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УДК: 08.00.01
Bakieva I.A.
Mukhtorov S.
Pardaev A.
TFI, Uzbekistan
STRUCTURE OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS
Abstract: This article discusses the socially oriented market mechanism.
Key words: macroeconomics, process, market, resource, seller, buyer, structure, mechanism
For a socially oriented market mechanism, the realization of goods becomes an important task, since the production process is sufficiently developed to create their relative excess, even in excess of the excess. An example is the US economy, where 3% of the labor force employed in agriculture provides the population with products and exports it. The same picture is observed in industry, where about 20% of the active population of the country is employed, and they provide not only themselves, but also the entire US society, and also work for export. Therefore, in highly developed countries, the market economy leads to an increase in the importance of the process of exchange and distribution of goods, allows for timely sale of products and for expanded reproduction of subjects of social production.
Social production consists of interrelated and interdependent moments of production, distribution, exchange of consumption. Exchange is a way of social production, since "the exchange of products as goods," Marx noted, "is a certain form of labor exchange and the dependence of each person's labor on others, a certain way of social labor or social production".
In a market economy, the exchange of activities is manifested in the exchange of goods, commodity circulation. Commodity circulation is a more developed form of barter and differs from barter in that the goods after the act of sale and purchase are not directly consumed by the buyers, but are used for further sale.
The social division of labor and the isolation of enterprises and organizations are the reasons for the exchange of activities in a commodity form. Separate enterprises exist as separate owners of the means of production and, therefore, the product of their labor. These include private firms, enterprises, cooperative and other organizations. These separate organizations enter into economic relations with private firms, state enterprises, and institutions.
State organizations, unlike private firms and cooperative organizations, are not full owners of the means of production and products of labor, because the latter should belong to the whole of society. Therefore, organizations of the public sector of the economy act in relation to each other as relatively independent production units that are entitled to partial appropriation and use of state property to ensure the production process in a commodity form.
The production of goods is based on the cost of living and materialized labor. Differences in the levels of development of working conditions of producers require the reduction of the individual costs of organizations to the socially necessary value
for the equivalent exchange of activities between enterprises and the reimbursement of labor costs. This objective necessity, which predetermines the functioning of economic relations regarding the exchange of products of labor between firms and enterprises on the basis of socially necessary expenditures of labor, is a condition for the manifestation of a product in a commodity form, therefore, an exchange of activities in the form of commodity circulation. In this regard, Karl Ma rx wrote: "... the average (socially necessary labor costs - KA), resulting from dividing the total cost by the number of products, determines the cost of a single product and states it as a commodity". It follows that the socially necessary labor costs are the basis for the existence of a product in a commodity form.
The product as a product is realized in the process of commodity circulation. Therefore, in the economic literature there are statements by some authors that commodity circulation expresses only the exchange process. For example, A.I. Levin and A.P. Yarkin state: "The main process of the sphere of commodity circulation is the process of exchange. It's not quite legitimate to talk about the distribution function of commodity circulation or (which is the same thing) that distribution processes take place in the sphere of circulation". However, such a one -sided description of the commodity circulation by the above authors does not express the completeness of the content of this category. Naturally, the act of exchange of goods between the two manufacturing enterprises, firms, from the point of view of individual producers, expresses the relationship of the exchange of activities between them. At the same time, for a certain period of time, the realization of a set of such acts between many different enterprises, manifested in the form of commodity circulation, expresses the distribution of the total social product, since "... distribution is defined as a moment emanating from society, and exchange from an individual". Consequently, commodity circulation expresses both exchange and distribution of the total social product.
The market economy is a combination of economic entities and economic relations of reproduction of social production entities, due to a certain level of development of private property. A modern socially oriented economy provides for a relative surplus and surplus of goods and the realization of the latter becomes problematic due to the disparity between the level of development of productive forces and the scale of social production.
The content of the market system must be viewed through the prism of economic relations, their subordination. The definition of the subordination of economic relations allows to identify the essential and derivative relations, the parameters of their interaction, and in particular, to reveal the content and optimal boundaries of the functioning of the market mechanism of social reproduction and commodity circulation.
In the scientific literature gives various criteria for grouping economic relations. Here, when classifying economic relations, it is necessary to focus on the essential and derivative relations, where you first need to identify the relations of the essential order, then their derivatives, and the forms of manifestation.
Property is manifested in private, state, shareholding, joint-stock,
cooperative, collective public, individual and other forms, depending on the combination of powers in the "bundle of rights" of ownership. It expresses the essence of the system of economic relations, which are clothed in market form. Ownership in the hierarchy of economic relations occupies a dominant position. Property relations are the initial and basic relations of the system of economic relations. Property properties as the initial relationship of the economic system predetermine the emergence of a competition relationship, which is a manifestation of competition, a common feature of the system of economic relations. The main elements of competition are attitudes of attribution and the alienation of benefits from others in conditions of limited resources, and the features of competition are expressed in relations of rivalry and competition.
Ownership predetermines the emergence and development of planning in conditions of concentration and centralization of production, monopolization of the economy. Plannedness is a property of the economic relations of the system of social production, that is, it belongs to the essential category. Plannedness expresses the relationship of informed coordination in the regulation of social production, commodity circulation, which arise and develop in a civilized capitalism, socially oriented market economy. A social market economy implies a tendency to harmonize the relationship between centralization and decentralization of social production. At the same time, in order to fully implement the planned character in the period of the formation and development of a social market economy, it becomes necessary to know the functioning economic laws and the mechanism for their use. At the present stage, we cannot say that these laws are fully understood, the mechanisms of their use have been revealed. "The presence of elements of spontaneity," V. Chernyak emphasizes, "is due to the low le vel of knowledge of certain laws and patterns, their ignoring or insufficient accounting in economic activity, non-systemic use of laws, imperfect economic mechanism, unforeseen circumstances".
Spontaneity - the opposite of planned. With the development of planning, elements of manifestation of spontaneity in the functioning of economic relations will be reduced to a minimum.
The conscious, coordinated regulation of social reproduction does not exclude the occurrence of randomness as an element of spontaneity in those or other economic relations. Spontaneity is due to the disparity between the level of development of the productive forces and the scale of social production. It is necessary to catch the trend of mass manifestation of randomness in a timely manner and direct it into the mainstream of progress; then this randomness will not grow into the spontaneity of the development of economic relations. Spontaneity is a mass manifestation of randomness in the functioning of economic relations outside the control of society.
In order to achieve control over spontaneity, society needs knowledge and disclosure of the mechanism of action of economic laws, which will ultimately avoid its undesirable consequences and realize the development of social production in the right direction. However, at present, the mechanisms and parameters of the
action of a number of economic laws are still insufficiently studied and considered, therefore society is not able to fully use economic laws to achieve the desired results. Therefore, in the operation of economic laws, negative consequences arise in the development of social production.
In connection with the foregoing, Hungarian economists rightly emphasize that "economic laws often have an impact that goes against targeted human actions". But at the same time, they prefer to study the effects of economic laws. This can be traced from the following lines: "The recognition in planning of the fact that planned ... economic growth is influenced by random factors that can delay the onset of an expected event or change its content or qualitative assessment already poses the problem of economic risk on the agenda". The study of the consequences of the operation of economic laws does not allow to fully determine the methods of regulating the development of social production, and in particular, the sphere of commodity circulation. The study of economic systems suffers from the narrowness of the subject of study, which makes it impossible to see the main link on which the entire process of reproduction of subjects of social production depends, that is, the system of economic laws.
The relations of ownership, competition, planning, relations of individual reproduction as a category of essential order are manifested through economic, self-supporting, market relations. The cost-accounting subsystem refers to reproduction relationships. Therefore, their implementation provides interconnection and continuity of interaction of the moments: production, distribution, exchange, consumption. These processes are carried out through relatively separate, independent elements and links of the system of social production. Elements are understood as subjects, firms, enterprises, associations; links - sub-sectors, industries, divisions. As subjects, they represent a self-supporting unit.
The relative isolation of subjects is predetermined by the social division of labor, which is the cause of the equivalent exchange of activity. In a market economy, the need for the equivalence of exchange activities should be ensured on the basis of socially necessary labor costs.
Literature:
1. Economic theory / Under the general ed. IN AND. Vidyapina, V.P. Zhuravleva. - M., 1999
2. United States of America / Ed. ed. V.F. Zhelezova. - M., 1991
3. K. Marx, F. Engels. Cit. 2nd ed. T.26. Part 3 - M., 1964
4. A.I. Levin, A.P. Yarkin. Commodity circulation: problems of forecasting and management. - M., 1980
5. G. Popov. On the system of economic sciences / / Questions of Economics. Science Magazine. - M., 1985
