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54SUBJECT MATTER OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS Turdiyeva Yu.
Turdiyeva Yulduz - Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 3, THE UZBEKISTAN STATE WORLD LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY, TASHKENT, UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: this paper is divided into two parts: theoretical, where a scholarly set of ideas is presented, and practical, devoted to the account of the study conducted by the author of this paper in order to either undermine or support the ideas presented. In spite of the fact that the study was to check the perception and implementation of lexical chains in written texts, it might also be found useful in understanding long speeches, which makes them even more useful for learners.
Keywords: discourse, spoken discourse, intertextuality, intentionality, situationality.
Since introduction to modern science the term 'discourse' has taken various, sometimes very broad, meanings. In order to specify which of the numerous senses is analyzed in the following dissertation it has to be defined. Originally the word 'discourse' comes from Latin 'discursus' which denoted 'conversation, speech'. Thus understood, however, discourse refers to too wide an area of human life, therefore only discourse from the vantage point of linguistics, and especially applied linguistics, is explained here.
There is no agreement among linguists as to the use of the term discourse in that some use it in reference to texts, while others claim it denotes speech which is for instance illustrated by the following definition: "Discourse: a continuous stretch of (especially spoken) language larger than a sentence, often constituting a coherent unit such as a sermon, argument, joke, or narrative" [1, P.25]. On the other hand Dakowska, being aware of differences between kinds of discourses indicates the unity of communicative intentions as a vital element of each of them. Consequently she suggests using terms 'text' and 'discourse' almost interchangeably betokening the former refers to the linguistic product, while the latter implies the entire dynamics of the processes [3]. According to As well as short conversations or groans might be equally rightfully named discourses. Seven criteria which have to be fulfilled to qualify either a written or a spoken text as a discourse have been suggested Crystal [1]. These include:
• Cohesion - grammatical relationship between parts of a sentence essential for its interpretation;
• Coherence - the order of statements relates one another by sense.
• Intentionality - the message has to be conveyed deliberately and consciously;
• Acceptability - indicates that the communicative product needs to be satisfactory in that the audience approves it;
• Informativeness - some new information has to be included in the discourse;
• Situationality - circumstances in which the remark is made are important;
• Intertextuality - reference to the world outside the text or the interpreters' schemata;
Nowadays, however, not all of the above mentioned criteria are perceived as equally
important in discourse studies, therefore some of them are valid only in certain methods of the research [2].
Since it is not easy to unambiguously clarify what a discourse is it seems reasonable to describe features which are mutual to all its kinds. Ferdinand de Saussure divided the broad meaning of language into langue, which is understood as a system that enables people to speak as they do, and parole - a particular set of produced statements. Following this division discourse relates more to parole, for it always occurs in time and is internally characterized by successively developing expressions in which the meaning of the latter is influenced by the former, while langue is abstract. To list some additional traits: discourse is always produced by somebody whose identity, as well as the identity of the interpreter, is
significant for the proper understanding of the message. On the other hand langue is impersonal that is to say more universal, due to society. Furthermore, discourse always happens in either physical, or linguistic context and within a meaningful fixed time, whereas langue does not refer to anything.
One other frequently occurring arrangement of texts is based on general-specific pattern which is thought to have two variations. In the first one a general statement is followed by a series of more specific sentences referring to the same broad idea, ultimately summarized by one more general remark. Alternatively, a general statement at the beginning of a paragraph might be followed by a specific statement after which several more sentences ensue, each of which is more precise than its predecessor, finally going back to the general idea. While in some elaborate texts the background and the problem might be presented in the same sentence, in other instances - when reader is expected to be familiar with the background, it might not be stated in the text itself. Although both cohesive devices and problem-solution patterns often occur in written communicative products only the former are designated as linguistic means.
References
1. Crystal D. (1992). Introducing linguistics. Harlow: Penguin.
2. Crystal D. (1995). The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP.
3. Dakowska M. (2001). Psycholingwistyczne podstawy dydaktyki j^zykow obcych.Warszawa: PWN.
AUTHORS OF THE TRANSLATION OF SHAKESPEARE WORKS AND THE TRANSLATION PROCESS INTO UZBEK LANGUAGE
Umarov B.N.
Umarov Bobir Norboyevich - Teacher, DEPARTMENT OF PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 3,
THE UZBEKISTAN STATE WORLD LANGUAGES UNIVERSITY, TASHKENT, UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: translation as a science studies the transcription, its peculiarities, history, principles, rules of interpreting which helps to translator to take into account inter-language differences and other features of the original language, as well as national literary traditions. Uzbek translators, as skilled translators, have started not only the translation process, but also the translation based studies of articles and brochures. Keywords: translation, Shakespeare works, Jamol Kamol.
Translators in Uzbekistan have been formed as special science since the second half of the last century. At the end of the century, there were about 10 candidates of science and more than 50 doctors of science. Professor J. Sharipov's research is mainly devoted to the role of translation in the history of our literature, professor G.Salomov was mainly involved in modern translation studies, influenced by language and literary tradition in the translation process. N. Komilov studied the past and present translations of classical genres [1, P.87]. The Uzbek translation works are mainly done in the literary field. The linguistic aspect of the translation began to evolve later on the way in which the Uzbek version of translation was translated directly into many foreign languages.
It is worthwhile to point out about Jamol Kamol in this regard. Because Jamol Kamol was a talented poet, playwright, literary critic, translator and master of pedagogy who contributed greatly to the translation work in Uzbek literature.
