical migration. But in this case, along with the size of the representative volume, the distinctive time taken to equalize the concentration of the substance in this volume also matters.
It should be noted that the criterion of physico-chemical interaction is based on the hydrodynamic laws governing the formation of an underground stream and is objective. At the same time, it reflects the imperfection of our knowledge of the underground hydrosphere (it is fundamentally impossible to describe the filtration in each pore channel), and therein lies its subjectivity.
In real hydrogeosystems one can distinguish many hierarchical levels of organization - from the global underground hydrosphere to the pore space. But they have a general pattern, which is the essence of the synergistic principle of hierarchy, namely, in the subsystem of a higher order (macrosystem) order parameters that determine its regime and functioning of subsystems of the lower order (according to the subordination principle) are formed. Smooth changes in the order parameters determine the coherent (coordinated) action of the subsystems of a lower level which is a manifestation of the self-organization of the hydrogeological system as a whole. If, at the same time, changes in the order parameters lead to a crisis state in the subsystems of the lowest level, this subsystem goes into a bifurcation state. Thus, the hydrogeosystem of the highest (current) hierarchical level has order parameters that determine its attractor and behavior at all levels of the hierarchy.
Principles of becoming:
3. Nonlinearity is manifested in the violation of the principle of superposition, when the result of the sum of causes is not the sum of the results of the causes. Nonlinear effects always occur at the boundaries of the
area of homeostasis of hydrogeosystems, when processes become irreversible. In other words, nonlinearity manifests itself near the boundaries of the area of hy-drogeosystems existence as the critical values of the parameters of homeostasis, at which the hydrogeosystem can undergo destruction (for example, a catastrophic situation), are being reached. Nonlinearity causes decrease in the stability of the hydrogeosystem up to the transition to the state of chaos, at which the bifurcation point is formed and the hydrogeosystem moves to a new state. It should be emphasized that during the transition to a nonlinear mode of functioning positive feedbacks, which allow the system to accumulate mutations and reduce stability, start to prevail in the hydrogeosys-tem.
4. Openness is the main condition for the hydro-geosystem development and is manifested in its active interaction with the external environment through the exchange of matter, energy and information. In a closed or isolated system with no external exchange, according to the second law of thermodynamics, entropy constantly increases, and it gradually turns into the state of chaos, that is, it becomes disorganized. Therefore, it is precisely in the openness of hydrogeosystems that the possibility of their evolution and self-development lies - the movement from simple to complex, complexity of structure and functioning, formation of more efficient subsystems, etc. with the growth of information of hydrogeosystems (and the entropy of the environment). In the opposite case, when the entropy increases, the hy-drogeosystem degrades.
In equilibrium large hydrogeosystems, for example, in artesian basins, effective stable non-equilibrium dissipative structures that do not reach maximum entropy and in which organization is maintained due to real-energy and information exchange with the external environment can be formed.
5. Instability is a possible outcome of a hydrogeosystem from the area of homeostasis due to the principles of nonlinearity and openness. The unstable states of hydrogeosystems are associated with certain points in the space of control parameters (order parameters) and are, in fact, the cause of bifurcation points formation. They program the birth and development of a new quality, structural and functional restructuring of a hydrogeosystem. It is in these points of instability that a transition to a new quality is possible under a weak information impact without the usage of force factors.
The last point is very important in the hydroge-osystems management, because bifurcation points can arise as a result of incorrect control actions, for example, an erroneous choice of the hydrogeosystem's operating mode, improper functioning of man-made elements, etc. As a usual rule, this happens when the initial information about the hydrogeosystem is insufficient or analyzed superficially, without a deep study of the hy-drogeosystem's features and the external environment. In any case, the efficient solution is the usage of a permanent model of a hydrogeosystem, which makes it possible to play various modes of its operation, taking into account results of working exploration.
Constructive principles.
6. Emergence represents a new quality of a hydro-geosystem at the bifurcation point due to the interaction of its subsystems (elements) and redistribution of their internal functions. As a result, the features of a hydro-geosystem as a whole are not the sum of the features of its parts. This is especially clearly manifested in the formation of order parameters during the interaction of at least three adjacent hierarchical levels of a hydroge-osystem. That is why emergence is otherwise called dynamic hierarchy.
For simplicity, let us consider this process using the example of the work of water intake in a layered layer of the artesian basin according to the scheme of an unbounded formation. We are interested in the following structural elements of the artesian basin: the macrosystem which is the entire artesian basin as an environment for the formation of the inflow to the water intake; the mesosystem which is an aquifer from which water is taken and which is bounded above and below by low-permeable layers separating it from adjacent aquifers and the microsystem which is the area of influence of water intake, containing technogenic elements - water wells. In a state of local natural equilibrium, water exchange in the main aquifer is ensured by the inflow from the feeding area and outflow to the discharge area. With the onset of its disturbance by the water intake structure, a radial or planned-radial flow arises in the initially homogeneous macrosystem, forming a depression funnel in the piezometric surface of the reservoir - the area of water intake influence (the microsystem).
At the first stage of the water intake work, its groundwater inflow is formed due to natural feeding and elastic reserves of the reservoir. This leads to the growth of the depression funnel, but on the whole the mesosystem functions quite autonomously. After some time, the second stage of the water intake work takes place: the reduction of the piezometric head in the mesosystem reaches some certain critical value, at which the flow from adjacent aquifers begins. In terms of synergetics, the transition to this stage is the bifurcation point. After this stage, a new hydrodynamic structure of the mesolevel is formed in the macrostructure of the hydrogeosystem by combining some parts of the initial mesosystem and adjacent aquifers with the spread of the formation of a depression funnel. The next bifurcation point occurs when the depression spreads to the aquifers that are second to the main stratum. The formation of new bifurcation points by the described mechanism with the scheme of unlimited reservoir can theoretically continue indefinitely. As a result, the mesosystem increases its volume at the expense of adjacent layers, and the microsystem in this process plays role of a regulator, since its parameters (flow rate and dynamic level of water intake) determine the decrease in the piezometric level of the system of adjacent aquifers. Thus, the mesosystem regime (hydrodynamic, hy-drochemical, hydrothermal, etc.) is quite dynamic and, on the one hand, is determined by the dynamic parameters of the microsystem, and, on the other, by more or less stable parameters of the macrosystem. If the latter also have intense dynamics, the mesosystem undergoes
even more radical and ambiguous changes. New qualities of a hydrogeosystem as a whole that arise in this process are the dynamic formation of a new hydrody-namic mesosystem according to the criterion of hydro-geosystem perturbation (contrary to geological criteria), the mixing of groundwater in the flow processes and the formation of their new chemical composition and other processes associated with physicochemical interactions.
The considered example demonstrates not only the operation of the principle of emergence in the self-development and self-organization of hydrogeological systems, but also affects the topic of managing hydro-geological systems as a whole. As shown above, the evolution of a hydrogeosystem in this case is determined by the controlling influence of a person through man-made elements - water intake wells. With a reasonable, scientifically based approach to management, the subject chooses the optimal mode of functioning of the hydrogeosystem in such a way as to prevent deterioration of groundwater quality, critical reduction of the piezometric level, which is also accompanied by negative consequences, etc. For example, with an excessive increase in the water intake rate, a depression funnel in the main aquifer can reach its roof and begin its drainage, which is also a bifurcation point, after passing which the microsystem (water intake) will cease to exist and the macrosystem will slowly restore the original state. This emphasizes the special responsibility of society due to the usage of water resources and environmental management in general, since the processes discussed above occur in other areas of interaction with the natural environment.
7. Observability is a general epistemological principle of systems cognition, taking into account the imperfection and relativity of a man's knowledge obtained while studying the surrounding world. As applied to hydrogeosystems, it reflects, in particular, the dependence of the observation results on the size of the defining experiment area (the resolution of the method and the means of observation). In other words, for each level of the hierarchy of hydrogeosystems, relevant research methods that are optimal in terms of resolution should be applied. This was shown by M. Ratz [15], who developed a diagram of the structural heterogeneity of matter as applied to the tasks of engineering geology.
Conclusions:
The results of the analysis of the possibility of interpreting the basic principles of synergy in relation to the development and functioning of hydrogeosystems have confirmed the feasibility of their usage in hydro-geological studies. To implement the synergistic approach in hydrogeology, it is necessary to develop a new methodology based on the nonlinear dynamics of processes in the underground hydrosphere, the theory of nonequilibrium processes and systems, the information theory and the modern general system theory. The main problem of the groundwater usage in terms of safe environmental management is to increase the efficiency of hydrogeosystem management based on the usage of the latest achievements of synergetics.
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