учреждение - Отделение Пенсионного фонда Российской Федерации по Алтайскому краю. - Барнаул, 2018. - 27 с.
2. Выплата пенсий [Электронный ресурс]. - URL: http://www.pfrf.ru/branches/sakhalin/news~2016/11/18/124228 (дата обращения: 24.08.2019).
3. Предпенсионный возраст [Электронный ресурс]. - URL: http://pensiya.molodaja-semja.ru/reforma/predpensionnyj -vozrast/ (дата обращения: 24.08.2019).
УДК 336.5
Golubets Tatiana Valerevna
State Support Actual Directions of the Agricultural Sector in
the Altai Region
Annotation. The main measures of state support for the development of the agricultural sector were analyzed. The role of exported agricultural products in the foreign economic activity of the Altai Region were determined. Constraining factors of increased production in the agricultural sector were formulated.
Key words: agriculture, state support, Altai Territory.
Altai Region is one of the largest agricultural regions in the Russian Federation and it has the largest arable land in Russia - more than 6.5 million hectares. The average grain yield in the region in the agricultural season of 2018 was to about 16 kg / ha, the harvest of 2018 amounted to 5.3 million tons.
The structure of the agro-industrial complex is represented by both large and medium-sized business segments in the region. 65.5% of small and medium-sized enterprises are engaged in the agricultural industry.
Within the implementation of the State Agricultural Development Program, agricultural manufactures are provided with various types of support: subsidy, compensation for part of the costs incurred, grants, soft loans [1]. Despite the diversity of the state support measures listed, representatives of small business point out imbalances in its distribution and insufficient level-only 20% of the total financial support accounts for farmers and small producers, with the share of products produced by this type of farms in the total agricultural output of 50% The main category of small producers does not have effective access to capital - for example, only 2.7% of farmers receive soft loans. This problem has a systemic nature, related to the regulation of banking activities by the Central Bank, as well as the lack of motivation for commercial banks to work with small loans [2].
The increase in areas and livestock in the farming sector happens mainly due to well-settled farms. Small farms that do not have enough capital for development leave the business. State support for the profitability of business entities that got in a difficult financial situation as such does not exist. If in European countries for this purpose exist separate loan products under the guarantee of the government and close to a zero rate, then in Russia, entrepreneurs are deprived of the opportunity to receive not only soft, but also commercial loans.
Government support measures should include the creation or tuning of existing institutions to the appropriate goal - the access to the financial market of the category of entrepreneurs who do not have it today.
In addition to providing access to capital, the emphasis of state support should be aimed at stimulating an increase in the number of business entities, creating new businesses and family farms.
A new additional mechanism for increasing the entrepreneurial activity of the rural population of Altai Region since 2019 was the project "Establishing a system for supporting farmers and developing rural cooperation", adopted as a part of the federal law. It is focused on the providing grants for the farms creation ("Agrostartapy") and the cooperatives support [3]. The key direction for the development of the economy of the Altai Region is the export of agricultural products, the total value of which exceeded $ 198 million in 2018 (compared to 2017, an increase of 6.8% was noted).
The main trading partners of the Altai Region in the supplies of food and agricultural supplies are the CIS countries, Mongolia, China, Japan, Iran and the European Union. Flour and cereals, vegetable oils, legumes and flax seeds are mainly shipped to these countries. In the export structure of agricultural products, 50.7% falls on products of plant-based (including oilseeds - $ 33.6 million, flour and cereal products - $ 23.2 million, cereals - $ 20.4 million, legumes - $ 8.0 million). Overall number of vegetable oils and fats account for 22.2%, food and drinks - 19.5%. In recent years, the number of export directions has grown due to transit to the PRC and Central Asian republics through Kazakhstan to Azerbaijan, Iran and India.
In accordance with the instructions of the Government of the Russian Federation and the passports of the federal and regional projects "Export of agricultural products", by 2024, export of agricultural products in the region should amount to $ 501 million or should increase 2.7 times compared to 2017. According to the results of 2019 The amount of shipment of food products and agricultural raw materials from the Altai Region should amount to 235.1 million US dollars [4].
The key obstacle for the development of agricultural exports can be the remoteness of the Altai Region from the main global sales markets
and, as a result, high logistics costs, which will negatively affect competitiveness. In accordance with the Decree of the Russian Federation Government from September 15, 2017 No. 1104, a part of the actually incurred costs of exporters is paid for transporting their products to markets [5]. In 2018, 28 Altai companies received more than 101 million rubles subsidies. In 2019, RUB 1.3 billion was allocated from the federal budget for these purposes [6].
An important direction of work at the state level is the development of the container fleet and the container transportation infrastructure. It is also necessary to form preferential direct routes for the delivery of products from grain processing regions of the Russian Federation to destinations.
The export volume is also affected by an active protectionist policy, which many foreign countries began to pursue, setting protective duties and quotas in order to protect their producers. So, without a quota in China, import duties reach 60-65% of the cost of production. The same situation is in Mongolia, where nowadays they are ready to purchase grain in order to load their processors, rather than finished products.
Despite the introduction of additional benefits for the transportation of grain and its processed products by the Government, these measures are temporary and the amount of support in the long term is not predictable. At the same time, international trade involves multi-year contracts. The lack of confidence of domestic producers in the state support for the future reduces their economic activity.
Most medium and small enterprises find it difficult to enter the international market due to the lag in the level of technological and staffing compared to large grain processors. The quality of their products does not always comply with foreign standards. It is impossible to solve this problem quickly, because today domestic production of equipment for the food and processing industry is unable to fully meet the needs of the industry. These issues also require government intervention, because at the expense of large manufacturers the task of a multiple increase in exports will fail.
In addition to subsidizing the transportation of products, there are financial instruments to support exports. So, in the framework of resolution No. 620 of May 24, 2017, the interest rates on export contracts are subsidized. Due to this decision, accredited banks provide exporters with preferential loans at rates reduced by 2/3 of the current key rate of the Central Bank of Russia.
Currently, only post-export financing is covered by subsidies, that is, loans for export shipments already made with deferred payment. Moreover, if we speak about the development of export of redistribution products, funds are needed to pay for the purchase and processing of agricultural
products before the products are shipped for export. The provision of subsidies within the framework of this decree on pre-export loans would provide additional opportunities to increase export deliveries in general and finished products in particular.
It's confirmed that the regulations adopted in the country make it possible to increase the output of competitive food dynamically, but there are also a number of constraints for expanding trade borders. These are administrative, logistic, marketing and technological obstacles. The urgent tasks of the state should be:
1) the creation of a new marketable mass of agricultural products, including products with high added cost through technological re-equipment of the industry and other supporting measures;
2) the creation of an export-oriented commodity distribution infrastructure;
3) the elimination of trade barriers (tariff and non-tariff) to ensure the access of agricultural products to target markets;
4) the creation of a system for promoting and positioning agricultural products.
The main vector of state policy should gradually shift towards the spread of innovation and technology across the entire agricultural sector and to assist farms in maintaining long-term profitability.
Bibliographic list
1. Informacionnyj spravochnik o merah i napravleniyah gosudarstven-noj podderzhki agropromyshlennogo kompleksa Rossijskoj Federacii. [El-ektronnyj resurs]. - URL: http://gp.specagro.ru/region/3160/2/1/8/2019 (data obrashcheniya: 12.08.2019).
2. Vorob'ev, S.P. Gosudarstvennaya podderzhka sel'skogo hozyajstva / S.P. Vorob'ev, V.V. Vorob'eva // Institucional'noe razvitie: ekonomika, up-ravlenie, social'naya sfera, obrazovanie: Materialy IV mezhdunar. nauchn.-prakt. konf. - Omsk: Izd-vo Omskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo univer-siteta im. P.A. Stolypina, 2014. - P. 244-249.
3. Alpeeva, S.N. Perspektivy razvitiya sel'skogo hozyajstva v Altajskom krae / S.N. Alpeeva, YU.V. Gerauf // Nauka i innovacii: vektory razvitiya. - Barnaul: Izdatel'stvo Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo agrarnogo universiteta, 2018. - P. 157-159.
4. Pasport regional'nogo proekta «Eksport produkcii APK». [El-ektronnyj resurs]. - URL: http://www.econom22.ru/pnp/regionalnye-proekty/mezhdunarodnaya-kooperatsiya-i-eksport/mezhdunarodnaya-kooperatsiya-i-eksport_regionalnye_pasporta.php (data obrashcheniya: 13.08.2019).
5. Golubec T.V. Tendencii na rynke zerna Altajskogo kraya // Lomon-osovskie chteniya na Altae: fundamental'nye problemy nauki i tekhniki. -2018. - P. 2395-2397.
6. Eksportery produkcii APK Altajskogo kraya poluchayut gosudar-stvennuyu podderzhku // Oficial'nyj sajt Ministerstva sel'skogo hozyajstva Rossijskoj Federacii. [Elektronnyj resurs]. - URL: http://mcx.ru/press-service/regions/eksportery-produktsii-apk-altayskogo-kraya-poluchayut-gosudarstvennuyu-podderzhku/ (data obrashcheniya: 12.08.2019).
УДК 339.54
Зотов Никита Евгеньевич, Бессонова Мария Константиновна
Влияние торговой войны между США и Китаем на мировую экономику
Аннотация. В статье рассматривается торговая война между США и Китаем, её причины, а также исследуются последствия для мировой экономики. Дана оценка влияния торговой войны на состояние экономики Китая, США и других стран.
Ключевые слова: США, Китай, торговая война, мировой экспорт.
Экономические взаимоотношения между Америкой и Китаем представляют собой один из наиболее важных двухсторонних отношений в мировой экономике. Это связано, в первую очередь, с большим весом данных экономик в общемировом масштабе.
До 2018 г. оборот торговли между США и Китаем составлял более 635 миллиардов долларов США [1], большую часть которого составлял экспорт Китая в США. Однако введение в начале 2018 г. пошлин на импорт солнечных батарей в США в размере 30%, а также заявление правительства США о том, что Китай дискриминирует США в сфере интеллектуальной собственности и тем самым наносит удар по американской экономике, положило начало торговой войны между двух мировых держав.
В апреле 2018 г. США вводит список товаров (электротовары, запчасти для авиатехники и т.д.), которые экспортировал Китай в США и которые подлежат обложению пошлинами. Это наносит урон по китайской экономике, объём импорта в США которой составлял более 50 миллиардов долларов США.
В этом же месяце Китай начинает вводить контрмеры по отношению к США, а именно введение пошлин на товары, поступающие в