SURGICAL TREATMENT OF WOUNDED WITH THORACOABDOMINAL INJURIES AT THE SECOND LEVEL OF MEDICAL CARE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE JOINT FORCES OPERATION IN THE EAST OF UKRAINE Текст научной статьи по специальности «Клиническая медицина»

MEDICAL SCIENCES

SURGICAL TREATMENT OF WOUNDED WITH THORACOABDOMINAL INJURIES AT THE SECOND LEVEL OF MEDICAL CARE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE JOINT FORCES OPERATION

IN THE EAST OF UKRAINE

Zarutskyi Ya.

MD, DSci, Professor, Chief of the department of military surgery, Ukrainian military medical academy (Kyiv, Ukraine)

Sobko I.

Ph.D., Associate Professor (docent), Associate Professor of the Department of Military Surgery,

Ukrainian military medical academy (Kyiv, Ukraine)

Honcharuk V.

Adjunct of the Department of Military Surgery, Ukrainian military medical academy (Kyiv, Ukraine)

Vovk M.

Adjunct of the Department of Military Surgery, Ukrainian military medical academy (Kyiv, Ukraine)

Abstract

The frequency of thoracoabdominal injuries (TAI) in the structure of sanitary losses of the surgical profile in the area of the Joint Forces operation (JFO) / antiterrorist operation (ATO) among penetrating injuries of the abdomen and chest is - 5,6 %. The high mortality rate for this type of combat surgical trauma, which reaches 28 - 31%, makes this problem relevant in the context of surgical treatment tactics in the initial stages of medical care.

Keywords: thoracoabdominal injuries, combat surgical trauma, damage control surgery.

Thoracoabdominal injuries (TAI) are penetrating injuries to the chest and abdomen, usually caused by a single projectile that injures the diaphragm. According to the armed military conflict in East of Ukraine, their share is 5.6% among penetrating wounds of the abdomen and chest, and the mortality rate for this type of combat surgical injury reaches - 28-31% [1].

Wounded of TAI when entering the stages of medical evacuation are characterized by the presence of many clinical manifestations. Most well-known authors divide them into three groups: Group I (up to 40%) - wounded with a predominance of symptoms of abdominal damage; Group II (up to 10%) - wounded with a predominance of symptoms of damage to the thoracic cavity; Group III (up to 50%) - wounded with symptoms of damage to the organs of both serous cavities [2]. The variety of clinical manifestations and the combined nature of the injury is due to the possibility of simultaneous damage to the parenchymal organs, which often contributes to major bleeding (hemotho-rax, hemoperitoneum) and hollow organs, leading to contamination of the abdominal cavity (peritonitis). In addition, the presence of a defect in the diaphragm leads to depressurization of both serous cavities with different internal pressures, which causes severe functional disorders of vital organs and systems, and also the migration of abdominal contents into the pleural, causing pleurogenic shock and lung collapse [3,5,6].

More than 75% of wounded with such injuries are taken to the stages of medical evacuation of the second level of medical care in severe and extremely serious condition, and in the structure of mortality, the main causes of death are blood loss and shock (72.9%) [1,6].

Treatment of TAI wounded should be staged, based on the adequate choice of the scope and sequence of surgical interventions depending on the severity of the injury and its anatomical and morphological features, and in accordance with the content of damage control surgery (DCS) tactics.

The aim of the study. Improve surgical treatment through the use of DCS tactics in wounded with thoracoabdominal injuries with severe and extremely severe trauma, in the context of Joint Forces operation (JFO).

Patients and methods. A retrospective analysis of the provision of surgical care to 123 victims with gunshot wounds to the thoracoabdominal injuries received during the JFO at the second level of medical care. Patients were divided into two groups - the main and the comparison group.

The comparison group included 52 wounded who received medical care during the first two periods of the armed conflict (2014-2016), when the intensity of combat fighting was greatest and the medical support system was in the phase of reform and renewal. Tactics of surgical treatment were based on empirical assessment of the severity of the injury with overestima-tion and complex surgical manipulations for complete anatomical restoration of damaged organs according to the early total care (ETC) program.

The main group included 71 wounded, who received medical care in the third period of the armed conflict (2016 - 2018), when the fighting was positional, and the system of medical and evacuation measures acquired an optimal structure, which allowed to bring surgical care as close as possible to the field battle. In this category of wounded, differential

diagnostic tactics were used depending on the assessment of the severity of the wounded on admission on the anatomical - functional scale Admission trauma scale (AdTS) [4]. Additionally, laboratory, ultrasonographic (FAST - protocol) and X-ray examination methods were used. Surgical care was provided in medical facilities that housed medical unit reinforcement teams (similar to the Forward Surgical Team, following the example of the US Army) and in military mobile hospitals, which corresponds to the second level of medical care.

Assessment of the severity of anatomical injuries of internal organs was performed on the AIS scale; severity of injury on the AdTS scale. The observation groups by age (p = 0.10) and severity of injury (pAdTS > 0.05; U - Whitney - Mann test = 1807) were comparable.

Data processing was performed using computer technology using Microsoft Excel 2019 software and

Statistica 13.0 application package. Student's criterion was used to compare the two samples of quantitative characteristics, the distribution of which corresponds to normal. In order to compare the two samples of binary features used the criterion x 2 - Pearson. To determine the presence and strength of the relationship between traits, Spearman's correlation analysis for nonparametric traits was performed.

Research results. To assess the severity of the injury in the wounded at the second level of medical care, the AdTS scale was used, which focuses on the use of objective clinical examination and assessment of the severity of the condition of the wounded on admission. The simplicity of this technique allows its use in the pre-hospital and hospital stages without the use of additional (instrumental) methods of examination. (Table 1).

Table 1

The structure of the wounded who were admitted to the SME level II by severity of injury

The severity of the injury (trauma) Main group (n=71) Comparison group (n=52) /2 Pearson, P

abs. % abs. %

not severe 5 7 % 3 5,8 % •/2=0,08; p=0,77

severe 40 56,4 % 31 59,6 % /2=0,13; p=0,71

extremely severe 26 36,6 % 18 34,6 % /=0,05; p=0,8l

Among injuries of abdominal organs in 70.4% of omentum, mesentery) and their combination was ob-

cases of the main group and in 48.1% of cases of the comparison group there were injuries of parenchymal organs. Damage to hollow organs was observed in 56.3% of the main group and in 55.8% of the comparison group. Damage to inorganic formations (large

served in 43.7% of the main group and in 38.5% of the comparison group, organs and structures of the retroperitoneal space in 16.9% and 13.5% in the main group and comparison group, respectively (Table 2).

Table 2

General characteristics of injuries of the internal organs of the abdominal cavity in TAI

Damage to groups of organs Main group (n=71) Comparison group (n=52) The reliability of the difference (/ 2Pearson; P)

abs. % abs. %

parenchymal 50 70,4 % 25 48,1 % X2=6,29;p=0,013

hollow 40 56,3 % 29 55,8 % X2=0,004;p=0,95

Inorganic formations 31 43,7 % 20 38,5 % /2=0,33; p=0,56

organs of the retroperitoneal space 12 16,9 % 7 13,5 % •=0,27;p=0,60

In the main group, parenchymal organ damage was observed in 50 (70.4%) cases, and in the comparison group - in 25 (48.1%), the difference was statistically significant (x 2 - Pearson = 6.29; p = 0.013). We attribute this to the approach of surgical care to the battlefield, which led to a reduction in the delivery

time of the wounded to the second level of medical care and, accordingly, led to the arrival of more wounded in serious and extremely serious condition. The structure of damage to internal organs is presented in table 3.

Table 3

The structure of damage to internal organs in TAI_

Damaged organs Main group (n=71) Comparison group (n=52) 7he reliability of the difference (•Pearson; P)

a6c. % a6c. %

rib fracture 20 28,2 % 13 25 % X2=0,15; p=0,69

lungs 27 38 % 18 34,6 % •/2=0,15; p=0,69

heart 2 2,8 % 1 1,9 % •=0,10; p=0,75

diaphragm 71 100 % 52 100 % p=1

liver 36 50,7 % 19 36,5 % /=2,43; p=0,11

stomach 12 16,9 % 8 15,4 % /=0,05; p=0,82

duodenum 3 4,2 % 2 3,8 % /2=0,01; p=0,91

spleen 13 18,3 % 5 9,6 % /=1,81; p=0,17

small intestine 8 11,3 % 8 15,4 % •=0,45; p=0,50

colon 17 23,9 % 11 21,2 % /2=0,13 ; p=0,71

pancreas 2 2,8 % 1 1,9 % •=0,10; p=0,75

kidney 7 9,9 % 4 7,7 % •=0,17; p=0,67

bladder 5 7 % 3 5,8 % /2=0,08; p=0,77

intercostal artery 4 5,6 % 3 5,8 % /2=0,001; p=0,97

omentum and mesentery 31 43,7 % 20 38,5 % •=0,33; p=0,56

The frequency of damage to individual organs and anatomical structures in the observation groups did not differ statistically.

The severity of the abdominal component of the injury affected the overall severity of the injury, as evidenced by the presence of a moderate direct corre-

lation (rcomp.=0,564 (p<0,05); rmam=0,620 (p<0,05), Spearman's test).

The list of surgical manipulations in the treatment of the abdominal component of the injury of the victims of TAI of the general array of studies are presented in tables 4 and 5.

Table 4

Surgical manipulations in the treatment of the abdominal component of TAI (main group, n=71)

Tactics of surgical treatment, surgical interventions The degree of organ damage on the scale AIS Quantity

I-II III IV V

- suturing of liver wounds 11 - - - 11 (15,5 %)

- - physical and chemical hemostasis of the liver wound 8 - - - 8 (11,3 %)

- suturing of liver wounds, external drainage of bile ducts - 4 - - 4 (5,6 %)

- tamponade of the wound canal of the liver with rubber container - 3 - - 3 (4,2 %)

- bimanual compression and tight liver tamponade - 3 7 - 10 (14,1 %)

- splenectomy 6 4 2 1 13 (18,3 %)

- electrocoagulation of pancreatic injuries, drainage of the omental bursa 2 - - - 2 (2,8 %)

- suturing of a kidney wound 3 - - - 3 (4,2 %)

- suturing of a kidney wound with formation of a nephrostomy - 1 - - 1 (1,4 %)

- resection of the kidney pole - 1 - - 1 (1,4 %)

- nephrectomy - - 2 - 2 (2,8 %)

- suturing of the bladder, epicystostomy 3 2 - - 5 (7 %)

- suture of the small intestine 5 - - - 5 (7 %)

- obstructive resection of the small intestine - 3 1 - 4 (5,6 %)

- resection of the small intestine with the formation of an anastomosis - 1 - - 1 (1,4 %)

- imposition of a clamp on the small intestine - - 1 - 1 (1,4 %)

- deaf suture of the small intestine with a stapler - - 2 - 2 (2,8 %)

- suture of the colon 9 1 - - 10 (14,1 %)

- obstructive resection of the colon - 5 2 - 7 (9,9 %)

- resection of the colon with the formation of a stoma - 3 1 - 4 (5,6 %)

- resection of the colon with the formation of an anastomosis - 1 - - 1 (1,4 %)

- suturing of inorganic formations (mesentery, omentum) 27 4 - - 31 (43,7 %)

- suturing of the diaphragm 54 14 3 - 71 (100%)

Total 128 50 21 1 200

In the main group in the treatment of the abdominal component of the injury in 71 (100%) cases performed laparotomy, during which 200 surgical manipulations were performed.

Table 5

Surgical manipulations in the treatment of the abdominal component TAI (cjmparison group, n=52)

Tactics of surgical treatment, surgical interventions The degree of organ damage on the scale AIS Total

I-II III IV V

- suturing of liver wounds 8 - - - 8 (15,4 %)

- physical and chemical hemostasis of the liver wound 5 - - - 5 (9,6 %)

- suturing of liver wounds, external drainage of bile ducts - 2 - - 2 (3,8 %)

- atypical liver resection - - 2 - 2 (3,8 %)

- bimanual compression and tight liver tamponade - - 2 - 2 (3,8 %)

- splenectomy - - 3 - 3 (5,8 %)

- resection of the pole of the spleen - 2 - - 2 (3,8 %)

- electrocoagulation of pancreatic injuries, drainage of the omental bursa 1 - - - 1 (1,9 %)

- suturing of a kidney wound 2 - - - 2 (3,8 %)

- suturing of a kidney wound with formation of a nephrostomy - 1 - - 1 (1,9 %)

- nephrectomy - 1 - 1 (1,9 %)

- suturing of the bladder, epicystostomy 2 1 - - 3 (5,8 %)

- suture of the small intestine 6 1 - - 7 (13,5 %)

- obstructive resection of the small intestine - - 1 - 1 (1,9 %)

- resection of the small intestine with the formation of an anastomosis - 3 1 - 4 (7,7 %)

- suture of the colon 4 1 - - 5 (9,6 %)

- obstructive resection of the colon - - 2 1 3 (5,8 %)

- resection of the colon with the formation of a stoma - 1 1 - 2 (3,8 %)

- resection of the colon with the formation of an anastomosis - 3 2 - 5 (9,6 %)

- suturing of inorganic formations (mesentery, omentum) 14 6 - - 20 (38,5 %)

- suturing of the diaphragm 34 16 2 - 52 (100%)

Total 76 38 16 1 131

In the comparison group, surgical access for the treatment of the abdominal component of TAI was laparotomy - 52 (100%) cases, during which 131 surgical manipulations of varying complexity were performed on the damaged internal organs. The scope of surgical interventions corresponded to the tactics of early total care (ETC) - the desire to early restore the anatomical integrity of damaged organs by increasing the complexity and volume of surgical manipulations. Surgical manipulations according to DCS tactics were performed in 6 (11.5%) cases - liver tamponade and obstructive resection of the small and large intestines.

In the wounded of the main group, in the treatment of the thoracic component of TAI together with the use of FAST - protocol, used individual active waiting tactics, which was always preceded by drainage of the pleural cavity on the affected side and control of drainage. This made it possible to avoid or reduce the number of thoracotomies, which already ag-

gravate the general condition of the wounded. In cases of injuries that had obvious signs of damage to the heart and large vessels, resuscitation thoracotomy was performed immediately.

In the main group, 71 (100%) drainage of the pleural cavity was performed, of which in 67 (94.4%) cases - the treatment of the thoracic component of the injury at the second level of medical care was completed. In 4 (5.6%) cases a thoracotomy had to be performed. In 2 (2.8%) cases, external thoracotomy was performed in the presence of clinical signs of heart injury and with a positive result of the FAST protocol. In other cases, thoracotomy was performed for bleeding that continued into the pleural cavity (allocation of 300 ml of blood by pleural drainage and more than 1 hour). After removing the source of bleeding (lung wound (1), intercostal artery (4)), the operation was completed by sealing the pleural cavity with its obligatory further drainage. (table 6).

Table 6

Surgical manipulations in the treatment of the thoracic component TAI _(main group, n=71)_

Tactics of surgical treatment, surgical interventions The severity of traumatic shock Total

No shock I II Ill IV

- toracocentesis, drainage of the pleural cavity 5 6 15 31 14 71(100%)

- thoracotomy - - 3 1 4 (5,6 %)

- uturing of a heart wound 1 1 2 (2,8 %)

- suturing of the lung wound -

- atypical lung resection 1 1 (1,4 %)

- suturing of intercostal arteries 3 1 4 (5,6 %)

Total 82

The total number of thoracotomies in the comparison group was 7 (13.5%) operations. In 5 (9.6%) cases the following surgical manipulations were performed: 1 (1.9%) - suturing of the heart wound, 2

(3.8%) - atypical lung resection, 1 (1.9%) - suturing of the lung wound , 3 (5.8%) - suturing of intercostal arteries. In 2 (3.8%) cases, thoracotomy was more diagnostic than therapeutic (table 7)

Table 7

Surgical manipulations in the treatment of the thoracic component TAI

Tactics of surgical treatment, surgical interventions The severity of traumatic shock Total

No shock I II III IV

- toracocentesis, drainage of the pleural cavity 3 4 12 22 11 52 (100 %)

- thoracotomy - 2 3 2 7 (13,5 %)

- suturing of a heart wound 1 1 (1,9 %)

- suturing of the lung wound 1 1 (1,9 %)

- atypical lung resection 1 1 2 (3,8 %)

- suturing of intercostal arteries 3 3 (5,8 %)

Total 66

The main method of urgent surgical treatment of formed, of which 67 (22.8%) in compliance with DCS

the thoracic component of trauma in TAI at the second level of medical care, which was final, was thoracocentesis and drainage of the pleural cavity. Thoracotomy was performed in victims in extremely severe (shock III) and terminal (shock IV) conditions due to massive bleeding or cardiac tamponade and was usually regarded as an operation of despair.

In total, in the treatment of abdominal and thoracic components of TAI at the II level of medical care in the main group 282 surgical manipulations were per-

rules, in the comparison group 197 surgical manipulations were performed, 12 (6.1%) ) of which were performed in compliance with the rules of DCS (the difference is significant,

X2 - Pearson = 26,285; p <0,001). DCS tactics were used in 30 (42.3%) wounded of the main group and in 9 (17.3%) wounded of the comparison group (the difference is significant; x 2 - Pearson = 8.63; p = 0.004) (Table 8).

Table 8

Characteristics of surgical manipulations of the I phase of DCS tactics in victims of TAI

Surgical manipulations Main group (n=71) Comparison group (n=52)

abs. 1 % abs. 1 %

DCS - bleeding control

tamponade of the wound canal of the liver with rubber container 3 4,2 % - -

bimanual compression and tight liver tamponade 10 14,1 % 2 3,8 %

splenectomy 6 8,5 % - -

nephrectomy 2 2,8 % - -

suturing of a heart wound 2 2,8 % 1 1,9 %

atypical lung resection 1 1,4 % 1 1,9 %

Together 24 33,8 % 4 3,8 %

DCS - contamination control

obstructive resection of the small intestine 4 5,6 % 1 1,9 %

obstructive resection of the colon 7 9,9 % 3 5,8 %

resection of the colon with the formation of a stoma 3 4,2 % - -

applying a clamp to the small intestine 1 1,4 % - -

deaf suture of the small intestine with a stapler 2 2,8 % - -

Together 17 23,9 % 4 7,7 %

DCS - control abdominal compartment syndrome

laparostomy formation 19 26,8 % 2 3,8 %

seams on the skin 7 9,9 % 2 3,8 %

Total manipulations 67 22,8 %* 12 6,1 %*

Total wounded 30 42,3 % 9 17,3 %

In 24 (33.8%) of the main group of wounded, the indication for the use of DCS tactics was determined according to the criteria for assessing the severity of injury on admission on the AdTS scale. According to this scale, in 2 wounded the degree of severity of injury was estimated at 14 points, in 3 - in 13 points, in 6 -in 12 points, in 7 - in 10-11 points and in 6 cases - in 9 points. This category included the wounded with severe injuries of the parenchymal organs, vessels of the abdominal and thoracic cavities. In 4 (5.6%) cases with a severity of injury of 8-9 points, DCS was used for medical and tactical indications (mass influx of wounded) and in 2 (2.8%) cases due to increasing hypothermia <body temperature < 35 ° C) and metabolic acidosis (pH <7.2). Methods of temporary closure of the abdominal cavity were: formation of laparostomy -19 cases, sutures on the skin - 7 cases, clips for underwear - 1 case.

In the wounded of the comparison group, the tactics of surgical treatment of DCS were used with the simultaneous admission of two or more seriously wounded. The following methods were used to close the abdominal cavity: laparostomy formation - 2 cases, sutures on the skin - 2 cases, 5 wounded used clamps for sterile linen to temporarily close the abdominal cavity.

Due to the use of DCS tactics in the treatment of parenchymal injuries, the number of liver tamponades in the main group increased - 13 (18.3%) and 2 (3.8%) cases in the main group and the comparison group, respectively (the difference is significant; x 2 - Pearson = 4, 94; p = 0.027) and significantly reduced the number of primary anastomoses - 2 (2.8%) cases in the main group and 9 (17.3%) cases in the comparison group (the difference is significant; x 2 - Pearson = 7.69; p = 0.006).

Discussion. The use of DCS surgical treatment tactics, the main content of which is to reduce the volume of surgical manipulations, made it possible to reduce the operation time in the correction of abdominal injuries from 131.4 ± 15.7 minutes. in the comparison group up to 62.8 ± 9.4 minutes in the main group (p <0.05; t - Student's criterion = 3.75).

At the second level of medical care, 6 (11.5%) wounded of the comparison group and 1 (1.4%) of the wounded of the main group (the difference is significant; x2 - Pearson = 5.74; p = 0.017) had a recurrence of intra-abdominal bleeding. This complication arose as a result of failure of sutures and / or due to dysfunction of the blood coagulation system, as the affected comparison groups tried to complete the operation in full despite the severity of the injury and the complexity of surgical treatment (with increasing operation time - coagulopathy deepened). while, DCS tactics were widely used in the victims of the main group, the main task of which was to reduce the volume of surgery and reduce perioperative time.

Analyzing the mortality rate at the second level of medical care, in the comparison group died - 9 (17.3%) wounded, and in the main group - 3 (4.2%) wounded (the difference is significant; x 2 - Pearson = 5.83; p = 0.016 ). In the mortality structure of the wounded of the comparison group during the operation due to decompensated shock and irreversible blood loss died 4 (7.7%) wounded, during the first day of the postoperative period from the recurrence of bleeding died 5 (9.6%) wounded. Among the 3 deaths of the main group, according to the AdTS scale, severe trauma (9 points) was detected in 1 (1.4%) wounded and extremely severe (14 and 15 points) - in 2 (2.8%) wounded. During the operation, as a result of decompensated traumatic shock and irreversible blood loss, 2 (2.8%) wounded died, from recurrence of intraabdominal bleeding - 1 (1.4%) wounded.

Conclusions. Treatment of the abdominal component of trauma in TAI was the main component of surgical treatment of severe and extremely severe injuries. Damage to this anatomical area is accompanied by high mortality, frequency of complications and disability. Differentiated tactics of surgical treatment allowed in the main group to significantly reduce the duration of surgical treatment in patients with severe and extremely severe trauma by reducing its volume and allowed to significantly reduce the number of postoperative complications by 10.1% and mortality rate by 13.1%.

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