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ЕКОЛОГ1ЧН1
ЕКОЛОГ1ЧН1
ТА ЕП1ДЕМ1ОЛОГ1ЧН1 АСПЕКТИ ПОШИРЕННЯ ПОПУЛЯЦ1Й ПТАШИНОГО ЧЕРВОНОГО КЛ1ЩА
Бородай В.П., Тертична О.В., Свалявчук Л.1.
ТА ЕП1ДЕМ1ОЛОГ1ЧН1 АСПЕКТИ ПОШИРЕННЯ ПОПУЛЯЦ1Й ПТАШИНОГО ЧЕРВОНОГО КЛ1ЩА
TERTYCHNA O.V., SVALIAVCHUK L.I., BORODAY V.P.
Institute of Agroecology and Environmental Management of NAAS, Kyiv
УДК: 613.636 : 631.227 : 595.42
Keywords: poultry red mite, transmissive diseases, invasive disease, parasitism, the impact on human and ecological features.
he poultry red mites are blood-sucking parasites which belong to Parasitoformes mites. The most famous representatives of them are in the poultry industry. Action of this parasite adversely affects the health of chickens, by sucking blood and ability to carry different kinds of diseases. This facultative parasite which comes hunting at night and during the day can hide out in the slits and nest of chickens. However, other countries are increasingly Dermanyssus gallinae receiving complaints attendants poultry farms dermato-logical nature, so the poultry red mite becomes wider significance.
The objective of our work is to investigate the impact and spread of D. gallinae infestation on poultry enterprises in Ukraine and make analysis of data of the European Union which is the most common that blood-sucking parasite. Determine the action and value this ectoparasite.
Materials and methods. The methodological basis of our research is general theoretic methods of scientific knowledge, systematically-structural and abstractly-logical analysis.
Research results. The blood-sucking parasites, including an order Meso-stigmata or Gamasida and into which the Dermanyssus gallinae, representing a significant biological threat to industrial and private poultry. Characteristic features of the populations of red poultry mite is their genetic plasticity, resistance, adaptation to different conditions, the ability to consume on blood. The life
cycle of hematophagy can make under optimal conditions only 6 days, adult mite can live without food (out of birds) 5-10 months [1].
The mite D. gallinae is harmful and causes a threat to egg laying hens in many parts of the world including the US, Europe, Japan and China [2]. Analyzing the data spread, red poultry mite, in the past decade to 11 countries of the European Union, can be concluded that every year the number of population in D. Hallinae on poultry enterprises for obtaining egg products is growing rapid-
Figure 1
Life cycle of Dermanyssus gallinae. Eggs are laid in clutches (4-8 eggs) in refugia where larvae may remain without feeding prior totheir first moult. Each female may lay up to eight clutches of eggs in-between
feeding bouts, typically laying around 30-50 eggs in a lifetime. Image adapted from Maurer [24].
ЕКОЛОГ1ЧН1 ТА ЕП1ДЕМЮЛОПЧН1 АСПЕКТИ ПОШИРЕННЯ ПЮПУЛЯЦ1Й ПТАШИНОГО ЧЕРВОНОГО КЛ1ЩА
Бородай В.П., Тертична О.В., Свалявчук Л.1.
¡нститут агроекологи та природокористування УНААН, м. Ки/в
Мета роботи - дослдити вплив та поширення '¡нвази пташиного червоного клща на птахопд-приемствах Укра/ни та зробити анал'\з даних кра/н бвропейського Союзу, в яких найбльш поширений цей кровосисний паразит. З'ясувати дю та значення цього паразита. Матерiали та методи дослДжень. Методолопчною основою нашого дослдження е загальнотеоретичнi методи наукового пзнання, системно-структурний та абстрактно-лопчний аналзи. Результати. Показано негативний вплив Dermanyssus даШпае на виробництво птахопро-дукцп, передусм яець. У кра/нах 6С за останнi десятир'ччя виявлено високий вдсоток поширен-ня паразита завдяки його високим адаптивним властивостям, резистентност до акарицидв, швидкому життевому циклу в умовах високих
оптимальних температур та можливост довго '¡снувати без джерела живлення (до 10 м'юящв). З'ясовано, що паразит може потрапляти на пта-хогосподарства за допомогою синантропноi птищ. Кл1щ1 здатн переносити збудники небез-печних ¡нфекцй та в1рус1в, викликаючи трансм1-сивш та iнвазйнi захворювання. Це все завдае економ1чних збитюв птахопдприемствам через зростання смертност погол'в'я (зниження ваги та анем'я) та значного зменшення яйценосност та якост яець у курей-несучок. Вiдповiднi наслд-ки призводять до значних фiнансових втрат для знешкодження популяцй паразита, дезнфекцИ прим '1щень та лкування птищ. Також показаний згубний вплив D. gallinae i на органiзм людини, що викликае хвороби шюри (сверб'ж та дермати-ти). Таким чином, виникае необхднють досл '1джу-вати популяцИ клiщiв з метою запобгання ¡х напад '\в на пращвниюв птахогосподарств та для еколопчно безпечного вирiшення ще!' проблеми. Ключовi слова: пташиний червоний кл!щ, трансм!сивн! хвороби, швазШш хвороби, паразитизм, вплив на людину, еколопчн особливосTi.
© Tertychna O.V., SvaliavchukL.I., Boroday V.P. СТАТТЯ, 2017.
23 Environment & Health №12017
ly (Fig. 2). Nearly 83% of EU egg poultry farms area affected by chiken mite [3, 1].
Economic losses from parasites account for 0,29 ~k on the hen as a result of lower production per-
tion have been analyzed and generalized on most widespread bacterial and viral pathogens associated with D. gallinae. For example, a survey of British farms, published in 2004., indicated that 60% of invasion red
Figure 2
Number of laying hens per country in millions (2012) and the percentages of farms infested by Dermanyssus gallinae. Image reproduced from Mul; ©Wageningen UR Livestock Research
Total of 11 countries
Denmark Norway Sweden
3.4 3.6 7
119/b 67% (2009) (2012) (1995)
(>oland
44.1
80% (2013)
m
United Kingdom
36.6
07.5% (2004) Netherlands
33.4
94% (2011) Belgium
9.2
94% (2011)
a
formance indicators and "B 0,14 have to be spend per the bird for treatment of red mites. In the EU scale this figure is ~k 130 million annually [4].
The most dangerous is that D. Gallinae serves as a carrier of pathogens of transmissive and invasive diseases. Gamasid mites can carry almost all groups of disease agents (viruses, rickettsiae, bacteria, spirochetes), single-celled organisms (Haemosporidia, Hae-mogregarina, flagellates) and act as intermediate hosts of same parasitic worms, is the bearer of many pathogens of diseases such as mycoplasmosis, pasteurellosis, bor-reliosis, psittacosis, cholera and plague poultry, Q fever; salmonellosis, and others. Even small mite population can have a significant negative impact, and serve as a carrier of of transmissive diseases [5]. Any separate mite is a potential hidn carrier of several pathogenic microorganisms [6, 7]. The informa-
mites have undergone the acaricidal resistance [8] and figures worsen later [9]. Foreign researchers also pointed out that the development of resistance to acaricides makes control of populations D. gallinae complicated.The most resistant countries to acaricides pest is i.e. United Kingdom [10, 11], Sweden [12], France [13] and Italy [14]. The table below listed the most common bacterial and viral pathogens associated with D. gallinae.
The main disease that causes red poultry mites called dermanisioz -invasive disease of poultry, synantropic and wild birds all sex and age structures, with acute or chronic course [15]. It is characterized by anemia, reduced productivity, exhaustion and death of birds, especially young animals under three months [16]. The disease is recorded everywhere including Ukraine and can cause serious economic losses in poultry industry.
Gamasid mites can inflict harm not only to animals but also people and their bites cause itching of and to transfer various diseases. More cases of gamasid mites which cause a threat to the people, usually were registered in the XVlI century and documented in a leading medical literature since 1920 [17] and reviewed over the last 15 years [18].
Table 2 generalized information about gamasid mites as vectors of human diseases and partly as vectors of diseases of various animals. These data may help researchers navigate the search of carriers in studying of new or little-known disease.
Table 1
Bacterial and viral pathogens 'associated'with Dermanyssus
gallinae
Pathogen Association
Bacteria
Salmonellagallinarum Isolated from mites
Pasteurellamultocida Transmissiondemonstrated
Erysipelthrixrhusiopathiae Isolated from mites
Listeriamonocytogenes Isolated from mites
Coxiellaburnetii Transmissiondemonstrated
Nocardiabrasiliensis Isolated from mites
Mycoplasmasynoviae Isolated from mites
Viruses
Newcastle disease Isolated from mites
Fowlpox virus Transmissiondemonstrated
St. Louis encephalitis Isolated from mites
Tick bourneencephalitis Isolated from mites
Eastern equineencephalitis Transmissiondemonstrated
Western equineencephalitis Transmissiondemonstrated
Venezualan equineencephalitis Transmissiondemonstrated
№ 1 2017 Environment & Health 24
ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ И ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ПОПУЛЯЦИЙ ПТИЧЬЕГО КРАСНОГО КЛЕЩА Бородай В.П., Тертичная О.В., Свалявчук Л.И.
Институт агроэкологии и природопользования НААН, г. Киев
Цель работы: исследовать влияние и распространение инвазии птичьего красного клеща на птице-преприятиях Украины и сделать анализ данных стран Европейского Союза, в которых наиболее распространен этот кровососущий паразит, выяснить действие и значение этого паразита. Материалы и методы исследований. Методологической основой нашего исследования являются общетеоретические методы научного познания, системно-структурный и абстрактно-логический анализы.
Результаты исследований и выводы. Показано негативное влияние Dermanyssus gallinae на производство птицепродукции, прежде всего яиц. В странах ЕС за последние десятилетия обнаружен высокий процент распространения паразита благодаря его высоким адаптивным качествам, резистентности к акарицидам, быстрому жизненному
циклу при высоких оптимальных температурах и возможности долго существовать без источника питания (до 10 месяцев). Выяснено, что паразит может попадать на птицехозяйства с помощью синантропной птицы. Клещи способны переносить возбудителей опасных инфекций и вирусов, вызывая трансмиссивные и инвазионные заболевания. Это все наносит экономический ущерб птицепред-приятиям из-за повышения смертности поголовья (снижение веса и анемия) и значительного уменьшения яйценосности и качества яиц у кур-несушек. Соответствующие последствия приводят к значительным финансовым затратам для обезвреживания популяций паразита, дезинфекции помещений и лечения птицы. Также показано пагубное влияние D. gallinae и на организм человека, вызывающее болезни кожи (зуд и дерматиты). Таким образом, возникает необходимость исследовать популяции клещей с целью предотвращения их нападений на работников птицехозяйств и для экологически безопасного решения этой проблемы. Ключевые слова: птичий красный клещ, трансмиссивные болезни, инвазионные болезни, паразитизм, влияние на человека, экологические особенности.
In 2015, in the scientific literature had been reported that D. galli-naerecently confirmed as the causal agent of gamasoidosisin five members of a Serbian household [19]. Though numerous cases of gamasoidosis, typically linked to nearby feral birds' nests and often resulting in dermatological complaints of one kind or another. D. gallinae have also been reported as posing a risk topoultry workers, so much so that this work proposes theirpresence as an 'occupational hazard'[20, 21]. For D. Gallinae at least, this body of literature, though currently small, confirms ingestion of human blood [22]. With laboratory study (Center of Infectious
Diseases USA, 1954) demonstrating that these mites can be induced to feed upon humans, albeit at low levels. It should be noted, other avian-ectoparasitic mites (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) no such ability [23]. Though reports of gamasoidosis are still relatively uncommon, unpublished accounts suggest that in some apec such as Hawaii) bird mites per se have become strongly associated with humans over a relatively short period (<10 years), this being indicative of host expansion (Eco Smart Pest Control, personal communication).
Recently reported gamasid mites more frequent, especially in
residential establishments directly into groupings synanthropic birds. Location D. gallinae fairly broad: residential buildings, hospitals, office buildings, industrial poultry farms and farmers. Other ectoparasites Ornithonyssus sylviarum was also marked with in homes, hospitals, poultry farms, but not found in the office. Figure 3 shows the dynamics of attacks on people gamasid mites over the past 70 years. As the diagram from 1936 to 1961 the population of mites were 15% and up to 2013 have increased by 4 times and have reached 62.5%. While parasite species O. sylviarum has increased, in range of 7% to 60%,
Table 2
Gamasid mites as vectors of disease agents
Group of pathogens The disease and pathogen Mites-carriers The reservoir of the pathogen Spreading the disease Areal of origin Note
Viruses St. Louis encephalitis D. gallinae, O. sylviarum. D. gallinae. North America, Africa . North America Infected people .
Western equineencephalitis D. gallinae, D. americanus, O. sylviarum, О. bursa Poultry North, Center and South America, West Indies,some tropical areas of the Eastern Hemisphere North America Infected people and horses. Infections receive from birds to through mosquito bites.
Japanese encephalitis Gamasid mites Poultry Asia (Japan, China, Korea, Russia) Asia Infected people; sensible birds, rodents, horses
Rickettsiae Infectious nefrosisnephrite-Rickettsiapavlovskyi Gamasid mites rodents Ukraine, Russia, Belarus Ukraine, Russia Infected people .
Q Fever -Rickettsiaburneti Dermanyssidae (spontaneous infection) D. gallinae, O. bacoti Pets, birds, rodents, mites. West Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, North America, Australia Ukraine, Russia Central Asia Infected people .Infection from diseased animals, mites carriers. In the experiment, transmit rick-ettsiae laboratory animals through bites.
Spiro-chaetes Chicken spirochetosis - S. Gallinarum D. gallinae - - - Infected chickens
25 Environment & Health №12017
but during 1962-1987 red mite population exceeded 1.5 times. Potentially dangerous medical value D. gallinae enhances fact that mites can carry and transmit zoonoses as bacterial and viral etiology of infected birds to people, but now these very little published data to assert a 100% [1].
At the same time the analysis of changes in reported cases of assault on people increasing, and it has to be noticed by veterinary professionals, health workers, environmentalists.
Thus, epidemiological, ecological and epizootological features formation acaricenosis on poultry enterprises necessary to investigate and forecast depending on various conditions, abiotic and biot-ic factors to prevent attacks D. gal-linae on workers of poultry farms.
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Cases of people attacks by red mites populations, recorded in the scientific literature from 1936 to 2013, %
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№ 1 2017 Environment & Health 26
