CC BY
11YflK 94(477.75)"1875/1905":297
Statistics Muslim clergy Crimea last quarter of the XIX - early XX century (according to Department of Religious Affairs of Foreign Confessions of the Russian Interior Ministry)
Zarema Khayredinova
(Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University)
Abstract: The article is devoted to poorly studied statistics of the Muslim clergy in Taurida province. Information was presented by Mohammedan Spiritual Board to the Department of Religious Affairs of Foreign Confessions MIA. In the article the statistics of Muslims last quarter of the XIX to the beginning of XX centuries is presented. Officially, all located here clergy remained in their seats after joining Crimea to Russia. Over time, in addition to traditional confessional and legal, and it acquired the status of public service. Crimean Muslim clergy was gradually incorporated deeply enough into the bureaucracy of the Russian Empire.
To analyze the dynamics of the Muslim clergy of Taurida Gubernia should refer to case number 1143, stored in the Russian State Historical Archive. On the basis of archival documents there was an attempt to recreate the statistical picture of not only the number of Muslim clergy. The numerical parameters of mosques, the total number of Muslims Taurida province were studied. We consider the demographics of fertility, mortality of the Muslim population, as well as registered marriages in the period. This period is interesting in fact that in 1893 there was a wave of mass emigration of Crimean Tatars to Turkey. Specifically, it had an impact on the nature of the statistical reports.
Keywords: Muslim clergy, the statistics of the Muslim population, mosques and immigration.
The Muslim clergy played a huge role in the life of the Crimean Tatars. Life and traditions of the Crimean Tatars were based on Islam,
and the clergy enjoyed enormous prestige and respect. The article investigates the dynamics of the Muslim clergy during the last quarter of XIX - early XX century. The study is based on the documents and papers of central institutions of the Russian Empire, stored in the Russian State Historical Archive (RSHA) in St. Petersburg.
It is commonly known that September 8, 1802 the Interior Ministry was established. February 2, 1832 to the Interior Ministry as a special department was merged with the General Administration of Religious Affairs of Foreign Confessions [1, p. 52]. The organization was named the Department of Religious Affairs of Foreign Confessions (DDDII). Since that time, all questions concerning the Muslim population, were considered in the establishment. For example, in the fund of DDDII (Form 821) the cases «Election Mufti of migrant domestic workers» [2] «On determining the range of action of migrant domestic workers and the approval of its states» [3] «On consideration of the draft regulation on the management of waqf estates in Tauride and on giving land landless Tatars same province» [4] «Statistical information about the Mohammedans in the department of migrant domestic workers» for the years 1875-1909 [5] are stored.
One of the most important sources for the study of the dynamics of the population of Crimean Tatar clergy during last quarter of XIXth - early XXth century are the legislative acts of the central government. These laws coordinate the activities of the sole authority of the Muslim government of the Crimean Tatars - Tauride Mohammedan Spiritual Board (migrant domestic workers), which in turn regulated the quantity and quality of the parish clergy. Among the legislative documents are the following: «The position of the Tauride Mohammedan clergy and to be conducting its affairs», approved December 23, 1831 [6], the Decree of the Senate on November 24, 1833 «On the extension to Tauricheskoe Mohammedan clergy rules and explanations in the Decree of 21 September 1828, on the conduct of births» [7] «On the kind of cases in which spiritual Tauricheskoe Mohammedan rule can go with views directly to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, «from March 28, 1838 [8]» On the Mohammedan clergy in Tauris province» of 24 May 1848 [9], «Election and approval of the mullahs in Mohammedan societies of the western provinces» of 8 January 1851 [10].
The important legislative acts for the study of statistics Muslim clerics were «the Statutes of Religious Affairs of Foreign Confessions» published in 1857, 1896 and 1913 [11] regarding the management of religious affairs of Muslims. Despite the fact that the Constitution of 1913 was an unofficial publication, it reflects all legislation relating to the settlement of Muslim issues in the Tauride.
Muslim clerics were rather differentiated and clearly structured. It absolutely satisfied the spiritual needs of the local Muslim population. They enjoyed great prestige and influence how those in power, and in the ordinary faithful. The Russian government has sought to win over the clergy and tried to keep its rights under existing at the Khan's regime, which can be traced in the laws of the state. Officially, all situated here clergy remained in their places. Over time, other than traditional confessional and legal, and it acquired the status of public service. Muslim clerics Crimea was deep enough to gradually incorporated into the bureaucratic structures of the Russian Empire.
To analyze the dynamics of the Muslim clergy Tauride one should refer to the case of «Statistical information about the Mohammedans in the department of migrant domestic workers» [12].
Each year Mohammedan clirical board provided in DDDII statements about the number of mosques serving the clergy, the Muslim population of Tauris and the Western provinces. The information submitted to the department, quite detailed. Taurian province representing the city (Simferopol, Bakhchisaray, Karasubazar, Feodosia, Kerch, Perekop, Evpatoria and Old Crimea) and counties (Simferopol, Feodosia, Perekops'kyi, Yalta and Evpatorijsky). Since the conduct of such workers were Muslim population of the Western provinces, then the information submitted by the Volyn, Podolia, Grodno, Vilna, Minsk and Kaunas counties.
In addition, these statements were listed muderrisy, Oji (teachers) and Sokhta (pupils). In a further statement provides information about births, deaths and marriage combines Muslims.
Statements with a cover letter signed by the Mufti Tauride and county kadiyami sent to the Minister of the Interior.
Let's review the dynamics of change in the number of mosques. In the statements of the mosque are divided into Catholic and pyativremennye. These tables indicate their total amount [13].
1000 800 600 400 200 0
1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905
1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905
In the cities 92 92 96 90 87 90 91
In the counties 658 660 717 702 619 628 613
Total 750 752 813 792 706 718 704
The number of mosques till 1885 was growing. This number of mosques satisfied the needs of the Muslim population in Tauride during the given period. However, from 1885 to 1895, the number dropped to 107 mosques. Obviously, this is a consequence of another wave of mass emigration of Crimean Tatars in 1893.
1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
- In the cities
In the
counties
Total
1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905
1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905
In the cities 130 134 127 108 138 115 127
In the counties 631 489 641 654 631 865 824
Total 761 623 768 762 769 980 1051
The Muslim clergy is represented with upper (mufti, qadi-asker, county Cadia) and lower (Khatipov, imams, Masina - muezzins). We are interested in the total number of members including both higher and lower clergy [14]. It should be noted that despite the reduction in the number of mosques, the number of Muslim clerics was not changing.
The following table and graph statistics can be tracked by the Muslim population as a whole Tauride [15].
200000 150000
100000 50000
0
1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905
In the cities 21052 22429 21002 25136 29160 34536 29914
In the counties 81613 97828 95678 100630 120345 144671 142090
Total 102665 120257 116680 125766 149505 179207 172004
In addition, it is surprising that despite the various causes of the economic, emigration etc., the growth of the Muslim population is significant, and therefore the birth rate is increasing.
Among the Crimean Tatars, the birth rate has traditionally been high. The following graph shows the development of fertility change in the period under review [16].
In the cities In the counties Total
1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905
8000 6000 4000 2000 0
- In the cities
In the counties
Total
1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905
1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905
In the cities 828 920 1152 1141 1348 1469 1359
In the counties 3347 3683 3841 4643 5520 5658 5258
Total 4175 4603 4993 5784 6868 7127 6617
Mortality rate among the Muslim population from 1875 to 1905 is shown in the following graph and table [17].
7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0
- In the cities
In the
counties
Total
1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905
1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905
In the cities 573 836 1111 1138 1294 1650 1541
In the counties 2067 2260 2787 2482 3303 4006 4256
Total 2640 3096 3898 3620 4597 5656 5797
The following statistics gives an idea of registered marriages among Muslims Tauride in the reviewed period [18].
2000 1500 1000 500 0
In the cities
1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905
1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905
In the cities 269 341 396 321 445 444 251
In the counties 614 680 884 1028 1304 1331 1382
Total 883 1021 1280 1349 1759 1775 1633
As can be seen from the chart, the number of registered marriages increased to 1895 and from 1900 to 1905 in the cities, the number of registered fell by half. Accordingly, the total number of marriages declined.
Thus, we can draw the following conclusions. Tauricheskoe Mohammedan spiritual reign in the period between 1875 and 1905, respectively, and regularly provided information to the Department of Religious Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Foreign Confessions. Statements were prepared Tauricheskim Mohammedan spiritual rule and signed Tauricheskim mufti, qadi-asker and county kadiyami. Statements provide interesting statistics about the Muslim population Tauride.
REFERENCES
1. Ministerstvo vnutrennikh del. Istoricheskiy ocherk. St.Petersburg, Tipografiya Ministerstva vnutrennikh del Publ., 1901.
2. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv, f. 821, op. 8, d.1061.
3. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv, f. 821, op. 8, d.605.
4. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv, f. 821, op. 8, d.917.
5. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1143.
6. CCL (II), 23.12.1831, no 5033.
7. CCL (II), 21.09.1828, no 5770.
8. CCL (II), 28.03.1838, no 11096.
9. CCL (II), 24.05.1848, no 22297.
10. CCL (II), 08.01.1851, no 24807.
11. Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Vol. 11, part 1. St.Petersburg, 1857; Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Izdanie 1896 g. Vol. 11, part 1, (izdanie ofitsial'noe); Svod zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii. Izdanie 1913 g. (izdanie neofitsial'noe)/
12. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv, f. 821, op. 8, d.
1143.
13. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1143, sheets. 3-225.
14. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1143, sheets. 3-225.
15. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1143, sheets. 3-225.
16. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1143, sheets. 3-225.
17. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1143, sheets. 3-225.
18. Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennyy istoricheskiy arkhiv, f. 821, op. 8, d. 1143, sheets. 3-225.
About the author: Zarema Zudievna Khayredinova - Ph.D. in History, docent, Doctoral Candidate of Chair of regional history and auxiliary disciplines, Assistant Professor of Chair of culturology, Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University (95000, Vernadskogo av., 4, Simferopol, Crimea); hzarema@gmail.com
Статистика мусульманского духовенства Крыма последней четверти XIX - начала XX века (по материалам Департамента духовных дел иностранных исповеданий МВД)
Зарема Хайрединова
(Таврический национальный университет им. В.И. Вернадского)
Аннотация: Статья посвящена малоизученной статистике мусульманского духовенства Таврической губернии. Сведения представлялись магометанским духовным правлением в Департамент духовных дел иностранных исповеданий МВД. Отчеты подавались ежегодно и подписывались Таврическим муфтием и Симферопольским уездным кадием. Сделана попытка рассмотреть отчеты муфтиев как исторический источник по изучению демографии мусульманского населения Таврической губернии. В статье рассматривается статистика мусульман последней четверти XIX и до начала XX вв. На основе архивных документов сделана попытка воссоздать статистическую картину не только численности мусульманского духовенства. Исследованы количественные показатели мечетей, общее число мусульман Таврической губернии. Рассмотрена статистика рождаемости, смертности мусульманского населения, а также зарегистрированных браков в рассматриваемый период. Исследуемый период интересен также и тем, что в 1893 году наблюдалась волна массовой эмиграции крымских татар в Турцию. Определено, как это сказалось и на характере статистических отчетов.
Ключевые слова: мусульманское духовенство, статистика, мечети, эмиграция.
Сведения об авторе: Зарема Зудиевна Хайрединова - кандидат исторических наук, доцент, докторант кафедры региональной истории и вспомогательных дисциплин, доцент кафедры культурологии, Таврический национальный университет им. В.И. Вернадского (95000, проспект В.И. Вернадского, 4, Симферополь, Крым); hzarema@gmail.com
