CC BY
4УДК 620.197.5
Rahimov V.
Master of the Department Power Industry Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University (Baku, Azerbaijan)
STUDY OF ENERGY-SAVING MEASURES IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS FOR THE MODERN ERA
Аннотация: article addresses the investigation of energy efficiency measures in electrical systems to meet today's ever-increasing energy demand. In order to adapt to the requirements of the modern age, various technological and managerial approaches developed to increase the efficiency of electrical systems are examined. It addresses important issues such as energy efficiency, environmental sustainability, economic saving and energy security in electrical systems. This study emphasizes the importance of increasing efficiency in electrical systems by applying innovative energy saving methods and smart grid technologies. It also provides an assessment of recent developments in the field of energy efficiency in electrical systems in order to fill gaps in the existing literature and provide a foundation for future research. This study is of strategic importance to understand the importance of energy efficiency in electrical systems and meet future energy needs.
Ключевые слова: amorphous metal transformers, energy saving methods, technical losses, energy efficiency, electrical systems.
Introduction. Electricity has an ever-increasing importance in electrical systems, which are the cornerstone of modern societies. However, the energy losses experienced in the process of transmission and distribution of electricity constitute an important problem both from the environmental and economic point of view. Preventing or minimizing these losses is the key to increasing the efficiency of electrical systems.
Transformers are generally designed for long-term use, and therefore it is very important to minimize the no-load losses that will exist throughout the lifetime of the
transformer. Amorphous core distribution transformers are transformers with a core made of materials such as amorphous Fe-based alloy, an amorphous metal, instead of traditional crystalline materials. Such transformers have lower losses and higher efficiency compared to conventional transformers.
This study focuses on efforts to reduce energy losses in electrical systems. In particular, economic and environmental effects related to the use of amorphous core distribution transformers will be emphasized. Also, the challenges and opportunities in the dissemination of this technology will be discussed. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the discussion of new and innovative approaches to increase energy efficiency in electrical systems.
Approach metod. Losses during the transmission of electricity are directly related to the applied voltage of the electric current, so they try to use the highest voltage possible, taking into account the load and the organization of the network, for the purpose of long distance transmission. This transformation of electrical energy with voltage - first increasing it at the point of production and then reducing it again at the point of consumption - is carried out using transformers, which have become an integral and very important part of any energy system [1].
Energy losses in transformers are of two types:
no-load losses or "in iron", that is, the value of creating a magnetic field in the metal core when connecting the transformer to the network even in the absence of a load,
load losses due to winding resistance, Foucault currents circulating during active operation of the transformer both in the core and in the case - otherwise called "copper losses".
In fact, transformers used in power supply are among the most efficient mechanisms. They have no moving parts, and large transformers installed in power plants and electric transportation systems have an efficiency of more than 99%. The efficiency of distribution transformers can be slightly lower, but still around 99%. However, despite the high efficiency of each individual transformer, losses occur in every part of the movement of electrical energy in its conversion to voltage. Even in
the most modern networks, transformer conversion losses reach 10%, and such losses are lower or vice versa, higher at high load [2].
Distribution transformers account for 25-30% of all technical losses in energy systems. These losses cannot be fully eliminated. A transformer, like any other device, requires energy to operate. Part of this energy is spent on heating the wires (short-circuit losses), and part is spent on restoring magnetization (no-load losses). The weight of the no-load loss unit (PnU) is 2-4 times greater than the short-circuit loss unit (Psci) due to the change of load during the day, as well as at different times of the year. Moreover, transformers work around the clock, and therefore PnU losses occur constantly. We produce power transformers for the entire engineering-power complex of the country, and therefore, in addition to the production of standard equipment, we pay attention to the development of energy-saving distribution transformers from the first days of our activity.
Amorphous core distribution transformers are transformers with a core made of an amorphous metal such as an amorphous Fe-based alloy (most commonly Fe-Si-B) that replaces traditional crystalline materials.
Amorphous materials have several advantages that make them attractive for use in transformers [3]:
Lower losses: Amorphous materials result in lower losses due to lower hysteresis and eddy losses compared to expected crystalline materials such as silicon steel.
High efficiency: due to loss, amorphous transformers generally have higher efficiency, which in turn saves energy.
Smaller size and weight: Due to their properties, amorphous materials allow for smaller and lighter transformers while maintaining selective efficiency and performance.
Improved thermal stability: Amorphous materials generally have higher thermal stability than crystalline materials, making them more resistant to high temperature operation.
When choosing an amorphous core distribution transformer, it is important to consider power, efficiency, heat dissipation requirements and budget constraints. You should also specify the application features and terms of operation [4].
Transformers are typically used for long periods of 20 to 30 years. Therefore, it is very important to minimize the no-load losses that will exist throughout the lifetime of the transformer. In Super Amorphous X SP series transformers, no-load losses are reduced by one third compared to conventional transformers. As a result, up to 45% of total energy losses are eliminated compared to Top Runner standards adopted under the Energy Conservation Act. Each amorphous transformer can reduce annual C02 emissions by about 5.7 tons. This is equivalent to the volume of C02 processed by 400 cedar trees per year [5].
Conclusion. The efficiency of electricity transmission and distribution systems is paramount in the modern era of energy consumption. Transformers, particularly distribution transformers, play a critical role in this process, facilitating the conversion of electrical energy with minimal losses. While transformers are among the most efficient mechanisms in power supply, losses during energy conversion cannot be entirely eliminated. However, advancements such as the use of amorphous core distribution transformers offer promising solutions to reduce losses and enhance energy efficiency.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ:
1. http://forca.ru/stati/podstancii/transformatory-s-amorfnymmagnitoprovodom.html (дата обращения 20.11.2017);
2. Энергосбережение в Европе: применение энергоэффективных распределительных трансформаторов // Энергосбережение. 2003. № 6. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.abok.ru/for_spec/articles.php?nid=2281 (дата обращения 20.11.2017);
3. B.S.K. Naidu, "Amorphous Metal Transformers—New Technology Developments", Keynote Speech, CBIP-AlliedSignal Seminar (India), April 1999;
4. M. Takagi et al., "An Evaluation of Amorphous Transformer Using Load Curve Pattern Model for Pole Transformer," I E E J Transactions on Power and Energy 128, pp. 885-892 (2008);
5. "Potential for Global Energy Savings from High Efficiency Distribution Transformers," Leonardo Energy Transformers (Feb. 2005)
