CC BY
9doi: 10.5862/MCE.67.5
Stress finite element models for determining the frequencies of free oscillations
Определение частот свободных колебаний методом конечных элементов в напряжениях
Yu.Ya. Tyukalov,
Vyatka State University, Kirov, Russia
Д-р техн. наук, профессор Ю.Я. Тюкалов,
Вятский государственный университет, Киров, Россия
Key words: finite element method in stresses; free vibration frequency; lower limit values; principle of virtual displacements
Ключевые слова: метод конечных элементов в напряжениях; частоты свободных колебаний; нижняя граница значений; принцип возможных перемещений
Abstract. Development of calculation methods, allowing determining the lower limits frequencies of free oscillations is actual. Such methods, in combination with the decisions by the method of finite element in displacements, will let to assess the accuracy of the frequencies of free oscillations calculated values. The frequencies of free oscillations constant cross section rods with different supports of the ends are calculating by the stress finite element analysis. The proposed method is based on combination of the additional potential energy functional and the virtual displacements principle. The last is used to construct the equilibrium equations. The solution reduces to finding the minimum of the additional energy functional with constraints in form of the linear algebraic system equilibrium equations. The equilibrium equations, taking into account inertia forces, are writing for the finite element mesh nodes in the directions of coordinate axes. Using the Lagrange multipliers the equilibrium equations are included in the functional. The Lagrange multipliers are the nodes displacements values. Considered two variants of bending moment's approximation on the finite element field: linear and piecewise constant. The free oscillations forms are represented as polygonal lines. According to the proposed method the first three frequencies of free oscillations were defined for constant cross-section rods with different supports of the ends. The calculated values of the frequencies were compared with the exact values. In comparison with the method of finite elements in displacements, it is shown that the proposed method allows to get the opposite bound values for the frequencies of free oscillations.
Аннотация. Актуальной является разработка метода расчета конструкций, позволяющего определять нижние границы частот свободных колебаний. Такие методы, в сочетании с решениями по методу конечных элементов в перемещениях, позволят дать оценку точности вычисленных значений частот свободных колебаний. В работе предлагается решение задачи определения частот свободных колебаний стержней постоянного сечения с различными опорами на концах методом конечных элементов в напряжениях. Методика основывается на сочетании функционала дополнительной энергии и принципа возможных перемещений, используемого для построения уравнений равновесия. После дискретизации предметной области, решение задачи сводится к поиску минимума функционала дополнительной энергии деформации при наличии ограничений в виде системы линейных алгебраических уравнений равновесия. Уравнения равновесия, с учетом сил инерции, составляются для узлов сетки конечных элементов по направлениям осей координат и включаются в функционал при помощи множителей Лагранжа, которыми являются величины перемещений узлов. Рассматриваются два варианта аппроксимации изгибающих моментов по области конечного элемента: линейная и кусочно-постоянная. Форма свободных колебаний представляется в виде ломанной линии. По предложенной методике были выполнены расчеты первых трех частот свободных колебаний для стержней постоянного сечения с различными вариантами опирания концов. Выполнено сравнение расчетных величин первых трех частот свободных колебаний с точными значениями. Показано, что предлагаемый метод расчета позволяет получить противоположную, по сравнению с методом конечных элементов в перемещениях, границу значений для частот свободных колебаний.
Introduction
Currently, the most common method for determining the frequencies of free oscillations is the finite element displacement analysis [1-12], less often used mixed [13-20] or analytical methods [21-24]. In the article [25] for determining the frequency of free oscillations is used the method of boundary elements. It is known that the method of finite element in displacements gives the more "stiffer" solution and consequently higher values of the free oscillation frequencies compared to accurate values. Displacements which were received by mixed or hybrid methods are approached to the exact values both from below and above. Analytical methods do not have a generality of numerical methods and are applied for a limited group of problems. Actual problem is to develop a method to determine the upper boundary of displacements or low boundary of free oscillations frequencies. This possibility is provided by the functional of additional energy, since the solutions, based on it, are more "flexible", compared with the exact values [1, 2]. But the direct use of this functional is complicated by necessity using the approximating functions that satisfy the differential equations of equilibrium [1]. If the nodal unknowns are self-equilibrated forces, then their choice has difficulties for variety of finite elements. Moreover, these systems should not include the forces to provide a statically determinate structure fixing. If the decision to use the stress function was reached, also there are difficulties to their choice and providing static boundary conditions [2].
In [3] compares the values of the frequencies of the cantilever beams free oscillations, obtained using the ANSYS, and experimentally measured values. To simulate flexural and torsional vibrations used fine mesh flat finite elements. Nonlinear free vibrations of curved shallow shells are investigated using hierarchical finite element in [5]. The decision considers the geometric nonlinearity, shear and rotational inertia. The first and higher frequencies were calculated and the high accuracy of the proposed finite element was shown.
Using the flat joint finite elements for modeling the free beam vibrations is offered in [6]. This approach allows us to consider the effect of shear deformations on the values of the frequencies of free oscillations. Free nonlinear oscillations rods considering shear deformations are considered in [7]. The solution is built using finite elements with independent linear approximations of the longitudinal and transverse displacements, and rotation angles. Hamilton's principle is used for the motion equations. The paper presents the numerical results, which show the effect of vibration amplitude and shear deformation on values of the frequencies of free vibrations of beams with different support conditions.
Precision triangular element, considering the shear deformations, is presented in [12] for bending plates. When the stiffness matrix is formed, the finite element is divided into three triangles. The proposed element allows us to calculate the frequencies of free vibrations with high precision. In [13] isoparametric quadrilateral finite element with eight nodes is used to study the free oscillations of thin and thick plates. It examines the different schemes of construction mass matrices and examples of the calculation of rectangular plates. It is concluded that the use of the diagonal mass matrix provides a high accuracy of frequencies. Various forms of the equations of the rods dynamics and significance accurate determination of the free oscillations frequencies spectrum were shown in [26, 27]. The articles [28-33] devoted to research of the various variational formulations for deciding nonlinear and thin-wall rods systems by finite element method in displacements.
In [16] as the nodal unknowns of finite element method are accepted forces, bending and torsional moments, corresponding deformations and curvatures. Distribution of forces to finite element area is taken to be linear. The system of equations consists of the equilibrium equations of nodes, which are formed by means of the principle of possible displacements and strain compatibility equations, which are written using the static-geometric analogy. The number of unknowns is reduced using the known relationship between stresses (moments) and strains (curvatures). There are examples of calculating the bending plates, shallow shells and plane elasticity problems.
Solution of the free vibrations of a rectangular, clamped along the contour plate using the expansion of displacements in Taylor, McLaren's series is presented in [21]. The article compares the frequencies of free oscillations of plates with different aspect ratio, obtained using the proposed method with those of other authors.
Thus, the main part of work is aimed at improving the method of finite elements in displacements. Some work focused on the development of finite element methods for some constructions in the form of the method of forces or stresses. Still actual is problem of constructing solutions by finite element method in stresses, which will have the same universality, as the finite element method in displacement, and will allow obtaining of alternative solutions abroad.
Methods
In [34-38], based on the additional energy functional and the principle of virtual displacements, were built solving the building structures problems by using the stress finite element analysis. Using for the approximations of stresses (forces) in the field of finite element constant or piecewise constant functions we will get the upper border of displacements. In general, the solution of the problem reduces to finding the minimum of the additional energy functional (1) in the presence of limitations in the form of equilibrium equations of nodes (2).
nc = tt* + 7* = { a}T[£]_ a} d/2 - J{ r}T(A) dS - m in, (1)
J _
( C, x) {a} + P¿,x = 0, i e ^
( Q,y)T{a) + p,y = 0, i e »y, (2)
( C, z)T{a) + P,z = 0, i e »z.
where tt * - additional energy of the strains, 7* - potential boundary forces corresponding to the specified displacements [1]; {0} - vector of unknown node stresses (forces) of finite elements adjacent to the node i; s^sysz - sets of nodes that have free displacements along the axes X, y u Z respectively; (a) -vector given displacements of nodes; {7} - vector boundary forces; S - boundary surface, on which the displacement nodes are given; ( Cjx),( Cjx),( Cfz) - vectors, whose elements are the coefficients (multipliers) of the unknown node stresses (forces) of finite elements adjacent to the node i; Pf,x,P ¿^ P ¿,z - external loads potential corresponding to the virtual unit displacements of the node along axes respectively. The equilibrium equations (2) are formed by means of the principle of virtual displacements for all admissible displacements of nodes along the coordinate axes. If node united more than two finite elements, then you must add the equations of equilibrium moments about the axes for this node. Below, we will view only straight rods, so the equilibrium equations of moments are not considered.
To go to the problem unconstrained minimization, we use the method of Lagrange multipliers. Then the advanced additional energy functional takes the following form:
Consider the process of constructing resolving equations on the example of a flat rod system (Fig. 1). _
. njf = tt * + 7 * + I;=x,y, z If e u ¿,y (( C^fCo} + P ¿, ;) - m in, (3)
where u ¿j - the actual displacement of the node i towards j, which is the Lagrange multiplier for the corresponding equilibrium equation. When using functional (3) there is no need to use a stress field, which satisfy the differential equations of equilibrium, as required by the principle of minimum additional energy. The equilibrium equations will be carried out in discrete sense - in the form of the equilibrium equations of the finite element mesh nodes.
Consider the process of constructing resolving equations on the example of a flat rod system (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Flat rod system. Virtual displacements of the node
The longitudinal forces and bending moments are the nodal unknowns {a ¿} = } (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. The rod finite element unknowns
Consider the linear approximations of forces and moments in the field of finite element
N = lli LiNi, M = tf= iLtMt,
where:
_ ( i+(j() c _ 2x .
¿i - —' S - 77' 1 = 1-2-
(4)
(5)
where le - length of the finite element. Lt - linear function-forms, recorded by using the relative coordinate . The coordinates are measured from the center of the finite element. Thus, and = 1. For the constant cross section rod, the additional energy is the sum of two integrals
u:
_1 f N(x)2dx 1 il = 2J E Ae +2L
M(x)2d x
We '
(6)
where E - modulus of elasticity; Ae - cross-sectional area; le - cross-sectional moment of inertia.
Denote the vector of nodal unknowns for finite element {if} = (Ni Mi N2 M2). Then, after integration we get that
u^liafw e]{ae},
(7)
where:
[ ]
■ le 0 le 0
3EAe 6 EAe
0 le 0 le
3 EIe 6 EIe
le 0 le 0
6 EAe 3EAe
0 le 0 le
6 EIe 3 EIe-
(8)
If the approximations of forces and moments are piecewise constant functions, then
le
[ ]
2 EAe
o o 0
0
le 2 EIe
0 0
0
0
le
2 EAe 0
0 0
0
le 2 EIe]
(9)
Global additional energy matrix [ ] for the whole system is formed from a matrix [ ] for each finite element, in accordance with global indexes of unknowns.
Figure 3. Local and global coordinate system
To form the equilibrium equations of nodes is introduced local coordinate system £on], associated with the considered finite element (Fig. 3). The possible displacements of node 8Uj, x, 8Wjy along the global axes X and Y can be represented as the geometric sum of the displacements 8Uj, f, 8Wj^ along the local axes. Possible displacement along axis Y causes the following displacements:
f = 8wfys ina, = 8wfyc os a. (10)
Displacement 8UjX can be replaced by the following possible displacements along the axes of the local coordinate system:
STii ^ = 8TiiXcosa, Swi^ = —8uixsina,
'*2-*i .' y2 - yi (11)
cosa = —--, sina = —-—.
le le
Displacements of points of the finite elements, abutting to this node, are linear functions (Fig. 4a). Therefore, displacement causes the constant deformation
8 e = (12) Then the energy deformation of the finite element in view of (4) is
"ie Kir
2
p JC fill • i-
5 U ц = ^ VV(x)5£ dx = (V + iV2)-^. (13)
If displacement of the node is directed along the normal 8wi,JJ, then the finite element moved as rigid body (Fig. 4b), so that the axis curvature of the rod is zero. In this case, the deformations energy equal the work of nodal moments:
-e (M2 - Mi)
8 tt= (M2 - Mi)<p = V 2 1 ' 8W2, „. (14)
Figure 4. Possible displacements in the local coordinate system
In general, the expression (14) can be written in relative coordinates of the nodes.
«5 U & Mi + ^ M2 )
(15)
The relative coordinates of the nodes have the following values: Using the
expressions (13), (15) and (10), the energy of deformation from possible displacement of the node along the global X-axis of coordinates is written in the following form:
_e cosa fjSina
5 U i,x = - (Ni + N2) - — (& Mi + S2M2).
(16)
2 v ' le In vector notation
SUi. x = { c*x}T {i}, (17)
Equation (17) can be expressed by the vector unknowns of all finite elements, adjacent to the
node.
Ml = { Cg? {at} .
(18)
The elements of the vector (18) are moved in a pre-zeroed global vector { CX x } in accordance with
global numeration of unknowns. The size of the vector { C^^ } is equal to the number of nodal unknowns. For all finite elements, adjacent to the node i
5 U t, x = Ze{ C%}T {ft} = { Ci,x}T {it}. The potential of external forces at possible unit displacement along the X-axis
«Vt,x = Pt,x = Pt,x 1 ^ ' qel ,
(19)
(20)
where: Pt x - projection of the force on the X-axis; qe - evenly distributed load for the finite element, adjacent to the node i. Equilibrium equation of the node along the X axis will be have the standard form
{ Ct, x} {ad + P t,x = 0 .
For possible displacement of the node 5wt y = 1 along the Y-axis
—e sina EiCosa
5 Ue,y = 5 (Ni + N2 ) + ^r- (& Mi + f2 M2 ) .
In vector notation
5 U [y = { C[y}T {1},
( sina \
(21)
(22)
(23)
{ }
(24)
The potential of external forces at possible unit displacement along the Y-axis
5Vt,y Pt,y Pt,y qel ,
Equilibrium equation of the node along the Y-axis will be like (22).
(25)
Consider the free oscillations of constant cross-section rods. To illustrate the method simply supported rod, divided into three finite elements, is showed in Figure 5. The nodal displacements and bending moments will be unknowns.
Figure 5. Simply supported rod: a) finite elements; b) a form of free oscillations; c) linear approximation of moments; d) piecewise constant approximation of moments
The length of the finite element - le, bending stiffness - EI, the mass per unit length of rod - m. In Figure 6, for any finite element, the following notation: M1, M2 - the internal bending moments; R 1, R2 -nodal reactions corresponding bending moments; F^ F2 - nodal reactions, corresponding inertia forces f(x, t). The longitudinal vibrations are absent.
Figure 6. The finite element: a) internal forces and nodal reactions; b) dynamic finite element model with distributed mass; c) dynamic finite element model with concentrated masses
Using the principle of virtual displacements or equations of equilibrium moments, nodal reactions R 1 , R 2 can be expressed through the nodal bending moments. For example, reaction R 2 is the derivative
—e _
of the virtual deformations energy 8U¿^ by virtual displacement 8w2,v (see (14)). Expression for the finite element nodal forces in the matrix form is written as
Ri
R2
1 -1
г®
-1 1
F
M2
or [Re} = [Ae][Me}.
(26)
Matrix [Ae] is static equations matrix. Vector {Re} is vector of unknown nodal bending moments for finite element. The form of the rod oscillations is approximated by broken line (Fig. 5b). In the field of finite element, displacements of points are represented by a linear function. Thus, the distributed forces of inertia are determined by expression (28):
/ (x, t) = - my = ma2 (yi (1 ~je)+ y2 p) s i n( a)t). Then, excluding sin(^i), we obtain nodal reactions corresponding distributed inertia forces
(27)
co2mle co2mle
3 6
a>2mle a>2mle
or [Fe] = [Be][ye].
(28)
6 3
If the mass concentrated in the nodes, we obtain a diagonal matrix
~<j)2mle
[ ]
2 0
0
a)2mle
(29)
Additional energy of the finite element strains is expressed as the integral
AM(x)2
n*
_ 1 f ~2j0
EI
■dx.
After integration, we obtain the following matrix expression:
n *e=±{Me}T[D e]{M e},
Flexibility matrix [De] is written in two versions - [De]tin piecewise constant (Fig. 5d) approximations of the moments:
(30)
(31)
for linear (Fig. 5c) and [De]pic for
[ ]
3EI I
6 EI I
6 EI 3 EI
, [D ]pic =
I
2 EI
— 0
0 —
2 EI
(32)
By forming from local vectors and matrices (with index e) according to the unknown's numeration, we obtain similar global matrix and vector for the whole system. Expressing through them functional (3) we get:
Re = ~{M]T[D]{M} + [y}T([A]{M] + {F}) -> min.
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
By equating to zero the derivatives of the (34) along the vectors {M} and {y}, we obtain
[D ]{M} + [A ]T{y} = 0, [A]{M} + {F} = 0 .
The vector of inertia forces expressed through the global matrix [ ], then the system of linear homogeneous equations takes the following form:
([D ]{M} + [A ]T{y} = 0, I [A ]{M} + [B]{y} = 0 .
By equating to zero the determinant of the system (36), we find the frequencies of the free oscillations w. The number of unknowns of the system (36) can be reduced. To do this, we express the vector {M } from the first matrix equation in system (36) and substitute it in the second equation. Then we will get the system of equations (37). The system (38) is obtained by expression vector {y} from the second matrix equation in (36).
( ~[A][D ]-nA]T + [B ]){y} = 0, (37)
( ~[A]T[B ]-X[A] + [D ]){M} = 0. (38)
The system (37) have advantage, if we will use the piecewise constant approximation of moments along length of the finite element. Then the matrix [ ] consists of the matrices [ ] and the matrix [ ] elements are calculated analytically. If we used only concentrated masses, then matrix [ ] will take the diagonal form. In this case, it is easier to use the system of equations (38). If matrices [D] and [B] does not have the diagonal form, the frequency must be determined by the system (36), which is Tyukalov Yu.Ya. Stress finite element models for determining the frequencies of free oscillations. Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2016. No. 7. Pp. 39-54. doi: 10.5862/MCE.67.5
bigger than the system (37) or (38). If we calculate the frequency by means an iterative process, it would require more computing operations.
Results and Discussion
To evaluate the accuracy determination of the frequencies by the method proposed above, we have been calculated first three frequencies of the free oscillations for constant cross-section rods with different supports of the ends. To simplify the analysis length, bending stiffness and mass per meter of the rods was taken equal to unity. In the calculations was used Mathcad 14.0 program.
Graphics in Figures 7-14 show comparison of the calculated values of the first three frequencies of free oscillations with the exact values. The first version of the figures (green line - 1) corresponds to a linear approximation moments along length of the finite element, the second - a piecewise constant moments (blue line - 2).
The results show, that by using the concentrated masses (Fig. 7-10) frequencies calculation values are approached to exact values from below, when we use both linear and piecewise constant approximation of the moments.
If the mass of the rod is evenly distributed (Fig. 11-14) and moments are piecewise constants, the frequencies are approached to exact values from below. When using linear approximation moments - the calculated frequencies are approached to exact values from above, as in the case of using the finite element method in displacement.
The proposed method of calculation allows you to get the opposite bound values for the frequencies of free oscillations, in comparison with the finite element analysis in displacements. This requires use the concentrated masses and linear or piecewise constant approximation of the moments. Also, we can use the distributed mass in combined with piecewise constant approximation of the moments.
" ------
o 1 2 3 i 5
Figure 7. The frequency of free oscillations of a cantilever rod depending on the number of grid nodes. The mass of the rod concentrated at the nodes
Figure 8. The frequencies of free oscillations of a clamped rod depending on the number of grid nodes. The mass of the rod concentrated at the nodes
Figure 9. The frequencies of free oscillations of a rod with one clamped and one hinge supports depending on the number of grid nodes. The mass of the rod is concentrated at the nodes
100
BO
00
40
20
¿JL)3 1 *--- -=l i
r4
i \ <
1 ' 2
(JJ1 |
P2
Figure 10. The frequency of free oscillations of simply supported rod depending on the number of grid nodes. The mass of the rod is concentrated at the nodes
Figure 11. Frequencies of free oscillations of the clamped rod, depending on the number of grid nodes. The mass of the rod is evenly distributed
is ei
32 16
£jl)3 1 ] -
1
CjJ: ]
2
OOl 1
Figure 12. The frequency of free oscillations of a cantilever rod depending on the number of grid nodes. The mass of the rod is evenly distributed
Figure 13. The frequency of free oscillations of a rod with one clamped and one hinged supports depending on the number of grid nodes. The mass of the rod is evenly distributed
I
COs
2
1 1
1
(JJI i
j.
0 1 1 3 i 5
Figure 14. The frequency of free oscillations of hinged rod depending on the number of grid nodes. The mass of the rod is evenly distributed
Tables 1-4 show the calculations results and their accuracy estimates that were received by using the concentrated masses and linear approximation of the moments. Table 5 show the calculation results accuracy estimates. Number of grid nodes is equal five. In Table 5 rods are designated as: 1 - cantilever rod; 2 - clamped rod; 3 - rod with one clamped and one hinged supports; 4 - hinged rod.
The above data in Tables 1-4 show, that by crushing grid the results accuracy is increasing quite quickly. For cantilever beam, the calculating error is reducing from 30.2 % to 1.8 % for the first frequency, from 26.2 to 5.9 for the second frequency and from 23.8 to 9.3 for the third frequency. Obviously, for a more accurate calculation of the second and third frequencies values is required more nodes. For other supports of the rods, the accuracy of the calculated frequency values is substantially higher and it is satisfactory for all three frequencies even at five nodes.
In Table 5 the accuracy estimates of the calculated results in percentage for the grid with five nodes are shown. The highest precision is achieved by using a linear approximation of the bending moments and concentrated masses. Less accurate results are obtained by using a piecewise constant approximation points and distributed masses. More nodes of the grid are required to achieve high accuracy of the results using piecewise constant approximations of moments and concentrated masses, but in this case, as in the previous two, calculated values of the frequencies are approaching to the exact values from below. When using linear approximation moments and distributed mass, the calculated frequencies are approached to exact values from above and are required more nodes for achieve high accuracy of the results.
Table 1. The results for cantilever rod (Fig. 7 green line - 1)
Number of grid nodes Exact value Exact value Exact value
O ! = 3.516 rad/sec O 2 = 22.035 rad/sec 61.701 rad/sec
Calculated values Error % Calculated values Error % Calculated values Error %
1 2.449 30.3 - - - -
2 3.156 10.2 16.258 26.2 - -
3 3.346 4.8 18.886 14.3 47.028 23.8
4 3.418 2.8 20.090 8.8 53.202 13.8
5 3.453 1.8 20.734 5.9 55.953 9.3
Table 2. The results for clamped rod (Fig. 8 green line - 1)
Number of grid nodes Exact value 0) i = 22.373 rad/sec Exact value 0) 2 = 61.67 rad/sec Exact value 0) 3 = 120.903 rad/sec
Calculated values Error % Calculated values Error % Calculated values Error %
1 19.596 12.4 — — — —
2 20.069 10.3 57.65 6.5 — —
3 22.302 0.3 59.20 4.0 97.40 19.4
4 22.350 0.1 60.90 1.25 113.12 6.4
5 22.364 0.04 61.39 0.45 118.01 2.4
Table 3. The results for rod with one clamped and one hinge supports (Fig. 9 green line - 1)
Number of grid nodes Exact value Exact value Exact value
Ш J = 15.418 rad/sec 49.964 rad/sec 104.248 rad/sec
Calculated values Error % Calculated values Error % Calculated values Error %
1 14.832 3.8 — — — —
2 15.349 0.45 45.632 8.7 — —
3 15.402 0.10 49.054 1.8 91.53 12.2
4 15.412 0.04 49.683 0.56 100.43 3.7
5 15.416 0.01 49.851 0.23 102.82 1.4
Table 4. The results for simply supported rod (Fig. 10 green line - 1)
Number of grid nodes Exact value 9.869 rad/sec Exact value 39.478 rad/sec Exact value 88.826 rad/sec
Calculated values Error % Calculated values Error % Calculated values Error %
1 9.798 0.7 — — — —
2 9.859 0.1 38.184 3.3 — —
3 9.867 0.02 39.192 0.7 83.21 6.3
4 9.868 0.01 39.381 0.25 87.18 1.8
5 9.869 0 39.436 0.1 88.18 0.7
Table 5. Accuracy estimate of the calculated results in percentage
ш Rod M - linear m - distributed M - linear m - concentrated M - piecewise constant m - distributed M - piecewise constant m - concentrated
1 0.3 1.8 1.8 3.2
2 -2.7 0.04 7.8 10.1
3 -2.6 0.01 3.5 5.9
4 -2.3 0 0 2.3
1 -4.0 5.9 6.0 14.4
2 -9.8 0.45 12.3 20.5
0J2 3 -9.8 0.23 6.0 14.3
4 -9.4 0.1 0.1 8.8
1 -13.2 9.3 9.3 26.5
2 -19.7 2.4 15.6 31.0
Щ 3 -21.0 1.4 8.5 25.2
4 -21.6 0.7 0.7 18.9
Conclusions
1. The proposed method of calculation allows getting the opposite bound values (bottom values) for the frequencies of free oscillations, in comparison with the finite element analysis in displacements.
2. The highest precision is achieved by using a linear approximation of the bending moments and concentrated masses. For grid with five nodes the maximal calculating error is 1.8 % - for first frequency, 5.9 % - for second frequency and 9.3 % - for third frequency. The calculated values of the frequencies are approaching to the exact values from below.
3. Use the concentrated masses and linear or piecewise constant approximation of the moments or the distributed mass in combined with piecewise constant approximation of the moments, the calculated values of the frequencies are approaching to the exact values from below.
4. Using linear approximation moments and distributed mass, the calculated frequencies are approached to exact values from above. For grid with five nodes the maximal calculating error is 2.7 % - for first frequency, 9.8 % - for second frequency and 21.6 % - for third frequency.
References
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Yury Tyukalov,
+7(912)8218977; [email protected]
Юрий Яковлевич Тюкалов, +7(912)8218977; эл. почта: [email protected]
© Tyukalov Yu.Ya., 2016
