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Section 1. Biology
DOI:10.29013/ESR-24-5.6-3-7
SPECIES COMPOSITION OF ECTOPARASITES OF CHICKENS IN CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN REGIONS OF UZBEKISTAN
Omonova Nafisa Rahimovna 1,
1 Karshi State University, Karshi, Uzbekistan
Cite: Omonova N. R. (2024). Species Composition of Ectoparasites of Chickens in Conditions of the Southern Regions of Uzbekistan. European Science Review 2024, No 5-6. https://doi. org/10.29013/ESR-24-5.6-3-7
Abstract
The article presents the results of research conducted on the spread of chicken ectoparasites (footflies and hamazoid mites) in poultry farms and private households in the southern regions of Uzbekistan.During the research, samples of 380 bed-eaters and 590 gamozoid mites were collected and identified from more than 800 chickens suspected of mallaphagosis and dermanissiosis.The composition of ectoparasite species of chickens distributed in the region was determined. Among them, Dermanyssus gallinae from gamazoid mites, and Menopon gallinae species were found from mealybugs. The level of infection of chickens with ectoparasites (invasion extent and intensity of infestation) was determined by Dermanyssus gallinae mites (100% and 300-400), Menopon gallinae (90% and 150-250), respectively. Ectoparasites of chickens in this area, in warm climates, bioecological research and development of modern innovative control measures to fight against them.
Keywords: Chickens, ectoparasite, Dermanyssus gallinae, Menopon gallinae, infestation, dermanysiosis, mallophagosis, extent of invasion, intensity of invasion
Introduction
Poultry is the most important and economically productive sector of animal husbandry, or it cannot be said that "Poultry is one of the seven treasures". The development of intensive poultry farming provides an opportunity to grow a lot and quality poultry meat in a short period of time. Egg production in the world is about 707 billion per year. is forming a unit. This would require approximately 2.8 billion egg-laying hens. Main egg producing coun-
tries: Asia 61.2% (China 47.5%, Japan 6.1%, India 4.2%), North America 15.6% (United States 11.0%, Mexico 3.8%), South America 2.8% (mostly in Brazil 1.8%), European Union 11.7% (France 2.3%, Germany 2.0%, Italy 1.7%, United Kingdom 1.5%, Netherlands 1.4%, Spain 1.4%), Eastern Europe 1.6%, Russia and Ukraine 5.7% and Middle East (mainly Turkey) 1.3% (Yaroshchuk, A.I., 2019). Today, 91935 000 chickens are raised in Uzbekistan and 7788 417,000 eggs are produced (Infor-
mation of the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2021). Recently, due to the increase in the average daily temperature in the world, it is related to the wide distribution of the parasitic mites (Mallophaga) and Gamasina (Gamasina) (Lyakhova, O. M., 2010). Mealybugs and gamozoid mites are a serious problem for poultry. They act on the body of chickens, causing discomfort and itching. As a result, chickens lay eggs less, when the invasion is at a high level, i.e., at the pathological-anatomical stage, signs of acute bleeding are observed, and some of them die (Ak-baev, R. M., 2013).
The purpose of our research. Study of chicken ectoparasites of mealybugs (Mal-lophaga) and gamazoid (Gamasina) mites species composition and levels of infection of chickens with them.
Material collection and methods
In 2021-2022, the research was carried out mainly in the spring and autumn seasons in the poultry farms and households of the Kashkadarya region. We selected 10 to 50 chickens suspected of mallophagosis and dermanissiosis from each farm and subjected them to acarological examination. Collection of ectoparasites was performed using generally accepted methods. We pre-treated the isolated chickens with a talc preparation from the group of synthetic perethroids (neostom-azan) to temporarily kill ectoparasites. The chickens were collected by combing the feathers on white paper, mites, and then placed in test tubes with 70% ethyl alcohol. In addition, samples were taken from the floor, walls, ceiling, feeding bowls, mangroves and other places of buildings where chickens are kept to collect ectoparasites of chickens. For difficult to sample areas (wall and floor cracks, etc.) we used cotton swabs with a cotton tip. We determined the species composition and amount of ectoparasites (ex/m2) in laboratory conditions using detectors.
Results and discussion
In the world, ectoparasites of agricultural poultry have been studied by scientists and researchers of many countries. Ectoparasites of birds can include insects and mites that parasitize them directly. These are feather and feather eaters, mites, lice, cockroaches, living
and feeding together with birds in poultry houses. Many dipterans, wasps, and beetles are carriers of bird diseases (Romashenko, P.V., Egorov, S.V., Malunov, S.N., 2015; Zakh-vatkin, Yu.A., 2012; Safronov, F.M., 2017). In March-December 2021-2022, research was carried out in about 30 poultry farms in Karshi, Nishon Kasbi and Mirishkor districts of Kashkadarya region. Chickens of different ages and sexes were involved in the research. The main attention was focused on chickens with obvious clinical signs of molyphagous and drug-free. The shoulder, abdomen, head and cloaca area of the chickens were examined (Figures 1-2). Ectoparasites were collected from chickens by conventional methods and studied in the laboratory. We collected ticks from chickens by combing them on white paper, and we collected mites using cotton sticks dipped in ethyl alcohol. We analyzed the collected mealybugs and mites microscopically to identify the species. According to the microscopic examination, the following results were obtained. During the research, more than 800 chickens were identified and samples were collected from 380 menoponidae and 590 ga-mozoid mites. Menopon gallinae species belonging to the Menoponidae family and the Dermanissus gallinae species from Gamazoid (Gamasina) mites were found. In our research, the most common ectoparasite of chickens (Menoponidae) species Menopon gallinae was found to be a permanent parasitizer.
Menopon gallinae is a small, wingless insect, white-yellow in color, body length up to 2.5 mm. The body of the image is divided into segments, and the seams between the segments are clearly visible. It has three pairs of jointed legs and a pair of antennae that are wider than the head.
The oral apparatus is rodent type. Aphids develop with incomplete metamorphosis, the larvae that hatch from the eggs turn into imago in 4-20 days or several weeks (Figure 3). As a result of microscopic examination of the obtained samples in the laboratory, the Ticks feed on skin secretions, feathers and feathers, as well as on the blood and lymph epidermis that has flowed out as a result of the skin and structure of feathers and feathers growing due to scratches and itching. In the process of inspection of chickens, most of the eggs are leaking at the base of the feathers,
the adult stages of the parasite are found on head. In the process of parasitism, the af-the skin and feathers of birds, mostly under fected birds are observed to shrivel, itch and the wings and around the cloaca and on the scratch their bodies.
Figure 1, 2. Infection of chickens with mallophagosis and dermanissiosis (original)
Dermanissus gallinae is an ectoparasite, a blood-sucking gamazoid mite, the body is somewhat long oval, the back is wide, and there are many hairs. Khartoum and long legs. The chelicera is like a thin long needle, adapted to pierce the skin and absorb the mine. Red-brown, with white spots on the
back (shoulder). Female body length 0.75-0.84 mm (width 0.4 mm), male body length (0.3 mm width). Eggs are bubble-shaped, up to 0.3 mm in size, protonymph - transparent (0.4 mm), pale deutonymph length - 0.6 mm, widespread throughout the world (Yaroshchuk, A.I., 2019).
Figure 3. External structure of Menopon gallinae (original)
It mainly attacks wild birds and domestic birds in bird nests, cages, poultry houses at night, and hides during the day. Dermatosis and itching are observed when they bite people working in poultry houses. It is a carrier of many infectious diseases (especially chicken encephalitis). In chickens, insufficient blood (anemia) is observed, live weight gain and egg production are reduced (Omonova, N. R.,
Bobonazarov, G'. Yo., 2022). Larvae emerge from eggs laid by female mites 50-120 hours later, and less mobile larvae develop into pro-tonymphs after 24-30 hours. Protonymphs suck the host's blood, move actively and turn into deutonymph, mature imago (male and female). A female mite lays 3-20 eggs. The number of eggs depends on how much blood they suck (Figure 4).
European Science Review 2024, Section 1. Biology
No 5-6.
Figure 4. External structure of Dermanissus gallinae (original)
Due to frequent attacks and blood sucking of these mites, chickens lose weight, lay few eggs, and in some cases may die. During the study, more than 800 chickens, which were examined acarologically, were observed to be infected with mealybugs or red chicken mites in all (100%). The intensity and extent of infestation of chickens by Dermanissus
Summary
As a result of the analysis of the species composition of ectoparasites of chickens (foot-eaters and gamazoid mites) distributed in poultry farms and private households in the conditions of the southern regions of Uzbekistan, the extent of infection of chickens with the red chicken mite Dermanissus gallinae is 100%, the intensity of invasion is on average 300-400 per head of chicken, Menopon gallinae with 90%, the infesta-
gallinae and Menopon gallinae are presented in the table above. The level of infection of chickens with ectoparasites (invasion extent and intensity of infestation) was determined by Dermanyssus gallinae mites (100% and 300-400), Menopon gallinae (90% and 150-250 mites), respectively (Table 1).
(%)
tion intensity corresponds to an average of 150-250 chickens per head. In this region, i. e. in hot climate, it is necessary to study the bioecological characteristics of chicken ectoparasites and to develop and implement modern innovative control measures against them.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.
Table 1. Infection of chickens with Dermanissus gallinae and Menopon gallinae in the conditions of the southern regions of Uzbekistan
„ Intensity of infestation. _ _ ^
Types Invasion Extent
Average number per head
Dermanissus gallinae 300-400 100
Menopon gallinae 150-250 90
References
Yaroshchuk, A. I. (2019). Development of measures to combat ectoparasites of farm birds in the conditions of modern industrial poultry farming. Abstract of the dissertation for the scientific degree of candidate of biological sciences.- Saint Petersburg.- 19 p.
Information of the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2021.
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Zakhvatkin, Yu. A. (2012). Acarology - the science of ticks: History of development. Current state. Systematics: Textbook.- M.- 165 p.
Safronov, F. M. (2017). Species composition of ectoparasites of chickens in individual farms in the North Caucasus region. Current issues in veterinary biology,- 4 (36).- P. 22-24.
Omonova, N. R., Bobonazarov, G'. Yo. (2022). Spread of chicken mite (Dermanissus gallina) in livestock farms and private households of Kashkadarya region. Scientific information of Tashkent State Pedagogical University.- Vol. 8.
submitted 17.07.2024;
accepted for publication 13.06.2024;
published 27.06.2024
© Omonova N. R.
Contact: n.omonova@qarshidu.uz
