CC BY
86. The obtained encouraging results for the laboratory germination vigor and germination after pre-sowing electromagnetic treatments of triticale seeds of the varieties Boomerang, Colorit and Respect give grounds for continuation of the researches.
REFERENCES
1. Kostov K., Iv. Palov, K. Sirakov, E. Kuzmanov and Sv. Zahariev, Effect of pre-sowing electric treatments of seeds on the yields of wheat varieties Enola and Kristy // Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2014, №6, pp.1526-1530.
2. Mitkov At., D. Minkov, Statistical Methods for testing and optimizing of the agricultural machinery, Sofia Zemizdat, Part I -1989, Part II -1993.
3. Palov Iv, A. Stoilova, K. Sirakov, Sv. Zahariev, Increasing of yields by pre-sowing electrical treatments of seeds of field crops // International Conference on "New Approaches in Food Security and Value, Agra, India, (17-19).20.2014, p. 271-278.
4. Palov Iv., E. Kouzmanov, K. Sirakov, N. Armyanov and N. Nedialkov, Results from field studies after divided pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds with electromagnetic energy // Agricultural machinery, №3: 24-32, 2010.
5. Terziev, P., Iv.Palov, St. Stefanov, R. Radev, Patent for invention №30631, Device for pre-sowing electrical treatment of seed material, 01C 1/00, A01 N 21/00.
6. Triticale: First Man - Made Sereal. Edited by Cho C. Tsen, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas (Тритикале - первая зерновая культъра, созданная человеком. Перевод с английского М. Б. Евгеньева
7. Zahariev Sv, K. Sirakov, Iv. Palov E. Kouzmanov, Results of laboratory tests after pre-sowing electromagnetic treatment of seeds of French corn hybrids // Mechanization of Agriculture, Sofia, 2013, №1, c. 29-31. (Bg, summary Eng).
8. https://support.software.dell.com/statistica/8.0/release-notes-guides Program product Statistics 8
STUDY THE EFFECTS OF PRE-SOWING ELECTROMAGNETIC TREATMENT OF SOME LABORATORY PARAMETERS ON TRITICALE SEEDS
Muhova A.1, PhD, assoc. Prof., Sirakov K.2, DSc, Prof., Stoilova A.1, Assistant Stefanova-Dobreva St1 PhD, Prof., Palov I.2,
1Bulgaria, Chirpan, Institute of Field Crops 2Bulgaria, Rousse, Rousse University "Angel Kunchev",
Abstract. Kernels of the following cultivars triticale plants were studied: Boomerang, Colorit and Respect. It was conducted sowing electromagnetic treatment in three - factor experiment and symmetrical compositional plan type B3. Like controllable factors pre-sowing electromagnetic effects have been adopted: tension between the electrodes U, kV, exposure times, r,s and duration of staying of seeds from treatment to sowing - T days. It was found that at the same values of controllable factors it was established different effects (stimulating or depressing) on laboratory parameters: number of roots, length of roots and sprouts lengths of the three varieties of triticale. For cv. Boomerang it was achieved increasing of the number of roots to 9,4 %, the roots length to 33,3 % and sprouts length to 7,6%. For the three cultivars of triticale it was calculated regression equations for the observed laboratory parameters. Established values and indication for the coefficients in front of the control factors correlate with the results of laboratory tests.
Keywords: triticale seeds, pre-sowing electromagnetic treatments, equations of regression, number and length of roots, length of sprouts
INTRODUCTION
Triticale is valuable forage crop, which has the tendency to be used in baking. Increasing of the crop yields without chemical application can be achieved by breeding new varieties better utilizing local conditions, or improvement of crop physiological activity by means of different types of stimulation. Electromagnetic pre-sowing seed treatment is one of those new an ecological ways to increase yields. Some previous studies [1,2] was consistent that electromagnetic fields treatment can affects seed germination rate and developmental growth characteristics. Studies on the germination of wheat, triticale, corn and soybean showed that electromagnetic field can be used as a way to improve seed vigor [3,4,6]. Correct application of physical methods of stimulation requires preliminary experimental investigation and establishment of convenient regimes, which for all the studied cases strongly depends on plant characteristics, intensity of physical factor and exposure time [5]. The aim of the research is to establish the influence of pre-sowing electromagnetic treatments via symmetrical compositional plan B3 [8] based on calculated regression equations of the seeds of Bulgarian cultivars of triticale: Boomerang, Colorit and Respect.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The subject of researching are the numbers and lengths of roots and lengths of sprouts seeds of triticale of the announced above varieties. Pre-sowing electromagnetic treatments were performed by the device represents a modified screw conveyer. The screw and housing of the device [7] were electrically isolated. It was supplied increased tension with a frequency of 50Hz, a variable electric field the range of 1, 3 and 5 kV at different exposure times (7, 14, and 21 s) were used to biostimulate. Seeds experienced electromagnetic impact during the transportation by conveyor screw. Electromagnetic pre-sowing seed treatment are performed through a symmetrical composite plan B3 [8], under controlled factors: tension between the electrodes U, kV, exposure times r, s and duration of staying of seeds from treatment to sowing - T, days. The plan to experiment with the values of controllable factors was shown Table1.
After declared days of staying the treated and control (untreated) seeds were placed to germinate according to a standard methodology [9]. The growth was measured at 7 days after germination. The following methods for vigour evaluation were used: number of roots Nroot roots length troot and sprouts lengths tspr. All tests were done in four replications. The data were averaged and referenced to the percentage of the control (untreated seeds), %/control.
A Regression equations were calculated by using of the above mentioned laboratory parameters.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of research are shown in Table 1. Average values of vigour evaluation for level combination of: electric field tension, exposure time and seeds stay duration.
Table 1.
№ Factors Cultivars, %/control
U X T Boomerang Colorit Respect
- kV - s - days N Nroot r lroot 1 Nroot r lroot 1 N Nroot r lroot 1
1 1 5 1 50 1 21 109,4 81,4 104,5 101,3 88,9 97,5 100,7 85,0 83,6
2 -1 1 1 50 1 21 83,0 88,2 96,5 107,3 93,2 90,0 98,6 76,6 92,3
3 1 5 -1 10 1 21 101,9 84,3 102,7 107,3 84,6 95,8 102,8 81,8 86,9
4 -1 1 -1 10 1 21 94,3 87,3 107,6 99,3 95,4 100,4 104,9 122,7 84,2
5 1 5 1 50 -1 7 103,8 121,6 105,2 103,3 106,1 101,0 102,8 81,8 102,0
6 -1 1 1 50 -1 7 100,0 104,9 97,7 89,4 129,6 99,8 62,9 89,2 92,8
7 1 5 -1 10 -1 7 94,3 133,3 104,5 95,4 125,4 98,7 96,5 82,9 96,0
8 -1 1 -1 10 -1 7 98,1 111,8 100,8 101,3 120,0 94,0 100,7 95,5 92,3
9 1 5 0 30 0 14 107,5 80,4 102,7 89,4 91,1 93,5 98,6 95,5 99,8
10 -1 1 0 30 0 14 100,0 92,2 105,8 97,4 114,6 103,3 96,5 100,7 108,5
11 0 3 1 50 0 14 103,8 76,5 103,3 97,4 88,9 88,8 98,6 102,8 91,2
12 0 3 -1 10 0 14 101,9 75,5 101,4 91,4 106,1 88,8 132,2 78,7 86,9
13 0 3 0 30 1 21 100,0 96,1 104,5 105,3 101,8 97,5 100,7 99,7 82,0
14 0 3 0 30 -1 7 101,9 92,2 99,0 97,4 113,6 97,5 102,8 82,9 100,4
The reported results of observations of control (untreated) seeds are shown in Table 2. The analysis of Table 1 shows increasing values of the observed parameters for cv. Boomerang compared to control: Nroot B=103,8 %/control, lengths roots troot B=121,6 %/control, and sprout length - 105,2 %/control. Negative impact of electromagnetic pre-sowing seed treatment at cv.
Boomerang obtained for option 2 (U = 1 kV, x= 10s and T = 21 days). The values are observed respectively Nroot B=80,3 %/control, troot B=88,2 %/control and tspr. B=96,5 %/control.
Table 2.
Cultivars Boomerang Colorit Respect
Number of roots Nroot, number 5,3 5,0 4,8
Length roots lroot, mm 10,2 9,3 9,5
Length sprout lspr., mm 16,2 17,3 18,5
On the basis of analysis the results of Tabl.1 also show that the effect of the same treatment is different on seeds of three cultivars of triticale. The impact of three factors at a seven-day stay of seeds for a cv. Boomerang is increasing the length of roots in the range of (104,9...133,3) %/control. For option 7 (U = 5 kV, x = 50s and T = 7 days) the roots of the seed are 33,3 % larger than the control, and above-mentioned Option 2 (U =1 kV, x= 10s and T = 21 days) - 21,6% more than the roots lengths of comparising control.
For Option 5 treatment (U = 5 kV, x= 50s and T = 7 days) all observed parameters of cv. Colorit were characterized as having higher vigour and significantly greater than their respective of cv. Boomerang- Nroot C=103,3 %/control troot C=106,1 %/control and tspr. C=101,0 %/control. The lengths roots of cv. Colorit for options 6, 7 and 8 are respectively: 129,5 %/control, 125,4 %/control and 120,0 %/control. However, the sprouts length for options 6 and 7 are insignificantly lower than the control ones - respectively 99,8 %/control, 98,7 %/control and the Option 8 are 94,0 %/control.
The combination of the above mentioned levels of factors tension (U = 5kV), exposure times (x= 50s) and duration of stay (T = 14 days) of the Option 9 at cv. Colorit led to the depressive effects. In comparison to control the values were obtained Nroot C=89,4 %/control, troot C=91,1 %/control and tspr. c=93,5 %/control.
The results show that longer stays of the seeds (14 and 21 days) from the treatment time to sowing inhibited the development of the roots lengths. The values are in the range of (75,5.92,2) %/control and (81,4.88,2) %/control at cv. Boomerang, respectively.
The seeds of cv. Respect are less responsive to the pre-sowing impact. Isolated cases of higher values of certain parameters have been observed compared to control ones. For example, under Option 4 cv. Respect - (U = 1kV, x = 10s and T = 14 days) Nroot r=104,9 %/control, troot r=122,7 %/control and tspr. r=84,25 %/control. For Option 12 (U = 3kV, x = 30s and T = 14 days) for cv. Respect have been observed the greatest increasing of the number of roots Nroot R=132,2 %/control, but the length of roots and sprouts are significantly smaller than control ones, respectively 78,7%/control and 86,9 %/control.
The described difference of pre-sowing electromagnetic influence with equal values of controllable factors probably due to varietal characteristics of three types of triticale Boomerang, Colorit and Respect.
On a basis of obtained values of the parameters optimization (Y.) -number of roots Nroot,
lengths roots troot and lengths sprouts tspr., shown in Table 1 and according to the selected plan experiment B3 the appropriate equations of regression type [5] have been found:
Y = b0 + b1 x1 + b2 x2+b3 x3+b1 2 x X2 + bi3 Xi x3 + b23 X2 X3 + bH X + b22 X2 + b33 X3
(1)
i -parameter of optimization: Nroot number of roots, length roots troot and lengths sprouts tspr. Regression equations for number of roots of the studied cultivars as follows: - cv. Boomerang
Y B.Nroo1 = 104,717 + 4,151 X + 0,943 X2 - 0,943 X + 3,302x X + 4,245 x X - 1,887 X X - 0,943 xf -1,887 X22 - 3,774 x32 .
(2)
- cv. Colorit
t = 94,247 + 0,199 x + 0,397 x2 + 3,377 x3 + 0,745 x X - 0,745 x X + 0,745 x2 x3 - 0,869 x2 + 0,124 x22 + 7,078 x32 .
(3)
- cv. Respect
YRNraot = 109,222 + 3,776 X1- 7,343 x°2 + 4,196 X°3 + 6,031 X X" 4,458 X X + 2,885 X X -11,670 x? + 6,163 x22 - 7,474 x32 ^
According to the Fisher criteria the equations (2) and (4) are adequate and are with significant values of controllable factors (criterion Student) [8]. From equations (2) and (4) it can be established that if the value of all factors level is zero, the number of roots for cv. Boomerang will increase by 4,72%, and 9,22% for Respect in comparison to control ones. However, the number of roots for cv. Colorit will be 94,25%/control. It follows that pre-sowing electromagnetic treatment inhibites the roots formation of cv. Colorit. Concerning cv. Respect, exposure times x, of electromagnetic treatment influences depressing over the number of roots. In equation (4) the coefficient b2 in front of
factors x2 (x), is negative (-7,34).
After mathematical processing find the following equations for regression for lengths of roots:
- cv. Boomerang
o o o oo oo oo ° ° i
YKtroot = 77,390 +1,667x-1,961 x2-12,647X3-1,103x X-6,005X X + 2,083X2 X3 + 8,885X2-1,409x22 +16,728x32 ; (5)
- cv. Colorit
Yc.iroot = 101,317- 5,679X- 2,464X2-13,071 X3-2,813X Xz 0,402XX + 1,473X2 X3 + 1,540xf-3,817X22 + 6,362X32 . ^
- cv. Respect
Yllroot = 95,323 - 5,769 x - 2,622 x2 + 3,357 x + 6,818 xx -1,573 xx - 4,458 x x + 2,754 xf - 4,589 x22 - 4,065 x32
(7)
From equation (7) it can be established that if the value of all factors level is zero, the electromagnetic treatment will suppresse the length of roots of triticale cv. Respect. In that case at zero
values of factors coefficient b0R = 95,323.
At moderate levels of factors electromagnetic treatment would be especially depressing for the length of the roots cv. Boomerang - equation (5). Then they will be only troot B=77,390 %/control.
° o
Selected values of factors: tension U (x ), exposure times x ( x2 ) and seed stays duration T (
x3 ) affect suppressing after the monitored parameter troot C for cv. Colorit. The coefficients of these factors are negative and have values of: bj = -5,679, b2 = -2,464 and b3 = -13,071. This shows that their values have to be reduced, particularly for the factor T, whose coefficient is with the largest
o
negative value. The situation is similar with cv. Boomerang factor x^ (T) for troot B were the value of coefficient b3 = -12,647.
To obtain a stimulating effect on the lengths of roots for cv. Respect it should be reduced the
o o
value of exposure times factor x ( x ) and to increase the tension U( x ). Their coefficients in
o o
equation (7) in front of factors x2 and x^ are negative, respectively b2 = -2,622 and bj -5,769, obviously by values of troot R of Table 1. For option 4 the largest lengths of roots troot R=122,7
o o
%/control have been received at low levels of factors (-1), x (x2 ) and U (x^ ), respectively x=10s, U=1kV, and the high level of factor (+1) T=21 days, the coefficient from equation (7) is positive b3 =3,357.
Consequently, decreasing the values of x and T, U=1kV the highest values of troot B will be abtained for cv. Boomerang. For example, for option 7 seeds treatmented of cv. Boomerang, at level
Xj = +1, x2 = -1 h x3 = -1 the roots have been obtained with troot B7=133,3 %/control which are
the largest ones regarding the control.
Analyzing the equation (6) for cv. Colorit conclusion is that the electromagnetic treatment
o o o
with low levels of controlable factors x^ = -1 (bj =-5,678), x2 = -1 (b2 =-2,464) and x^ = -1 (b¡ =-
O O o
13,071) will receive the largest lengths of roots. Thus, for option 8 at x^ = -1, x2 = -1 and x^ = -1 an
average length troot C8=120 %/control.
The following equations of sprouts lengths have been found: - cv. Boomerang
.,.2 11 r»r» ,„2
yb.ivr. = 102,951 +1,113x- 0,990x + 0,866x + 2,088xx-1,005xx- 0,851 x X +1,276xi - 0,580 x2-1,199xf .
- cv. Colorit
fc tspr = 93,786 -0,115x- 0,058x2- 0,981 x3 +1,082x,xz-0,361 x1 x3- 2,091 x2 x3 + 4,579xf- 4,940xf + 3,714xf . ^
- cv. Respect
?R.ispr. = 96,549 - 0,162x +1,565 x2 - 5,450 x3 - 0,742x xz - 2,361 x x3 - 0,202 x2 x3 + 7,588xf - 7,520 x22 - 5,362 x32 ^q-j
According to equations (9) and (10) the conclusion is that if all the controllable factors are at zero level, the electromagnetic treatment will have a suppressing impact at the length of triticale cv. Colorit and Respect respectively, coefficient at a cv. Colorit b0 = 95,323, cv. Respect b0 = 96,549.
Pre- sowing electromagnetic treatment at the same values of controllable factors at zero levels will stimulate the sprout lengths of the seeds at cv. Boomerang. According to (8) at cv. Boomerang b0 = 102,951.
Analyzing the equations (5) and (7), (8) and (10) it is noted that the equations obtained for roots lengths of three cultivars of triticale have larger values of their coefficients in front of factors xj
o o
, x2 and x^ , than the coefficients in the equations for the sprout lengths. This shows that in the
processing with the same values of control factors the electromagnetic effect is different on the development of roots and sprouts of the seeds. The described test is confirmed by various signs in front of the coefficients of the three factors in the equations (8), (10) and respectively (5), (7). This indicates that electromagnetic effect is different with the same values of controablled factors on the development of roots and sprouts of the seeds. It is confirmed by various symbols in front of the coefficients of the three factors in the equations (8), (10) and respectively (5), (7).
The results show that the sprout length at cv. Colorit and Respect are significantly smaller comparing to control ones. It is noteworthy, that the sprouts length of seeds at cv. Respect are larger than the control only for option 10 (U = 1 kV, x = 30s and T = 14 days.) - tspr. R10=108,5 %/control, option 5 (U=5 kV, x=50s and T=7 days) - tspr. R5=102,0 %/control, and for option 14 - tspr. R4=100,4 %/control.
Comparing to other observed cultivars as opposed the above described, sprout length at cv. Respect are in the range of (82,0.99,8) %/control. This indicates that under the same values of the controllable factors, the electromagnetic treatment has depressing effect the shoot length, especially the seeds of a cv. Respect. The most pronounced is the suppression of the sprouts length (82,0 %/control) on seeds at cv. Respect for option 13 (U = 3kV, x = 30s and T = 21 days).
Concerning cv. Boomerang it can be noted that excepting options 2, 6 and 14 (Table 1.), the other treatments it was found an increasing of the root lengths of the seed in the range of (100,8-107,6) %/control. The biggest increasing on the length of roots - 107,6 %/control it was found at option 4 (U = 1kV, x = 10s and T = 21 days.).
o
o
o
Analysis of data from Table 1 shows that for option 5 (U = 5kV, x = 50s and T = 7 days.) the best results of number of roots were obtained at Boomerang and Colorit cultivars, respectively 103,8 %/control and 103,3 %/control. The roots length at cv. Boomerang and Colorit are 121,6 %/control and 106,1 %/control, respectively. The sprouts length at cv. Boomerang is 105,2 %/control and at cv. Colorit is 101,0 %/control.
The best results at cv. Colorit were obtained for option 4 (U = 1kV, x= 10s and T = 21 days)-Nroot R = 104,9 %/control and troot R = 122,7 %/control, This treatment has contributed to suppression of sprouts lengths - tspr R = 84,2 %/control. CONCLUSIONS
1. Under equally values of controllable factors different effects (stimulating or depressing) on laboratory parameters were found: number of roots, length of roots and sprouts lengths of the three cultivars of triticale.
2. It was found that pre-sowing electromagnetic treatment is the most beneficial one on the seeds of cv. Boomerang with the following values of the investigated indication: number of roots Nroot b=(101,9...109,4) %/control, roots length troot b=(104,9...133,3) %/control and sprouts lengths tspr.B=(100,8...105,8) %/control.
3. Pre-sowing electromagnetic treatment is the most depressing on the seeds of cv. Respect. The reported biometric parameters for the roots length and sprouts are respectively, troot r=(78,7...99,7) %/control and lengths sprouts tspr. r=(82,0...99,8) %/control.
4. For the three cultivars of tirticale were calculated regression equations for the number of roots, roots length and sprout length. Established values and symbols of the coefficients to controlable factors correlated with the results of laboratory tests.
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