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Article
Spoil heaps in Safonovo, Smolensk region: changes in vegetation cover 20 years later
Ekaterina V. Tkacheva1* , Maria A. Galkina2 , Aleksandra V. Stogova2
1 Library for Natural Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Znamenka 11/11, Moscow, 119991 Russia
2 Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Botanicheskaya 4, Moscow, 127276 Russia
*gbsad_lib@mail.ru
Received: 25.06.2021 Revised: 08.10.2021 Accepted: 09.10.2021 Published online: 16.11.2021
DOI: 10.23859/estr-210625 UDC 58.02:502.3/.7
Translated by S.V. Nikolaeva
Abstract. Biodiversity conservation is one of the most important problems facing contemporary botany. These issues are especially relevant in anthropogenic areas with disturbed or even destroyed vegetation cover. For the first time we studied overgrowth of spoil heaps near lignite mines in the town of Safonovo, Smolensk oblast. Geobotanical descriptions were carried out in the territory of the three spoil heaps, 88 species of vascular plants were found, among which meadow and meadow-forest species prevail, and six species are invasive for Smolensk oblast.
Keywords: demutational succession, biodiversity, technogenic landscapes, meadow species, meadow-forest species, invasive species.
To cite this article. Tkacheva, E.V. et al., 2021. Spoil heaps in Safonovo, Smolensk region: changes in vegetation cover 20 years later. Ecosystem Transformation 4 (4), 7-17. https://doi.org/10.23859/estr-210625
Introduction
The Smolensk Region is located in the western part of Russia, almost in the center of the East European Plain. The Smolensk Region is located in temperate latitudes, in a zone with noticeable influence of air masses from the Atlantic. It occupies a significant part of the watershed of the three largest rivers of Eastern Europe: the Volga, Dnieper and Western Dvina.
These features, the physical and geographical position, determine the main features of the region's nature - the temperate continental climate, the predominance of hills and small rivers, and the widespread occurrence of forests and sod-podzolic soils.
The area of the Smolensk Region is 49.8 thousand km2, it includes 25 administrative districts and 2 cities of regional significance: Smolensk and Des-nogorsk. About 30 types of minerals associated with the rocks of the sedimentary cover of the Russian
Platform, composed of the Devonian, Carboniferous, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary deposits have been found in this region (Fig. 1). The region is mostly known for its building materials (sand, gravel, loam, clay), carbonate rocks (limestone, dolomite, calcareous tuff, marl), peat, brown coal, fresh, mineral water, and brines. There are also significant reserves of tripolite, opoka, phosphorites, vivianites, rock and potassium salt, medicinal mud, glauconite, ocher, pyrite, martite, and gypsum. Most of the deposits have been explored and exploited. In terms of its mineral resource potential, the Smolensk Region ranks 13th among the subjects of the Central Russian Federal District, and 8th in terms of mineral resources of building materials (Priroda Smolenskoi Oblasti, 2001).
The leading place in the structure of the mineral resource base of the Smolensk Region is occupied by
Symbols: Paleogene and Neogene deposits Cretaceous deposits Jurassic deposits Carboniferous deposits Devonian deposits
Fig. 1. Geological map of the Smolensk region (after Priroda Smolenskoy oblasti, 2001).
brown coal, sand and gravel material, refractory clay, cement raw materials, sapropels, peat and building stones (Priroda Smolenskoi Oblasti, 2001). Brown coal deposits are concentrated in four coal-bearing areas in the central and eastern parts of the region: Dorogobuzhsky, Vyazemsky, Elninsky and Vskhodsky, which are part of the Moscow Region Basin. Seven deposits were prepared for industrial development in different years (Safonovskoe, Dorogobuzhskoe, Va-dinskoe, Semlevskoe, Elninskoe, Vskhodskoe, and Poldnevskoe) with coal reserves of 719 million tons.
Development of the Safonovskoye field began in 1948 after the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on the creation of a fuel and energy base for the North-West economic region of the country. At the end of 1952 mine no. 1 "Smolenskaya" produced a few tons of coal. At the beginning of 1956, 8 mines operated at the deposit. During the first decade of the operation of the mines, it became clear that mistakes were made when assessing the prospects for the industrial development of the Safonovskoye brown coal deposit, which was shortly followed by mine closure and the organisation of industrial enterprises on their basis. While in 1959 there were seven operating mines, in 1962-1963 there were only four (nos. 1, 2, 4 and 7). They were saved from closure at
that time by the introduction of automated cleaning complexes, which significantly increased the efficiency of coal mining. In 1998, the last seventh mine was closed as unprofitable, regardless of the availability of its coal reserves (Yakovleva, 2017).
As a result of the brown coal mining, spoil heaps were formed (Fig. 2, 3), the vegetation of which is the subject of this study. In technogenic territories, the proximity to natural phytocenoses, which are a source of seeds and have a significant impact on the species composition, number and distribution of seedlings is of decisive importance for the formation of the initial vegetation cover (Kupriyanov and Manakov, 2016; Manakov et al., 2011). Also, the overgrowing of spoil heaps is influenced by many environmental factors, among which the features of the microrelief stand out (Kupriyanov and Manakov, 2016). The purpose of this study was to perform a floristic and ecological-cenotic analysis of the vegetation cover of three spoil heaps, on which coal mining ceased at different times.
Materials and methods
We have studied the vegetation of spoil heaps of three mines on the territory of Safonovo, which stopped their work at different times. Earlier, coal mining was stopped at mine no. 1 (spoil heap no. 1 in
Fig. З. Spoil heap no. 3 (Safonovo, Gorny District).
Table 1. Geobotanical descriptions of spoil heaps in Safonovo. The density of tree crowns is indicated as a total for all species; «+» - the view is present on the site, «-» - species not found.
o
Description no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Spoil heap 1 2 3
Site no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10a 10b 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4
° 8 i
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= 2 = = 92 j= J= 2.
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Species Projective cover (%), for trees - crown density, taking into account transparency (%) $
cB"
Tree tier --1 1 - 40 1 - 15 20 - - 25 - 40 5----- - 10 3
Betula pendula Roth __ + + _ + + _ + + __ + _ + + ______ + g1
Populus tremula L. ______________ + ________
Salix caprea L. -- + -- -- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- - |
Shrubs and undergrowth
Amelanchier spicata (Lam.) K. Koch
Betula pendula Roth 1 < 1 2 10 10 12 4 3 10 10 10 - 15 3 5 12 20 7 3 10 3 9 22 I
1 1 3 10 10 15 5 3 20 10 10 < 1 25 4 15 15 25 7 5 10 5 10 25 §
■p»
--------------1 3------ - s
Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson
Frangula alnus Mill. - -- -- -- -- - - -- -2--------
Lonicera xylosteum l. - -- -- -- -- - - -1 _________<1
-------- - __1 _________ <1
Pinus sylvestris l. - -- -- -- -- -<1- - - - - < 1 -
Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim.
Description no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Spoil heap 1 2 3
Site no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10a 10b 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4
Populus trémula L. - -1 - -31 - 3- 1 2 - 5 - - - - - - <1<1
Prunus padus L. __________ ____1<-|_______
Quercus robur L. — — — — — <1 — — — — — — 1 — 1 — — — — — — — 1 m
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Rosa cinnamomea L. __________ __________2- - <b
m
m
Salix caprea L. ________7 _ — <1— 2 — — <1— — — — — 1
Sorbus aucuparia L. — <1 — — — — — — — — — — 1 — — — <1 — — — — — — ^
CD
Tilia cordata Mill. ____________5__________ £
Ulmus glabra Huds. __________ ___________-|_ ^
Grass-shrub tier 70 50 70 10 2 20 0 15 25 60 50 25 60 5 10 30 40 5 15 70 7 40 30 r*
m
Achillea millefolium L. 7 - 10 - -- -- -- -- <1-121 1-2-31 o
Aegopodium ______ r ______ ¡a
podagraria L.
Alchemilla _________ _ _ _____<-]______
xanthochlora Rothm. 2
Anthriscus sylvestris 1 S
(L.) Hoffm. ' 3
3
Artemisia absinthium L. 1 2 1 _______ -<1- - 3 1 - - a>
A. vulgaris L. 2 2 — — — — — 1 — — ___<1____<1____ §
■p»
Barbarea vulgaris , > . ^
R. Br. <|______<|___ ___________
Bromus inermis Leyss. 155------- - - -- -- -- 2- -- -- Tj
Campanula patula L. 1 - -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- -- --
C. trachelium L. - -- -- -- -- - - _____<-|______
Capsella bursa-pastoris 1
(L.) Medik. '
Carex nigra (L.) ________i _____________i
Reichard
C. praecox Schreb. - -- -- -- -- - - 1
Description no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 w
Spoil heap 1 2 3
Site no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10a 10b 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4
Cerastium fontanum _<-!________ _ _ i
Baumg.
Centaurea jacea L. 1<110 - - - - - - - 5<1- - - <1- _<-|_ _ _ _ _j
Dactylis glomerata l. 4-----------3-----3---2 g.
CD <
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Deschampsia
caespitosa (L.) __________ - - - - 3
P. Beauv.
m
Elymus^epens (L.) J
angu^iml. 7 2 10 - 1 5 - 2 < 1 - - - 4 - 2 2 1 < 1 1 - - - 1 ^
Equisetum arvense L. _________ _ _ _____<-|______
E. pratense Ehrh. - -- -- -- -- - - -- -- - < 1 ----- - o
Festucajpratensis 1_105-10-5----1<1--1<1-32- - §
Fragana vesca L. - -- -- 2- -- - - -1 Galium aparine L. - -- -- -- -- - 2--
Impatiens parviflora DC.
1 ----- 1 -<1----1<1--1-1
2
Imperata^ cylmdrica (L.) _10_____5__2__3_55_ 10 50 1 10 _
Juncus sp. --------- - - 1 - -- -- -- -- --
Lathyrus pratensis L. 32------- - - -- -- -1 - -- -- -
__________ 31
Go
G. mollugo L. - -- -- -- -- - - -2--2------ - S1
G. verum L. 5 5 2----- - - - _____ 1 <1 1 5-- -
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Geum urbanum L. __________ ______1__<-|___ 3
■p»
Hieracium umbeiiatum L.
Hypericum perforatum _____ ____<-i____i<-i__i_i_ T1
Description no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Spoil heap 1 2 3
Site no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10a 10b 11 12 1234561234
- < 1 -
Leucanthemum vulgare (Vaill.) Lam.
Linaria vulgaris Mill. __________ _________<-|_
Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.
30 - - 5 1 - 2
Lysimachia vulgaris L. _________ _ _ -<1-
Matricaria
discoidea DC.
Melampyrum nemorosum L.
5
Pyrola rotundifolia L. _____________
Ranunculus repens L. 1 _________ ___
R. sceleratus L. __________ _<-|_
Rubus idaeus L. - -- -- -- -- - ------4-----
Rumex acetosa L. - 1<1______ _ _ ____ i 2 1 < 1 -
Seseli libanotis (L.) W.D.J. Koch
S i le ne latifolia subsp.
alba (Mill.) Greuter & __________ _________<-|__
Bürdet
Solidago canadensis L. - -- -- -- -- - - < 1 - - - - - - < 1 -
7T QÍ
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CD <
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Medicago falcata L. - 1 ________ _<-|____ _______ ^
M. lupulina L. - -- -- -- -- - — — 3 — — 4 — <11 - -3 1 ~ro
ro
m
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- <1 - - - g
Myosotis arvensis
(L.) Hill ^ ' ^
Phleum pratense L. ________ ---------1 - -- cg-
Phragmites australis oc- Rn 9n ^
(Cav.)Trin. exSteud. DU 31
Poa pratensis L. - -- 215------1-- ----2-2 g,
Potentilla recta L. 1 2-1 - --1 - - __________ <12 - §
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Description no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Spoil heap 1 2 3
Site no. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10a 10b 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4
S. gigantea Aitón __________ - - -<1--3 - -- -- -
S. virgaurea L. ____ -<1- - - - <17
Sonchus arvensis L. _______ __2--1 - -- -- -- --
Stellaria gramínea L. 20 672---5- - - -- -- 3<1----3-
S. nemorum L. - - 1 _ _ _ _ _ ______________
Tanacetum vulgare L. 1 2 3- -1 — — — — 15 _ _ _ _ i 1 _ < _ _
Taraxacum campylodes c -i ^ i^i-i i
G.E. Haglund 73 1 - -- -- -- 5<11-1<1-1---1-
Thalictrum ____________ _________i
aquilegifolium L.
Trifolium hybridum L. — — 3 — — — — 1 — — — — 1 — — 1 — — 1 — — 2 —
T. pratense L. — 3 — — — — — — — — — — 1 — — 1
T. repens L. 63---1-----3-<1---------
Tripleurospermum __________ ___<i_____i
inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.
Tussilago farfara L. __________ _2-----------
Typha latifolia L. ___________ 20 - -- -- -- -- --
Urtica dioica L. — — 3 — — 1 ____ ______<-|______
Veronica 9n ^ i n i
chamaedrys L. o iu i
Vicia cracca L. 255---------1--21----2-
\/ sepium L. 3------3-- ______<-|______
Wo/a arvensis Murray -<1-<1- _____________
Moss-lichen tier - 7- -- -- 5- -- 5- -5------5-
03 O
CD <
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this study) in the mid-1980s (the coal mining operation had been gradually reduced). In the early 1990s, mine no. 2 (spoil heap no. 2) was closed. At the last of the mines no. 7 (spoil heap no. 3), coal mining continued operating until 1997 (Prokhorov et al., 2004).
In total, 23 geobotanical descriptions were conducted in accordance using the standard technique (Lavrenko and Korchagina, 1965) on test plots 5*5 m in size. The test plots were chosen in such a way as to include in the work all plant associations presented on the slopes, peaks and at the foot of the spoil heaps. We took an unequal number of trial plots for each spoil heap, since spoil heaps differ in area (Fig. 2), and in addition, in some areas at their foot, there are municipal facilities and construction sites.
Results and discussion
In total, 88 species of vascular plants were found on 23 test plots, 15 of which are trees and shrubs, and 73 species belong to the herb-shrub layer. Geobotanical descriptions are given in Table 1, species names are given in accordance with modern taxonomic data (The Plant List, Tropicos Databases).
The species found belong to 32 families, which is unusually high for technogenic territories. A possible reason for the high taxonomic diversity is that the Safonovskoe mineral deposit is located in the subzone of coniferous-deciduous forests (Smolen-sko-Privolzhsky deciduous-coniferous forest biome (Biomy Rossii, 2018)), and not in the forest-steppe zone, like most coal deposits in the European part of Russia and in neighboring states. In particular, for other spoil heaps of the Moscow Region coal basin, the floristic composition is poor (Motorina and Izhevskaya, 1973), but most of its deposits are also located in the forest-steppe zone, in the Tula and Kaluga regions (Potapenko, 2000), in the Dnieper-Volga broad-leaved biome. The families of Aste-raceae (15 species), Rosaceae (10 species), Poace-ae (10 species) and Fabaceae (9 species) are most widely represented on the spoil heaps studied, the remaining families are represented by fewer than five
species. This is consistent with the literature data; as a rule, in such habitats, the majority of species belong to a few families (Tokhtar, 2003).
The species diversity on the three spoil heaps is different - the largest number of species was found on spoil heap no. 1, located near the mine which was closed in the mid-1980s (Table 2), which is not surprising: demutational succession is slow, and 1315 years in this case gives an indisputable advantage over the spoil heaps of the other two mines. All three spoil heaps are home to invasive species included in the Black Book of Central Russia (Vinogradova et al., 2020) and the list of Top-100 invasive species in Russia (Dgebuadze et al., 2018). Their share in the first spoil heap, with the highest floristic diversity, is small and amounts to only 3.3%. Of the species found, six are invasive: Amelanchier spicata, Impatiens parviflo-ra, Lupinus polyphyllus, Matricaria discoidea, Solida-go canadensis, S. gigantea, and they are most represented on spoil heap no. 2. One of the reasons for this is obvious - nearby (300 m) there were thickets of invasive goldenrods, from which seeds penetrated onto heap no. 2, since the conditions of all three spoil heaps are similar. It is worth noting that in studies of spoil heaps of other regions, invasive species were often observed on them, growing there for many years and showing a tendency to expand to nearby territories (Kupriyanov and Manakov, 2016).
It should be noted that the overgrowth of the considered technogenic spaces occurs not only very slowly (in the absence of special measures for the remediation of the territory), but also rather unevenly. Even on spoil heap no. 1, with a relatively high flo-ristic diversity, and where coal mining was stopped more than 30 years ago, there were test plots with an absent grass-shrub layer (Table 1). On the other two spoil heaps, there were areas completely devoid of vegetation. Spoil heap no. 3 has areas where the total projective cover of the grass-dwarf shrub layer reaches 70%, as in the spoil heap no. 1. Uneven overgrowth and depletion of the vegetation cover in this case is caused by intense erosion processes on
Table 2. Floristic diversity in various spoil heaps of Safonovo.
no. 1
Spoil heap no. 2
no 3
Number of species
Total number of vascular plant species
Number of invasive species
Number of species included in the Top-100 invasive species of Russia
61 2 1
3.3%
54
4
3
7.4%
44 2 2
4.5%
the slopes. Earlier, uneven overgrowth was recorded on spoil heaps of brown coal mines in Kuznetsk Basin (Kupriyanov and Manakov, 2016).
At the foot of the spoil heaps there are meadow-marsh species, on the slopes in places with a relatively high closeness of the crowns of birches - forest and meadow-forest, on dry and well-warmed slopes we found meadow-steppe plants; meadow species. Ruderal species were also recorded on all three spoil heaps; their share hardly differs, despite the different ages of the spoil heaps, and varies from 14 to 16%. The phytocenotic confinement of species for each spoil heap is shown in Fig. 4.
Conclusions
It takes several decades for the spoil heaps to overgrow near the brown coal mines. In the first decades, meadow and meadow-forest species prevail in the vegetation cover of mine spoli heaps. The most widely represented families are Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Poaceae, and Fabaceae, which is typical of many local floras. Despite the high degree of technogenic disturbance of the territory, we found species from 32 families. Depending on the nature of the relief, there are meadow, meadow-steppe and meadow-bog species. So, climatic conditions allow the birch to renew; forest and meadow-forest species gradually appear under the canopy of birch, and the share of ruderal species in all studied spoil heaps is less than 20%. Of the 88 species of vascular plants found, six species are invasive.
Based on the data obtained, it is possible to recommend planting small-leaved trees in technogeni-cally disturbed territories, since there is not a seed bank nearby for the natural settlement of such trees. Under their canopy, meadow-forest and forest species will be renewed, contributing to a higher rate of restoration of zonal vegetation and biodiversity in disturbed landscapes.
Funding
The work was carried out within the framework of the State Assignment to the State Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences no. 19-
119080590035-9 and the State Assignment to the State Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences no. 075-00649-21-00. We are grateful to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for the support of the Center for Collective Use "Herbarium of the GBS RAS", project no. 075-15-2021-678.
Acknowledgments
The authors express their sincere gratitude to V.T. Petrov and A.A. Ivanovsky for help in organizing fieldwork.
ORCID
E.V. Tkacheva 0000-0001-5893-8243
M.A. Galkina 0000-0002-3707-1473
A.V. Stogova 0000-0003-4405-1224
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Spoil heap 1
Spoil heap 2
16%
10%
14%
31% 2%j4%
4%
25%
Species
■ grassland
■ forest grassland-forest
■ meadow-marsh grassland-steppe
■ ruderal
Fig. 4. Phytocenotic confinement of species on three studied spoil heaps in Safonovo.
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