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Madaminov Z.X assistant Ferghana state university Uzbekistan, Ferghana Kuzibaev Kh.S., master department of geography Fergana State University
STABILITY OF NATURAL COMPLEXES AND THEIR CONSIDERATION IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
Abstract: Currently, the most urgent task of geographical research is the development of approaches to assessing the sustainability of landscapes during anthropogenic development of the territory. The article discusses the stability of natural complexes and their consideration in economic activities. In theoretical and applied geographical studies, the assessment of the sustainability of landscapes is given special attention.
Keywords: Landscape, landscape analysis, design work, natural complexes, human activities, changes in nature, anthropogenic landscapes, natural conditions.
Each natural complex is characterized by a certain stability. Natural and natural-anthropogenic stability is understood as their ability to preserve their structure under the influence of external factors. The stability of natural territorial complexes is a special natural resource, a kind of ecological capacity, since the degree of permissible economic activity in a given territory depends on the load that landscapes can withstand. In the absence of external influence, after a while, landscapes have the ability to return to their original state. For example, in the absence of agricultural work, rainfed lands restore their natural state in a short period [1, 2, 3, 6].
I.S.Shchukin defined the stability of a landscape as its ability to maintain its structure and functional features for a long time. The potential stability of a landscape is expressed in its ability to withstand external, including man-made, influences, including self-cleaning from man-made impurities, recovery after disturbances. This is largely true: only by maintaining its internal potential, "potential for itself", the landscape is able to perform socio-economic functions -"potential for a person", which are derivatives of the potential for sustainability [1].
N.A.Solntsev believed that in nature all objects and phenomena develop continuously, and therefore change in time. It is impossible to suspend this process, and it is useless to seek absolute stability. The rate of development and the process of change for different objects is different, therefore, stability is a conditional and relative concept. The degree of stability can be determined only
by comparing it with the rate of change of some other phenomena, i.e. in our case, there should be a reference landscape for comparison [2].
In turn, the stability of natural complexes and their properties should be considered in two aspects, taking into account vertical and horizontal relationships. They are due to the interaction of the following main factors [3]:
-Permeability of rocks, which are the most stable part (base) of the entire complex. It is the rocks, which have such an important indicator as resistance, as well as participating in the processes of tectonic uplifts and subsidence, that determine the type and intensity of erosion, denudation, karst, deflation and other destructive processes;
-Relief, which is essentially a redistributor of heat and moisture and determines the degree of drainage of the entire landscape, the direction of the transit flow of matter (dispersion, concentration, accumulation of products of technogenesis);
-Acid-alkaline and redox characteristics, soil fertility, which determine the ability to decompose biological components of technogenic substances and self-purification from them;
-Specific composition and productivity of plant communities that protect the landscape surface from erosion and deflation processes that determine the resistance of landscapes to man-made impacts (mechanical, chemical, etc.);
-Intensity of water exchange processes, flow rate, content of dissolved oxygen, organic and mineral substances in water, contributing to the activation of the processes of solubility and decomposition of pollutants;
-Indicator of total solar radiation, velocities, frequency and direction of winds, the sum of biologically active temperatures, etc.
The above factors not only contribute to the activation of self-purification processes of the components of the natural environment, but also determine the dynamics of landscapes, their stability and resistance to the combined impact of anthropogenic factors. Thus, they form indicators of the sustainability of the components of nature and landscapes in general.
The sustainability of landscapes directly depends on the interaction, correspondence and movement of its constituent components. For example, in sandy deserts, the relationship between the components is insignificant, therefore, as a result of external factors, the structure of the local landscape can change rapidly. Breeding livestock in such an area leads to a sharp change in the vegetation cover, and this, in turn, leads to a change in the structure of the landscape as a whole. The energetics of natural territorial complexes is manifested in the intensity of weathering and the speed of movement, accumulation and dispersion of matter and is considered in a historical aspect with the rhythm and amplitude of fluctuations that developed in the process of development in the landscape and the corresponding biota, adapted to these rhythms and amplitudes of fluctuations in the natural environment.
Sustainable anthropogenic landscapes are landscapes that, under certain conditions, are able to fulfill their socio-economic tasks. An example of this is the ability of anthropogenic landscapes to preserve their fertility, despite the influence of various natural factors [1, 2, 4, 5].
In the foothill regions, in areas of lush vegetation, there is a strong connection between vegetation and soil. In this area, due to the stability of the foothill areas, mudflows, erosion and landslides are practically not formed. With the disappearance of the vegetation cover, a sharp violation of stability occurs, which manifests itself in various unfavorable natural phenomena. Thus, in the process of economic activity, it is necessary to take into account the stability of natural complexes of landscapes [1, 2, 6].
Human economic activity is the most important factor affecting the formation of nature. In the process of his development, a person not only adapted to the surrounding conditions, but also learned to influence her. All the constituent parts of nature are closely related, and a change in only one of them inevitably affects the state of others. The cultural landscape is created as a result of a conscious and purposeful economic activity of a person and is maintained in order to meet his needs. This type of landscape includes gardens, crops, cities, reservoirs, recreation areas, etc. [2, 4, 5].
A disturbed landscape is formed as a result of unreasonable impact on nature. Ravines in sown fields, swamps near reservoirs, landslides in places of extraction and processing of mineral resources, subsidence and waste dumps are examples of disturbed landscape, and restoration work requires large material costs. Today, the above landscapes are being restored again and used for economic purposes. For example, in the United States, such places are turned into pastures, in the Ukraine they are used for agriculture, and in Germany for recreational purposes.
In irrigated areas, soil fertility is inextricably linked to the sustainability of the landscape. The landscapes at the foot of the mountains are also distinguished by their stability. In such an area, groundwater is located very deeply, as a result of which there is practically no soil salinization. As a result of improper irrigation, ravines and cliffs can form on the mountain slopes. Landscapes of flat areas, for example, steppe pastures, on the contrary, are characterized by low resistance, which can sharply decrease as a result of improper breeding of livestock, destruction of vegetation cover and technical erosion. In this case, there is an overgrowth of plant cover that is not suitable for use by livestock. For example, on sandy pastures harmala, reed, kuyonsuyak (shrub of the leguminous family), zhuzgun (shrub of the toronoflower family) are widespread - its roots grow horizontally up to 20 meters around the stem and to a certain extent support the sandy soil. In order to preserve the stability of pastures, cattle grazing should be properly organized, the land should be given a break, the destruction of plants should be minimized, and an organized movement of vehicles should be established.
References:
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5. Abduganiev, O. I., & Turdiboyeva, S. (2019). ESTIMATION OF ECOLOGICAL-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF TERRITORIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF FERGHANA REGIONS). Экономика и социум, (9), 371-377.
6. Abduganiev, O.I., & Turdiboeva, S.X. (2021). FARG 'ONA TUMANINING EKOLOGIK-XO' JALIK HOLATINI BAHOLASH VA OPTIMALLASHTIRISHNING GEOEKOLOGIK JIHATLARI. Academic research in educational sciences, 2(7), 247-256
УДК 626. 627.8.03
Makhmudov I.E., doctor of technical sciences
professor Murodov N.K., PhD Kazakov E.A., PhD Mamutov R.A. researcher
Ministry of Water Resources of the Republic of Uzbekistan Scientific Research Institute of Irrigation and Water Problems
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE ON INTER-BASIN DISTRIBUTION
OF WATER RESOURCES
Annotation: The inter-basin water transfer and derivation projects are an effective engineering countermeasure to alleviate the pressure in water-stressed areas and balance uneven distribution of water resources. The framework proposed in this article is intended to assess the overall impact of inter-basin water transfer projects that contribute to water resource management.
Keywords: water transfer projects, water supply management, water transfer, derivation canal, water security.
Introduction. The volume of available water resources on the Earth is about 1400.0 million km3. From the 2 percent or 39,500 km3 of the available water resources, only 22.8 percent are available for use and consumption. The geographical distribution of water resources is as follows: 55 percent in Asia, 19 percent in North America, 9.2 percent in Europe, 3.3 percent in South America, and 8.8 percent in other parts of the world. Distribution of water resources by sectors of the economy: 70% in agriculture, 22% in industry, 8% in domestic use [1,2].
According to the analysis, the majority of inter-basin water distribution forms are in developed countries (127 forms, the amount of water discharged is 195 billion m3/year). The contribution of developing countries (86 forms) is estimated at $ 400 billion. m3/year of water volume. Many of the proposed inter-basin drainage schemes (59, with a planned discharge of 380 billion m3/year) are being implemented in China and India. Certainly, inter-basin drainage is carried out through the construction and operation of large hydraulic and hydropower facilities [1,2,3].
There are schemes of inter-basin uneven water supply and distribution on water bodies by regions (table-1).
Table-1
Available ^ and proposed inter-basin discharge forms on all continents
Continents Number of Available forms of inter- Proposed forms of inter-
countries basin discharge basin discharge
Number of forms The amount of discharged water, bln. m3/year Number of forms The amount of water to be discharged, bln. m3/year
Asia 10 62 393 46 315
North America 5 78 164 11 700
Europe 11 52 126 11 35
Africa В 21 9 9 37
Australia 1 6 5 2 2
Total 35 219 597 79 1089
Materials and Methods. At present, water resources of 15.0 billion m3 per year are distributed between basins in Russia through a system of 34 hydraulic structures with a length of 3.0 thousand km. Including the Big Stavropol (180 m3/s) canal on the Kuban River and the Kuban (180 m3/s) irrigation system, the Don (250 m3/s) canal on the Don River, and the Moscow (Moscow canal) on the Volga River (125 m3/s) are being used [2].
Figure 1. Moscow Canal
In Ukraine, 588.4 m3/s of water resources are distributed between basins through 7 large canals, such as 1353.2 km long Dnepr-Danbass, Dnepr-Ingulets, Dnepr-Krivoy Rog, Inguleits, Kakhov, northern Crimea and North-Donetsk [2].
Figure 2. North-Donetsk Canal
In Kazakhstan, the Irtysh-Karaganda canal supplies water to Astana and other settlements and industrial enterprises. This canal was built in 2002 and is 458 km long, 40 m wide and 5-7 m deep. Through 22 pumping stations in the canal, the water rises to 418 meters. There are 14 reservoirs and more than 39 large hydraulic structures in the canal system [2].
Figure 3. Irtysh-Karaganda Canal
The largest inter-basin canal in China is called the Grand Canal of China. It is 1,930 km long and connects Beijing in the northeast and Hangzhou in the south. Currently, large-scale projects are being implemented in China within the framework of inter-basin water discharge forms. In particular, the design and construction of a canal project to discharge water from the Yangtze River into the northern Hai River Basin is underway. Design parameters of this canal: length 1300 km, average width 40 meters, water capacity 250 m3/s, estimated cost 59 billion [2].
Figure 4. The Grand Canal
The Suez Canal, which connects the two oceans, connects Port Said in the Mediterranean and the Suez Canal in the Red Sea. Its main part passes through the territory of the Sinai Peninsula, with a total length of 168 km and an average depth of 20 meters [2].
Results and Discussions. Scientific and technical problems of dumping water resources from the Chirchik-Ahangaron river basin to the Mirzachul region have been in the spotlight of water management scientists since the 90s of the last century, and a number of options have been proposed. The water resources of the irrigated lands of Tashkent region, as well as the water resources formed in the region provided to the needs of industry, manufacturing enterprises and for the drinking purpose are not fully untapped. Therefore, options for discharging some of the excess water formed in this basin into the Mirzachul area and into the Aydar-Arnasay system of lakes have been considered (Figure 5). In the 70s and 80s of the last century, the Aydar-Arnasay system of lakes was formed as an inland water basin, and since 2008 it has been the second largest in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
According to the proposed option, 1.8 km3/year of water resources will be delivered from the source of the Gazalkent hydroelectric power station on the Chirchik River through the Karasuv canal in Tashkent region, then along the Ahangaron river, by passing the Tuyabuguz reservoir to the Syrdarya river. Passing through the Syrdarya River through the duke structure and its hydraulic calculations were carried out. The scheme of connecting the project canal route with the interstate Dustlik canal in the left bank of the middle reaches of the Syrdarya River and the location of a new canal route and hydraulic structures from the Dustlik canal to the Aydar-Arnasay lake system have been developed.
Figure 5 Canal route for discharge of water resources from the Chirchik-Ahangaron river basin to the Mirzachul area
However, the project was not supported, given that the implementation of this option will reduce the amount of water required for the Bozsuv tract and
negatively affect the implementation of the state program for the development of hydropower in the country for the 2017-2022 years.
In addition, 100 km of the canal was to pass through densely populated areas and large industrial enterprises in Tashkent and Syrdarya regions, as well as irrigated areas with high score bannet, which could cause major social and economic problems.
Therefore, this project was not implemented. However, currently, on average, 1.2 billion m3/year of water resources are discharged in vain into the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan via the Syrdarya River within a year within the limits of the Republic of Uzbekistan through the Bozsuv diversification canal. Conclusion.
The world experience of construction and operation of large facilities shows that the connection of water basins poses natural, environmental and man-made problems, as well as social and economic benefits. Therefore, before implementing any major project, it is necessary to research the soil and climatic conditions of the region, the design of the canal route and research work on its hydraulic parameters, including the methods of hydraulic calculations of inter-basin derivation canals and hydraulic structures and the widespread requires wide using of innovative developments.
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