CC BY
77
УДК 94(47+57).027/066+912.43:913.1 DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-3.611-653
SOME MEDIEVAL AND POST-GOLDEN HORDE'S TOWNS OF THE ITIL (VOLGA) AND SYR-DARYA BASINS ACCORDING TO THE ARABIC AND CHINESE MAPS
Nurlan Kenzheakhmet1, Alpamys Abu 2
1 Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University Almaty, Kazakhstan nurlanken@hotmail.com
2 al-Farabi Kazakh National University Almaty, Kazakhstan alpamys79@gmail.com
Abstract: Research objectives: The earliest depictions of the towns of the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins in medieval cartography are found on the Idrisi map (1154). The post-Golden Horde towns in these areas are found in the Jenkinson map and the Kunyu wanguo quan tu (Map of the Ten Thousand Countries of the Earth, 1602) by Matteo Ricci. In 1772, the Qianlong neifu yutu (Terrestrial Map of the Imperial Reposito-
ry of Qianlong), which used modern cartographic techniques, enriched the geographic information of Central Asian countries and filled the gaps in contemporary European maps.
Research materials: Influenced by the map of Al-Idrlsi', the geographic gaps and blind spots on the European maps were filled, reconstructed, and connected with the new world geographic knowledge, forming a relatively complete world map. At the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, a large amount of overseas geographic knowledge was introduced by Western missionaries who entered China.
Results and novelty of the research: The analysis of Arab, European, and Chinese maps made it possible to assess the degree of accuracy of their information about the postGolden Horde cities of the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya basins. The authors managed to determine the geographical ideas of Arab, European, and Chinese geographers about Central Asia. Specifically, this article examined the place names of the Itil Basin (including Western Siberia) and the Qazaq Steppe (including adjacent regions) in the European-Russian imperial maps and in the Qing Chinese maps. Historical maps provide rich resources of knowledge that graphically encode information about the state of a fraction of the real world at a certain point in time.
Keywords: Al-Idrlsi's Map, European maps, Qianlong neifu yutu (Terrestrial Map of the Imperial Repository of Qianlong), Itil Basin, Central Asia, Qazaq Steppe
For citation: Kenzheakhmet N., Abu A. Some Medieval and Post-Golden Horde's Towns of the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins According to the Arabic and Chinese Maps. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2021, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 611-653. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-3.611-653
The Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins' Cities on the Al-Idrisi's Map
The Volga (Itil) is usually called Itil (or Atil) in Arabic [17, "Itil"]. On the Al-Idrïsï's Map, place names in the Itil Basin and the "adjacent regions" provide clear evidence that the map makers drew from earlier Islamic maps and Arabic accounts
© Kenzheakhmet N., Abu A., 2021
for their geographical information. In addition to its fairly accurate contours, the Al-Idnsi's Map demonstrates knowledge about more than ten places in the Itil Basin, and more than ten in the Syr Darya-Talas Valley. On the northern coast of Caspian several names appear on the map: Atil, al-Bayda, Khamlikh, Burtas, Sawan, Bulghar, al-Bayda', no nearer than 200parasangs from Balanjar, according to al-Taban, the western town of the Atil [46, p. 38-39]. According to the Arab geographers, Atil was a double town, for it was divided by the Atil River into a western and an eastern part, the former being the residence of the king and his army (al-Bayda), and the latter the commercial centre (Khamlikh) [34, p. 452]. The ruins of this city are located along the Volga delta at the northwestern corner of the Caspian Sea.
Al-Idrisi called the Aral Sea as Buhayrat Khwarazm. East of the Aral Sea occurs several cities, such as Ghuzzia, Khwara, Kahand, Jajan, Asfinjab (modern Sayram in Kazakhstan), and Taraz (modern Taraz in Kazakstan).
The Al-Idrlsl's Map's Influence on the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries' European and Jesuit Maps
The Kitab Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-afaq (Entertainment for He Who Longs to Travel the World), composed in 549/1154 by al-Idrisi, became the first Arabic geographical work to be printed in Europe, in 1592 [36; 21; 23, p. 104]. In the history of European maps of Central Asia, the book of Idrisi plays a certain, though not very important, part. As Tolmacheva pointed out, Arab geography represents an important chapter in the emergence of European Orientalism at the turn of the seventeenth century. In terms of knowledge of the globe and precision in map making, European cartography was by then so far ahead of al-Idrisi, however far ahead he had been of his contemporaries, that this resurrection of his map by a modern scholar is valuable primarily in historical terms. Although Islamic maps were of limited geographical value, they were far superior to medieval European maps [48, p. 141, 143, 149]. The cartographers of the seventeenth century obviously felt convinced that the book of Idirisi was of such great importance that they had to enter the names of his itinerary in one way or other.
Before the eighteenth century, Western knowledge of Siberia, Central, and Northern Asia (including Manchuria) was extremely limited. This area was known simply as "Tartary" [16, p. 625-626].
Ortelius's Tartariae sive Magni Chami Regni typus, published in Latin in 1570 in Antwerpen, Duval's (1619-1683) L'Asie, printed in Paris 1664, Guillaume de L'Isle's (1675-1726) Carte de Tartarie, printed in Paris in 1706, d'Anville's Carte la plus generale et qui comprend la Chine, la Tartarie chinoise, et le Thibet, shows some al-Idrisi influence. For European cartographers like Guillaume de L'Isle, the Idrisi's work was valued for the systematic descriptions, collected from a variety of sources, of those parts of the Asian continent that were still unfamiliar to European travellers.
Notes scattered in various places around the map (all the writing is in Latin) indicate that Guillaume de L'Isle carefully consulted the text of Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-afaq. Virtually identical versions of the sections of "Pays des Calmoucs" of the Carte de Tartarie, are to be found on the Idrisi's maps. The nomenclature is a mixture of European, often Latinized, names and transcriptions of Arabic place names. Idrisi's map carried new information for the regions traversed
by Islamic trade routes as well as contemporary Europe. According to David L.B. Jupp, d'Anville's Carte la plus generale et qui comprend la Chine, la Tartarie chinoise, et le Thibet includes more recent information from Central Asia and information from the Russian-backed first Bering expedition (1725-1728). Otherwise the information was obtained during the Jesuit-led Kangxi survey of 17041719 [25, p. 2]. However, the Aral Sea Basin, Talas-Chu valleys, Mâwarâ'an-nahr as well as some other areas west of the Xinjiang was based on information provided by Idrïsï's maps. The four maps marks the place names with legend Idnsi, along which the following names are entered (see Table I).
Table I
d'Anville's
Carte la
Ortelius's plus
Tartariae Guillaume generale et
al-Idrisi sive Magni Duval's de L'Isle's qui
[33, IV, Chami L'Asie Carte de comprend Remarks
87-89, VI] Regni typus (1570) (1664) [14] Tartarie (1706) [22] la Chine, la Tartarie chinoise, et le Thibet (1737) [6]
Ard Baschirdo- Pascarti Baskirie ou Bashkortostan
Basjirt al Dahila rum Horda Pays des Baskirzi
Jebel M. de Caf Siberia
Qüfaya
DadamI Dademi Dademi Perhaps mod. Dadem-Ata, a shrine to the south of the city of Oral in western Kazakhstan. On the Idrisi map, a town Hanqakat is placed east of DadamI. This is evidently mod. Anqaty, a town south of Oral in Western Kazakhstan.
Sahadrüj/ Sahrüh Schadrug Sahadrug Russia
Siqra Cafra? Sacra
Marsan Marzan Marzan
Gaüzban/ Chauran Perhaps mod.
Gauran Qusman, a town south of Oral in Western Kazakhstan.
Harqan Arkan Charcan ou Arcan Perhaps mod. Qara-ghandy, a town south of Oral in Western Kazakhstan.
Darqü Darcu
Daranda Daranda
Badega Badega
Hiam Hyan Hyam Perhaps, it refers to the Jem River (Emba in Russian) in Western Kazakhstan.
Gargun /Gorgoz Garghun The Irgiz River in Aktobe and Kostanay regions in Kazakhstan.
Jajan Giagian
nahr rüda Rudhan R. de Rudhan
Danbaha Daubana Danhaba Perhaps, Zhympyty or Zhambayty, a town south of Oral in Western Kazakhstan.
Lohman Lochman Locman Perhaps, Ulyqpan-shegen ('shegen' means well in Kazakh), a place south of Oral in Western Kazakhstan.
Garlan Cherman German
Dahlan Teras Taras Taras ou Dahlan Taraz Kazakhstan
Salahi /Salhi Salg Shalg Shilji, Shelji or Shalji, a city near Taraz [12, p. 87; 34, p. 119; 30, p. 445]
Barsjan al Sufla Bersagian Barskhan or Lower Barskhan near Taraz. According to ibn Khurradadhbih, Lower Barskhan was situated three farsakhs east of Taraz (near mod. Taraz).
Bark Borac Mod. Merki in southern Kazakhstan
Buhaire Tehama Lac Theama Kazakhstan
Jarlak Haulac
Bakalak M. Shabalak
Ailaq Eilach Ilac Ilak Uzbekistan
Saikant Tachkunt Tashkunt Tashkent
Al Sas Alchach Al Shash Uzbekistan
Farab Farah Farab ou Otrar Otrar ou Farab Kazakhstan
Safgan /Sabran Sabran Sabran Mod. Sauran in Kazakhstan.
Jebel Mazgar Moreghar M. M. Moreghar Mugodzhar Hills in the Aktobe Region of northwestern Kazakhstan.
Nahr Morga Margha R. Margha
Nahr Jihun Gihun R. Uzbekistan
Nahr al Sas Iaxartes R. de Sihun ou d'Alchach Sihon ou Sirr olim Jaxartes Tajikstan-Uzbekistan
Uasah Wasah
Asfinjab Isfenztab Eshsijab Old name for Sayram in southern Kazakhstan.
Al Sogd Al Sogd Uzbekistan
Damurla Damuria Tabar or Tuwur in the Old Turkic inscription and Chubu'er during the Yuan period, mod. Dawo'er near Khorgos in Western Xinjiang.
Qaranitia Lac Carantia Kazakhstan
Dahrah Darha
Haqan Hizilj Chagan Calachitce Kakan de Kazalg' Kazakhstan
Barsjan al'alia Bersagian la Haute Upper Barskhan was on the southern shore of the Lake Issyk-Kul (mod. Barskaun hillfort on the River Barskaun).
Atas Aatas Kyrgyzstan
Jebel al Batm/ Botm M.de Botom Buttam Mountains, by this name they understood all the mountainous region between the upper courses of the Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya, distinguishing First, Central, and Outer Buttam (evidently the Hisar, Zarafshh, and Turkestan ranges) [31, p. 446; 8, p. 82]
Osrusana Esreusina Oshrusa-nah Tajikstan
Hojanda Cotzend Kogenda Tajikstan
Kasan Casan Uzbekistan
Harmuq Horma
Tibet Thebet Thibet ou Tobrot et Tobbat
Salünla Sachania
Banjara Bengiar
The Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins' Cities on the Matteo Ricci's World Map
Ricci's (Li Madou iOHÄ, 1552-1610) and Li Zhizao's 1565-1630)
map of "Kunyu wanguo quantu" (Complete Geographical Map of Ten Thousand Countries) was printed in 1602 [34]. The fourth edition, known as "Liangyi xuanlan tu" (Mf^^ÄHMap of Observing the Mysteries of the Heaven and the Earth), was printed in 1603 [11, p. 26, plates 57, 58, 59; 35, p. 673-694; 54, p. 46, n. 43].
According to Zhang Qiong, Ricci's major Western sources in these areas were Alessandro Piccolomini (1508-1578), Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598), Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594), Petrus Plancius (1552-1622), and Christopher Clavius [54, p. 49, n. 46].
In my opinion, Ricci's World Map was effectively a translation of information from Ptolemy's "World map", Arabic maps such as Idrisi, Marco Polo, Chinese, and European cartographers.
Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Theater of the World) by Abraham Ortelius, first published in 1570, was reissued in more than thirty editions over the next forty years. This map was based on a mixture of Jesuit, Arabic, and earlier sources, including the Tartaria map intitled "Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus" (hereafter Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570). Ortelius also included Anthony Jenkinson's rare map of Russia (called as Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae Descriptio) drawn in 1562 (hereafter Anthony Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) [37]. Much of what we know about Anthony Jenkinson's (1529-1611) map is from Ortelius atlas. These became the basis of the historians beginning in the nineteenth century. Only in the 1987 did Jenkinson's unique wall map come to light, in Poland. This map entitled "Nova absolutaque Russiae, Moscoviae, et Tartariae, descriptio authore Antonio Jenkinsono Anglo, Clemente Adamo edita, et a Nicolao Reinoldo Londinensi, ari insculpta. Anno salutis, 1562". According to Krystyna Szykula, the original turned out to be much larger than Ortelius' 44 by 35, 3 cm; it measures 101.7 x 81.7 cm [45, p. 325-340]1.
South and east of the Caspian Sea, there are six figures of Khans. They are (going from the south): "Ismail Sophi" near the Ardabil town ("Ardwen" in the map); "Kvrcot Chan" near Balkh ("Balgh" in the map); to the north of "montes paraponise" - "Alie Chan" near AJsow (Aqsu) and Andugan ("Audeghen" in the map, Andeghen on the Anthony Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; modern Andijan); "Mahvmet chan" in "Shamarchan" region; "Blag chan" in "Boghar" region (with
1 I would like to thank Dr. Roman Hautala for his help in the reading of the original Latin
text.
cities "Cojin", "Ghudowa"=Ghijduvan); "Azim chan" in "Turkmen" region; and "Aphis chan" in "Taskent" region, to the north of "Tajkent" city.
"Ismail Sophi" near the Ardabil town ("Ardwen" in the map) is the Latin corruption of Ismail Sefewi (1487-1525), the founder of the Safavid Dynasty. Jenkinson called him Ismael Sophie [15, p. 132, 152]. In 1562, Jenkinson visited the court of the great Sophie, called Shaw Tamasso (Shah Tahmasp, 1514-1576) [15, p. 343].
"Kvrcot Chan" near Balkh ("Balgh" in the map), to the north of "montes paraponise". According to a passage on the map, related to this Khan (Princeps hic cum Indis plurima habet certamina, qui ad austrum illi finitimi sunt), "this prince is at war with the Indians, who are his neighbors from the south" [26, legend 23]. Perhaps, Kurkani or Gurkani is a self-designated name for the Timurid khans, after Temur's title Gurkan, the Persianized form of the Mongolian kuragan, "son-in-law", a title he assumed after his marriage to a Chinggisid princess. This Gurkan should be Babur (1483-1530).
' 'Alie Chan" north of Kashgaria (Cajcara in the map), near Audeghen or AcJow (=Aqsu, the capital city of Moghulistan). There is a picture of khan here, with the following legend: "Cajcarae princeps Mahumetanus est, ac cum Kirgijs bella mouet" [26, legend 24a]. Perhaps, this is a corruption of Alacha khan, the nickname of Sultan Akhmad Khan (died 1503), a khan of Moghulistan [18, p. 121]. He was the second son of Yunus Khan (1416-1487).
"Aphis chan" in "Taskent" region, to the north of "Tajkent" city. Here is a legend: "Rex hic aduersus Cassachios assidua bella mouet, quae gens nuper prope exterminata fuerat" ("This King is waging a continual war against Khasack tribes. Once they have been close to extermination" [46, p. 129]). Perhaps, it refers to Darwish Khan (1557-1578), the ruler of Tashkent, a son of Nawruz Akhmed Khan (1510-1556).
"Mahvmet chan" in "Shamarchan" region is, perhaps, Pir Muhammed Khan (1511-1561), the Khan of Samarqand.
"Blag chan" in "Boghar" region is Abdullah Khan II (1534-1598), the ruler of the Khanate of Bukhara. He was a King of Bukhara at the time of Jenkinson's visit in 1558 [3, p. 206, 247].
"Azim chan" in "Turkmen" region, with the legend: "Turcomannorum imperium inter quinque fratres est partitum, quorum qui primas tenet Azim Chan nominatus est. Reliqui uero, Soltani appellantur. Quisque solum oppida uel potius castra sub ditione et imperio suo tenent. Horum Vrgence Principem locum tenet. Incolae Mahumeticam sectam agnoscunt, uiuuntque iuxta Nagaiorum consuetudinem, ac cum Persarum Principem (uulgo Sophi nuncupato) continenter belli gerantur". (The Turkoman Empire is divided between five brothers. One of them, the leading one, is called Azim Khan. The rest are called Sultans. Each of them holds the cities, or rather castles, at his own power and command. Among them [castles], Urgench takes the first place. The inhabitants recognize the Mohammedan sect, live according to Nogai customs, and constantly wage war with the ruler of the Persians [called Sophi among the common people]).
Azim chan is Hajim Khan, also known as Hajj Muhammad Khan (1519-1603), the tenth Uzbek ruler from the Shibanid dynasty in the Khwarezm state, who ruled from 1558 to 1603, the grandfather of Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur Khan (1605-1664) [3, p. 272; 4, vol. I, p. 270; 15, p. 68, 70]. According to Jenkinson, all the land from
the Caspian Sea to this city of Urgench, is called the land of Turkeman, and is a subject to Azim Khan [15, p. 72; 5, p. 307].
North and northeast of the Caspian Sea ("Mare Caspivm" in the map), two Hordas of Nagaia (Noghay) occur, centered in Saraichik (Jerachick) and Shakashick (JhakaJhick), and a Horda of Cassackia (Qazaq Khanate), with legend. There is a quite detailed fragment of territory of Cassakia (=Qazaq Khanate), which is therefore why it should be quote here [15, p. cxxxii, 90; 49, p. 71; 5, p. 185; 42, p. 396]. The name of this region is marked as Cassakia. In a passage on the map, Anthony Jenkinson even discussed the custom of the Kirgessi (=Cassaks): "Kirgessi gens cateruatim degit, id est in hordis, habetque ritum huiujmodi; cum re diuinam ipJ orum J acerdos peragit, J anguinem, lac et fimu iumentorum accipit, ac terre mijcet, inque vas quoddam infundit, eoque arborem Jcandit, atque cocione habita, in populum Jpargit, atque h^c ajperjio pro Deo habetur et colitur. Cum quis diem inter illos obit, loco Jepultur^ arboribus JuJpendut" (The Kirgessen people live in troops or hordes. They have the following custom: when a priest performs a religious ceremony, he obtains blood, milk and dung of beasts of burden, and mixes it with earth. He pours this in a specific vessel and climbs a tree with it, and when there is a gathering, he sprinkles it over the people, and this sprinkling is considered to be divine, and is worshipped. When someone of them dies, that person is hung up in a tree by way of burial). This edition is almost identical with the Anthony Jenkinson's unique wall map of Russia (1562), but with minor differences in characters: "Kirgejsi gens e/t, quae cateruatim degit, id est in Hordis, apidueque cum mhogholis gerit, habetque ritum ijtiujmodi. Ipsorum antiJtes aut Jacrificus, quo tempore rem diuinam peragit, Janguine, lacte et fimo iumentorum acceptis, ac terrae mixtis, ac in uas quoddam infusis, una cum hoc arborem Jcandit, atque hinc diu ad populum concionatus, in Jtultam plebeculam Jpergit. Populus uero in terram pronus, adorabunduJque, aspersiunculam hanc pro deo colit: firmeque credit, nihil eJJJe perinde Jalutare ac terram, pecus, armentaque et cum quis inter eos diem obit, loco Jepulturae arboribus JuJpendit" (The Kirgiz are a people living in detachments, that is, in the Hordes. This people is also incessantly waging wars with the Mongols [=Moghols - N.K.], and this people have the following ritual: When a high priest or sacrificer performs a service, he takes the blood, milk, and dung of the beasts of burden, mixes them with earth and pours them into one vessel. Then he climbs a tree with it and turns from there to the people who have long gathered below for this. He sprinkles the foolish common people from the tree. The people, bowing to the ground and praying, honor these splashes for God. They also strongly believe that there is nothing more to be worshiped than land and flocks and herds. And when one of them dies, instead of burying him, they hang him from the trees) [46, p. 140].
According to Anthony Jenkinson, "the people that warre (=war) against Taskent are called Cassaks of the law of Mahomet, and they which warre (=war) with the said country of Caskayre (=Kashkaria) are called Kings (=Kirghis), Gentiles and Idolaters" [15, p. 90-91; 5, p. 185].
According to Peter Heylyn, "Kirgessi not burying their dead bodies, as in other places, but hanging them upon Trees, though they think again: certain enough that they will be devoured or sweetened, before they return back to the same station. Much reverence yet they give their Priests, by whom sanctified and besprinkled in their public meeting, with a certain mixture, compounded of Blood, Milk, Earth,
and Cow-dung, a most sweet Confection, but good enough for them that desire no better. And yet with these the Muscovite is fain to hold fair compliance, and to send them every year some Presents for fear they should join with the Nagaians: or otherwise disturb him in his Caspian Trade down the Volga River" [39, lib III, p. 167].
In this part of the map of "Kunyu wanguo quantu", Ricci called Cassakia as Ge'ermo ii^S (=Ge'erheishi^^M^, =Kirgessi on the Jenkinson's map), with a passage: "Ciguo sizhe bumai, dan yi tielian gua qishi gan (=yu) shulin
(The dead bodies in this country are not buried, but they hang their bodies in the woods with iron chains).
Moving beyond this sphere, immediately neighboring countries such as Astrakhan, Turchestan, and Zagatai are labeled using the names of Turkic origin. In this part of the map of "Kunyu wanguo quantu", to begin from the north, the following cities or countries are marked: Nanwoya ^^^(=Nagaia on the Jenkinson's map); Yasidalagan ®fAAH^(=Astracan on the Jenkinson's map) [2, p. 272]; Wu'erwa he ji Yide ^^KMBP^ff (=Volga et Hedel in Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570); Tu'erkesitang (=Turchestan), Chawatai
^KM (=Zagatai). These names do not describe places or countries but, rather, ethnicities. The two place-names in the Caspian appearing as Yimu guo — @0and Nuren guo^AIS, were known by Chinese geographers. However, these are simply translation of Arimaspi, Amazones.
For other locations on the map in the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins, see Table II.
Table II:
The Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins' cities on the Matteo Ricci's World Map
№ Kunyu wanguo quantu European sources/maps Modern location
1. Beigao hai (literally, "High Sea of the North") Mar de Bachu (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Caspian Sea
2. Ge'ermoqi ^^ Colmack (Anthony Jenkinson 1562) Qalmaq
3. Ge'ermo Most likely an error for Ge'erheishi it refers to Kirgessi, another name for Kazakhs (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562); also see 39, lib. III, 165, 167. Qazaq
4. Qi'ermuxi guo ^SBS Ciremifiorum horda (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Russia
5. Qilijili ^fi^fi Khirkhlz or Qirqiz, a Turkish tribe of the ancient country of Southern Siberia whose name is also written as Khirkhlz, Kharkhir or Kirghiz (EI2, "Kirgiz"). The name appears as either Qirqir or Qirqiz or Qirqiz in Arabic accounts. Mod. Khakasia, Russia
6. Yu'aliya WPffl^ Vgori (Ugria), on Jenkinson's map "lorghoria", the country of "Zlata Baba", or Golden Old Woman, worshipped by the people of Obdora at the mouth of the Obi (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562). Russia
7. Xiajia InM XiajiasiSM^(Xin Tangshu 217b. 6146). Another name for Khirkhiz or Qirqiz. See Qilijili. Khakasia
8. Tianfang ^^ The place name or country name Tianfang in Chinese was almost used to refer to Mecca. According to the Mingshi, Tianfang, ancient Yunchong (al-Hijaz), was known as Tiantang (Heaven or Heavenly Realm), and also Mojia (Mecca) (Mingshi 332.8621: According to its location on the map (east of Turkestan, west of Dada), this was probably a mistake made by the copyist, and it should refer to Tanguth, Tangunt or Tangut. The Tanguts, called the Dangxiang (^M) or Western Xia (Xixia HÄ) in Chinese, was an empire which existed from 1038 to 1227 in modern northwestern China and southernmost Mongolia.
9. Yasidalagan тшш-п Astracan (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570; 40) Astrakhan
10. Wu'erwa he ji Yide шжмшч Literally means "Volga is Itil," =Volga et Hedel (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570); according to Peter Heylyn, "Rha, by the modern Latines called Volgo; by the Tartars, Edi", see 39, lib. III, 165. Volga River
11. Dumona tt^IP Tumen (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; Plancius 1594) Russia
12. Bai'ermiya й/ЖШ Permia/Weliki Perm (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; 40; 32) Perm Krai, Russia
13. Heduola ^^Ш Obdora (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Obdor (06gop, 06gopna)
14. Moyi ^^ Moyeda (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Russia
15. Gongduola Condora (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Kondia or Konda
16. Duyina tt^^ Dvina (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Russia
17. Nanwoya Й^Ж Nagaia (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; 40) modern Veliky Ustyug, Russia
18. Wuduye Vstiuge (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Russia
19. Mai'erduya Mordva (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; 40) Russia
20. Shidiya Yimao nei Scithia intra Imaum Montem/Schithia intra Imaum (the Scythia within the Imaus) (Totius Europae et Asiae Tabula Geographica, Auctore Thoma D. Aucupario. Edita Argentorati, Scythia was divided by Mount Imaus into two parts, called respectively Scyth-
mdxxii/i522), also see [39, p. iói, 168]. ia intra Imaum, i. e. on the northwestern side of the range, and Scythia extra Imaum, on its southeastern side.
2i. Shideya Yimao wai Scithia extra Imaum Montem/Schithia ultra Imaum (The Scythia beyond the Imaus) (Totius Europae et Asiae Tabula Geographica, Auctore Thoma D. Aucupario. Edita Argentorati, mdxxii/i522)
22. Jitayixige ëfûl Kitaijko (Asia ex magna orbis terrae descriptione Gerardi Mercatoris desumpta, studio et industria G.M. Iunioris. Edita A° M.D.LXXXVII/1587).
23. Yimao shan ЦШ Imaus Mons (Asia ex magna orbis terrae descriptione Gerardi Mercatoris desumpta, studio et industria G.M. Iunioris. Edita A° M.D.LXXXVII/1587)
24. Heiqitai Kara Kithai (40)
25. Chawatai ШЖШ Zagatai (Ortelius i570)
2б. Maolinayi'er тшя/ Mavrenaher (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Transoxiana
27. Maolinanke'er Mavrenaher (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Transoxiana
28. Tu'erkesitang Turchestan (40) Kazakhstan
29. Baiying & Щ Poin, Peim (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570); Pein visited by Marco Polo, ancent town to the east of Khotan Modern Kenya, Xinjiang
30. Yao'ergeng Ш/ffl Ergimvl/Ergimul (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Evirghol? (Modern Araturk? Chinese Yiwu №
3i. Hami Camul (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Qumul
32. Tulufan Turfan (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Turfan, Xinjiang
33. Yanqi Calis (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Qarashahar, Xinjiang
34. Dasigengdi Taskent (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Tashkent, Uzbekistan
35. Suye he By "Suiye he" most likely refers to the Sur or Syr river in Central Asia, anc. Jaxartes. In Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570, it bears its Kazakh name, Sirusion (=Syr Özen). Syr-Darya
3б. Sama'erhan Samarchand (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Samarqand, Uzbekistan
37. Da Congling Monte Dalanguer (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570)
3S. Xuandu shan шш Monte Vshonte (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570)
39. Gaogasuo shan Imaus mons qui & Caucashus (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Caucasus Mountains
40. Dagelisidan Tacalistan (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Tokharistan ?
41. Dibula Й^Щ Tipvra (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Tripura, India ?
42. Sanguo HS Sim? (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570)
43. Yesaiba 1ШШ Iesel Bas (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Qyzyl Bash (Read Head), Turkic name for Safavids
44. Hejiaru МЙПЛ Ocrage (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)
45. Delili Dabolisitan Diar Taperistan (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)
4б. Rulan ЛШ Gilan (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Iran
47. Ladasi Щ^Д Tares (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)
4S. Senouli Seriar (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)
49. Tabasidan Taperistan (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Iran
50. Jiasi ÍPfÁ Kax or Kath (Cante in the Jenkinson's map) (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Beruniy, Karakalpakstan
51. Rexisitu Sirisitvr (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)
52. Yixidiru Istigias (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570)
53. Gelazuoni Charassan (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Khorasan
54. Yimu guo S Arimaspi (Sarmatia et Scythia Russia et Tartaria Europaea, 1б97) A legendary tribe of one-eyed people of northern Scythia who lived in the foothills of the Riphean Mountains, variously identified with the Ural Mountains or the Carpathians
55. Nvren guo £AS Amazones (Sarmatia et Scythia Russia et Tartaria Europaea, 1б97)
56. Bodiwu'erqi Petigorski (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Beshtau (Горы Пятигорья), Northern Caucasus
57. Mohede hu Palus Meotis (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Sea of Azov
58. Qilimoya М^ШЖ Crimea (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Crimea
59. Gaidaqi ЖА^Л Caitachi (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570) Crimea
60. Wachaliya S^SS Gazaria (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570)
61. Genaduole Anadole (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570) Turkey
62. Bocu Bozoc (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570) Turkey
63. Borang Ш! Pegian (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570) Turkey
64. Runou A^ Genic (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570)
65. Yamaxiya SSffiS Amasia (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570) Turkey
66. Boliliuni feSAM Bolli Roni (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570)
67. Suwasi ШШШ Svvas (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570) Sivas, Turkey
68. Fuluodeme'er ШШЩШ& Volodemer (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Vladimir (Владимир-на- Клязьме)
69. Ouluoba Sha'ermaqiya Sarmatia Europaea (Ptolemy's "World map"; Sarmatia et Scythia Russia et Tartaria Europaea, 1697). Detailed description of Sarmatia Europaea, see 39, lib. III, 167.
70. Yaxiya Sha'ermaqiya S^S^/S^S Sarmatia Asiatica (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570)
71. Esugedaye Scythia (see Peter Heylyn 1677, lib. III 161, 168; Sarmatia et Scythia Russia et Tartaria Europaea, 1697)
72. Mengrililiya ^BASS Mengrelia A historic province in the western part of Georgia.
73. Re'a'erruyana Ш/AS^ Georgiani (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Georgia
74. Danai he AAM Tanais (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Russia
75. Chilagaiya Erachaian (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)
76. Dalaba Ш4Е Starabat (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Iran
77. Moshantu Mesandaran (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Iran
78. Hulumosi Ormuz (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570); (also see 39, lib. III 147) Iran
79. Xi'erman M/S Chirman (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Kerman, Iran
80. Bosi ^^ Farsi (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Iran
81. Yadeborang ^WiâH Adilbegian (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)
82. Ge'erdalan Caldaran (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)
83. Dige'erbo Diarbech (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)
84. Shawusi j^fA Savas (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)
85. Wade'er Gavadel (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Pakistan
86. Gebu'er Cabvl (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Kabul, Afghanistan
87. Gandaga Candahar (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Afghanistan
88. Yindusitang Indostan (Ortelius, Indiae Orientalis Insvlarvmqve Adiacientivm typus 1570) India
89. Yalagan Aracam (Ortelius, Indiae Orientalis Insvlarvmqve Adiacientivm typus 1570)
90. Mengdao ^^ Mandao (Ortelius, Indiae Orientalis Insvlarvmqve Adiacientivm typus 1570)
91. Banggela Bengala Ortelius, Indiae Orientalis Insvlarvmqve Adiacientivm typus 1570) Bangladesh
92. Piniu ^ Pegu (Ortelius, Indiae Orientalis Insvlarvmqve Adiacientivm typus 1570)
93. Ma'erdamang Martabam (Ortelius, Indiae Orientalis Insvlarvmqve Adiacientivm typus 1570)
94. Jia'erdandan i/^H Cardandan (Ortelius, Indiae Orientalis Insvlarvmqve Adiacientivm typus 1570)
The Itil (Volga) Basin, Siberia, and Kazakh Steppe's Place Names in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) Maps
After the Qing-Zhunghar war, the Qing sought to expand its empire into Tibet and Zhungharia. The Qing dynasty took advantage of international changes in Central Asia. The geographical ambitions of the Qing dynasty in Central Asia led to the redrawing of the frontier boundaries between Russia and the Qing as well as to the crushing of the vassal state of Zhunghar Khanate in 1760 by Qing armies. The Qing dynasty produced important new maps of unprecedented scale and accuracy as political and ideological weapons in their struggle for control of Central Asia. The first was the Jesuit atlas of China: the famous "Kangxi Atlas" (Kangxi Huangyu quanlan tu ^^Mft^^H [Map with a Complete View of Imperial Territory]), drawn on
the basis of surveys conducted by European Jesuits using mathematical techniques and presented to the emperor in 1718. German scholar Walter Fuchs have made significant contributions in the study of the Kangxi Atlas, but the territory of the Atlas did not include the Central Asia and Kazakh Steppe [20]. The most widely known version of the map was that done by Jean-Baptiste d'Anville, printed by Jean-Baptiste du Halde in his Description de la Chine, published in Paris in 1735. In 1737, he published the full atlas of the Qing in The Hague. This map of d'Anville was the basis of the Asian map to the Russian and English geographical research of the nineteenth century. After his initial victory over Dawachi in 1755, the Qianlong emperor (r. 1736-1795) ordered the compilation of large-scale maps. It was finished in 1772 and are now known variously as the Qianlong neifu yutu I^S^^ftH (Terrestrial Map of the Imperial Repository of Qianlong Reign), Qianlong huangyu quantu (Complete Atlas of the Empire from the Qianlong Reign), Yudi quantu ^tt^H (The Whole atlas of the Empire), Qianlong shisan pai tu ^SAH^H (Map of the Qianlong Reign in Thirteen Rows). The Qianlong neifu yutu appeared in many different editions and different formats. The title of the version of the Qianlong atlas in the 1966 reprint is Qingdai yitong ditu — (China's National Atlas of Ching Dynasty) [55; 52].
German scholar M.J. Klaproth translated the place names of Central Asia (Asie centrale on the BnF online digital library of Gallica, the website of the French National Library in Paris) in the Qianlong neifu yutu into French [27]. For the sake of comparison, here is a list of place names of the Central Asia, Volga Basin, and adjacent areas in the Qianlong neifu yutu and the Asie centrale as follows (note: Manchu place name object type: bira (bila) = river; hoton (hetun) = city; alin = mountain; omo (emo) = the sea; gashan (keshan) = country; sekiyen (siqin) = water source, source; dabakhan = pass or hill; in addition, the lacks place names from Asie centrale are marked with *; modern Cyrillic and Latin place names are filled in the "Remarks" column):
Table III:
The place names of Central Asia and the Itil Basin in Qianlong neifu yutu
№ Qianlong neifu yutu [52] location on Qianlong neifu yutu Asie centrale Remarks
Fifth rows west 3 ]
1. E'erqisi bila WM^M'BË west 34-35 F. Ertsiss F. Irtish Ertis River
2. Duomu hala west 35-36 Tom-khara on the border of Russia-Kazakhstan
3. Tailan Ha'erhai ^ffi^ÄÄ west 33-34 Tairam khalkhai
4. Mosige bila west 36-37 F. Mossghe
5. Yiximusigui hetun frmmmm^ west 37-38 Ville Ischimskoi HmnMCKnn/Ishimsky
6. Yisikemu bila PM^B^Ë west 38-39 F. Ischim HmnM/Ishim River
7. Bu'erhasutaibila Îl^fê^Ë west 38-39 F. Bourkhassoutai
8. Duola bila ^Ë'MË west 37-38 Tara* Tapa/Tara River
9. Duola hetun west 39-40 Tara* Tapa/Tara city
10. Bayan ha'er hana EM^àl^ùWi west 39-40 Bayan-khara-khana
11. Yi'erdisi bila west 40-41 Ertsiss* EpTic/Ertis
12. Dimuyansigui hetun mmmmrnrn^ west 39-40 Demianovsky
13. Waga gashan K^^M west 40-41 Vagay gashan* Baran/Vagay
14. Balake hetun EË^M^ west 41-42 Abalak* A6anaK/Abalak [41, T. VI, p. 393]
15. Tuobo'er hetun ftWlM^ west 42-43 Tobol* To6oni>CK/Tobolsk
16. Exi'er bila W^l'BË west 44-45 Esil* Ecin/Esil
17. Tuobo'er bila ftWl^Ë west 44-45 Tobol* To6tm/ Tobol
18. Yizete bila west 46-47 Iset* HceTt/Iset
19. Dumen hetun west 46-47 Tumen* TroMeHt/Tyumen [41, T. VI, p. 404]
20. Dula bila MË'BË west 45-46 Tura* Typa/Tura
21. Da'erlinsigui hetunâl#^ west 44-45 Darlingskoi (ville)
22. Wudiduo'ersiga west 45-46 Oudidorsga (ville)
23. Naiweyangsigui hetun mrnmrnm^ west 48-49 Nayuiyangskoi (ville)
24. Naiwa bila MK'MË west 48-49 F. Naiwa HenBa/Neiva/Nevya
25. Wutega west 48-49 Outega (ville) yT«K/ Utyakovo [13, p. 490]
26. Jugu'er hetun Ë^lM^ west 52-53
Fifth rows west 4 [£№00]
27. Samara bila ^ïfË^Ë west 53-54 F. Samara CaMapa/Samara River
28. Samala hetun west 53-54 Samara (ville) CaMapa/Samara city
29. Dedu'er gashan west 54-55 Dedour (ville)
30. Badaya gashan Eâ®^ west 55-56
31. Mosikewa SSS^K west 54-55 Kheskewa MopKBamn?
32. Wusa keshan Jt^^a west 54-55 Oussa (village)
33. Gama bila ^ïf^Ë west 54-55 KaMa/Kama. Also called as Cholman Idel [41, T. VI, p. 167 ]
34. Wo'erga bila {fM^^Ë west 54-55 F. Wolga Bonra/Volga
35. Xishuan bila west 54-55 Sitsiuen Cti3paH/Syzran River?
36. Gazan hetun west 59-60 Kazan (ville) Ka3aH/Kazan
37. Sula bila ^Ë^Ë west 60-61 Cypa/Sura or Cyntna/Sulcha
38. Ega bila W^^Ë west 61-62
39. Gelesima bila fèftSï^Ë west 63-64
40. Basiduofu hetun west 64-65
41. Mikehai hetun west 64-65
42. Delatema hetun fêË#ïïÎ№ west 65-66
43. Sateguo hetun west 65-66
44. Sefei'a'siga gashan west 59-60 Sefiasga (village) CBnaxcKt/Sviyazhsk [41, T. VI, p. 180; 13, p. 489]
45. Dula bila ^Ë^Ë west 60-61
46. Dedusi hetun west 57-58 Dedous (ville) Tetus, TeTromn /Tetyushi
47. Suzhawaya bila west 51-52 F. Soutchawaya
48. Guoleisi hetun west 57-58
49. Laisuo'er hetun west 57-58 Лаишево (тат. Лаеш) ?
50. Nisina hetun west 60-61 Нижний (Новгород) /Nizhny (Novgorod)
51. Guoluoguowaiside hetun west 61-62 Гороховец/ Gorokhovets
52. Woluodimo'er hetun {шйшжда^ west 62-63 Володимгарь/Vladimir (Владимир-на-Клязьме)
53. Gelisima bila Клязьма/Klzayma
54. Mosikua hetun Москва/Moscow
55. Luosan hetun Рязань/Ryazan
56. Danbofu hetun Тамбов/Tambov
Sixth rows west 3
57. E'erqisi bila Ш^^Ш'Ш west 32-33 F. Ertiss EpTic/Ertis
58. Dabusun nao'er west 31-32 Lac de Sel
59. Nanuyi bila ШШ^'Ш west 30-31 F. Nay
60. Nanuyi seqin west 29-30 Source du Nay
61. Talong Ha'erhai west 30-31 Taroung-kharkhai
62. Bogui Ha'erhai ЯЙВ^« west 31-32 Bogoui-kharkhai
63. Ha'erda'erjin Ha'erhai west 31-32 Aldarghin-kharkhai
64. Chahan E'erbo ШШШЯ west 31-32 Tsachan-Olbo Ад Оба (Ад Y6i)
65. Kala E'erbo west 31-32 Khara-Olbo ^ара Оба (^ара Y6i)/Qara Oba
66. Eluosi Xi'er bila Ш^ШШШ'Ш west 32-33 Oross-Sirbi
67. Hailatu ЩШШ west 31-32 Khairatou
68. Hai'er kumen bila west 31-32 F. Khair koumun
69. Tulun gaiqi nao'er HfëiiA}^ west 31-32 Lac Touloun gaighi
70. Ba'erqiketu E^A^H west 32-33 Bartsiktou
71. Handahaitu Rfc^H west 31-32 Khandakhaitou
72. Tuibo'er ffiW^ west 32-33 Tchouibor
73. Heyue'er kalonggu west 32-33 Khoyor Karoungou
74. A'erqituhan alin west 32-33 M. Artsitoukhan
75. Eluosi Buli'er W^WAM^ west 32-33 Oross Boulir
76. Eluosi Cenboluote west 32-33 Sempolot (ville Russe) CeMefi/Semey [41, T. VII, p. 22]
77. Eluosi Jiange'er tula W^WMfè^HA west 32-33 Gher-Toura (=Kenggher- Toura) Ville Russe Oustkamen-gorsk OcKeMeH (Ycrt -KaMeHoropcK)/ Oskemen
78. Wuliyasutu west 32-33 yjinacyTy /Uliyasutu
79. Cha'er bila g^A west 32-33 F. Tsar map/Shar
80. Kundulun Cha'er i^Ag^ west 33-34 Koundouloun Tsar
81. Wulan Chuqian west 32-33 Oulian-Tchoutsian
82. Wuxun Chuqian west 32-33 Oussou-Tchoutsian
83. Tu'ergun H^fB west 32-33 Tourghen
84. Wulan Bulake west 32-33 Oulan boulak
85. Abu IKA west 32-33 Abou
86. Ebugen WAfB west 32-33
87. Eluosi E'erboke W^WWMW^ west 32-33 Oross Obbok
88. Eluosi Hami'er W^SAnS^ west 32-33 Oross Kaningdsoung
89. Ke'ertuositai west 32-33 Kortosotai
90. Abulaikeyi K^W^^ west 33-34 Ablai-kei A6tmanKHT/Ablaykit (Ablayin Qiyid)
91. A'ertai Mulu west 30-31 Altay Mourou (dos ou crete de l'Altai)
92. Hai'er kumen bila west 31-32 F. Khair koumun
93. Buketulamu bila ^^Hfiil^fi west 31-32 F. Bouktourma E:p;TBipMa/Bukhtarma
94. Bulu'er bila west 31-32 F. Bouroul A; Eepen (Eeprien)/ Aqberel
95. Chui bila n^fi west 31-32 F. Tchoui
96. Bu'ergake bila ^^^^^fi west 31-32 F. Bourgak
97. Changjisitai bila anln#fi west 31-32 F. Tchanghistai ffiHHFHCTan/ Shyngghystay
98. Changjisitai kalun g^l^^ft west 31-32 Tchanghistai Karaoul
99. Nalin bila west 31-32 Haptm/Naryn
100. A'ershatai bila M^^n^fi west 30-31 F. Archatai
101. Eyiman bila W-^S^fi west 30-31 F. Oiman
102. Kukewusu ^^^^ west 30-31 F. Koukeoussou
103. Hetuo'er dabahan west 29-30 M. Khotokhor Dabakhan
104. Zha'erman bila fL^S^'fi west 30-31 F. Dcharman ^apMa/Zharma
105. Kuba dabahan west 29-30 M. Koubou Dabakhan
106. Haji'er kumen bila west 29-30 F. Khadsir Koumun
107. A'erhute bila west 29-30 F. Arkhout
108. Chahan wusu west 29-30 F. Tsagan-oussou
109. Chui bila n^fi west 29-30 F. Tchoui
110. Boluo Bu'ergasu bila west 28-29 F. Boro-bourgassoutai
111. Da'erqintu bila west 28-29 F. Darkintou
112. Zhasitai bila ftlêôË west 29-30 F. Dchastai
113. Na'erga bila ¿ft^^^Ë west 29-30 F. Narga
114. Wukeke bila west 30-31 F. Oukek yKOK/Ukek
115. A'erchatu bila K^gg^Ë west 30-31 F. Archatai
116. Hala bila fëË^Ë west 30-31 F. Khara
117. Hezhuo ' erbu' ergasutai west 32-33 Khodcherbourk hasoutai
118. Kundatu i^ffl west 32-33 Koundatou
119. Wuliyasutu west 32-33 Oulanyasoutai
120. Wulanqihusutu west 32-33 Oulikhousouto u
121. Jinjilike bila A^M^Ë west 37-38 F. Ghindsilik
122. Bacha bila E^^Ë west 37-38 F. Batchai
123. Mohe'ercha'er ^^D^g^ west 34-35 F. Mokhor-tsar
124. Cha'er seqin g^fel^ west 34-35 Source de Tsar
125. Alake alin west 34-35 M. Alak
126. Ta'ergusi Wuliyatai west 33-34 F. Targous Ouliatai
127. Ahaitu NW® west 33-34 Akhaitou
128. Ebeitu west 33-34 Ebeitou
129. Wudatu west 33-34 Outatu
130. Tulutai west 33-34 Touloutai
131. Kalaguo'er west 33-34 R. Kara-koul
132. Kukuguo'er west 33-34 R. Koukou-koul
133. E'erqisi bila west 32-33 F. Ertsis
134. Kulan-aji'ergan bila west 32-33 F. Koulan-adsirkhan
135. Lebuxi bila ft^H^fe west 37-38 F. Lebssi
136. Chahan wusu west 37-38 A;cy/Aqsu
137. Kukuwusu ^^^^ west 37-38 F. Koukou-oussou KeKcy/Koksu
138. Halata'er bila B^feif^fe west 38-39 F. Kharatal ^aparan/Karatal
139. Biji bila west 38-39 F. Bidsi Btixti/Byzhy
140. Cha'er bila g^fe west 39-40
141. Xila nao'er Hfei^^ west 39-40 L. Sira-noor
142. A'erhui alin west 40-41 M. Arkhouy
143. Kukesali bila west 40-41 F. Kouksari
144. Bahanasi bila E^S№fe west 41-42 F. Bakhanas Ba;aHac/Bakanas
145. E'erkebuqi bila SS^^^^^fe west 40-41 F. Ergheboutsi
146. Alaketu'a Kfe^SK west 40-41 M. Alaktou
147. Ba'erkaxi nao'er E^^®^^ west 40-41 L. Balkassi-noor Ban;am/Balksh
148. Cha'er bila g^fe west 39-40 F. Tsar
149. Cha'er bila g^fe west 40-41 F. Tsar
150. Cha'er bila g^fe west 41-42 F. Tsar Char Gurban [41, T. VII, p. 24]
151. Amanha'erhai west 41-42 Amankharkhai AMa;aparan/ Amanqaraghay
152. Xidete Eleimo alin west 42-43 M. Sidet-elouimo EpenMeH/Ereimen Ereimen Schidor in the Renat map [56, p. 686; 7, p. cciv]
153. Bayan alin west 41-42 Bayanaula Bayan-Ola [56, p. 645; 50, IV, p. 117]
Sixth rows west 4
154. Wenggun alin west 43-44 M. Ongoun
155. Hu'erha'erjin west 44-45 F. Khourkhaldsin ^opranxtm (Ken)/ Korgalzyn
156. Nula bila west 44-45 F. Noura Hypa/Nura
157. Yisete emo west 47-48 L. Isset
158. Miyasi emo AKAW^ west 47-48 L. Miass Muacc/Miass [41, T. VI, p. 312]
159. Halaguote'er west 47-48 F. Khara-gochir
160. Eleke bila S^ft^^A west 47-48 F. Elek
161. Wula'ertu alin west 48-49 M. Oural tou
162. Kukuguote'er west 48-49 Koukou-goter
163. Chahan bila west 48-49 F. Tsakhan
164. Taqi hetun west 48-49 Taki Opan/Ural in Kazakhstan [41, T. VI, p. 220]
165. Gashun west 49-50 Gachun TamoH/Gashon
166. De'erteke'er alin west 50-51 M. Derdekor
167. Ebo hetun west 51-52 Ofou (ville) y^a/Ufa
168. Saladuofu hetun AA^ffiP^ west 53-54 Siratow (ville) CaparoB/Saratov
169. Ha'ermisi west 58-59 Qarmish (KapaMtimeBo?)
170. Yi'errisi bila west 53-54 F. Yrjich (Bontmofi) Hprro/ Irgiz River
171. Galamen bila west 52-53 F. Galamun Karaman [41, T. VI, p. 113]
172. Wo'erga bila west 54-55 F. Wolga Bonra/Volga
173. Xilahamisi hetun west 55-56 Sherkamish* [43, T. VI, p. 120] KaMtimn/Kamy shin
174. Teng № west 57-58 Don* ^OH/Don
175. Manacha i^ftg west 57-58 Manacha* Manych [28, p. 52]
Sixth rows west 5
176. Hala Tengjisi west 65-66 Qara Tengiz* Black Sea
177. Yisitanba'er hetun Kongka'er juchu west 66-67 Istanbul
Seventh rows west 3
178. Nalin bila west 33-34 Narym
179. Sali alin west 31-32 M. Sari Cayp/Saur
180. Hetongha'erhai kalun west 33-34 Khotongkarkha i-Kharaoul ^aTHH^aparan/ Katonkaragay
181. Zaisang nao'er ^^^^ west 32-33 L. Dsaisang-noor 3ancaH/Zaysan
182. Edong bila WS^Ö west 32-33 F. Etoung YngeHe/Üydene
183. Temu'erchuo'erhe alin west 32-33 M. Tomour-dchor
184. Temu'erchuo'erhe bila west 32-33 F. Temour-Tchorkho K^aHgticy-Oopra/Qandy su-Shorgha
185. E'erhechuo'er alin west 32-33 M. Orkchodchor Op;amap/Orqashar
186. Ha'erba alin west 34-35 M.Khalba K^an6a xoTacti/ Qalba
187. Kebukuketu alin west 34-35 M. Kobkouktou KeKneKTi /Kokpekty
188. Abuta'ermoduo kalun west 33-34 Abtalmodo Kharaoul
189. Abuta'ermoduo bila west 33-34 F. Abtalmodo
190. Boluonai alin west 34-35 Boronai
191. Ha'erba dabahan ^^EÄES west 34-35 M. Khalba dabakhan K^an6a xoTacti/ Qalba
192. Kuliyetu west 35-36 Kourietou
193. Bukun bila west 34-35 F. Bougoun EyKeH/Buken [41, T. VII, p. 25]
194. Ta'erbahatai alin west 34-35 M. Tarbakhatai Tap6araTaH/Tarbagatay
195. Baketu alin west 34-35 M. Baktou Ba;TBi/Bakty
196. Baketu kalun E^S^A west 33-34 Baktou-Kharaoul Ba;TBi/Bakty
197. Hama'er dabahan BA3A&ER west 33-34 M. Khamar dabakhan XaMap acyti/Khamar
198. Jimo'ersike kalun west 33-34 Dsimorsek Kharaoul ^HMepceK/Jimersek
199. Wunahen Tuoluohui west 33-34 KyHexeH-Tonoxafi/Kunekhen-Tolokhay
200. Zhuluhuzhu bila west 32-33 F. Dchourou-khoudchou ®yp-xyxy/Zhur-khuzhu
201. Zhuluhuzhu kalun west 32-33 Dchourou-khoudchou Kharaoul ®yp-xyxy/Zhur-khuzhu
202. Yu'er bila SA^fi west 34-35 F. Yur rop/Yur
203. Ya'er bila SA^fi west 34-35 F. Yar £p/Yar
204. Alaketuhu'er nao'er Kfi^ffl^AAA west 34-35 Alaq-Tughul nor [24, I, p. 401; 41, T. VII, p. 40] AnaKen/Alakol
205. Wenduketai A'ershan west 34-35 Oundouktai archan yHgyKTan/Unduktay
206. Shaba'ertu Helai AEAffl^ft west 35-36 Shabartou-Kholai na6apm/Shabarty
207. Emi'er bila SS^A^fi west 34-35 F. Emil EMin/Emil
208. Katun bila i^^fi west 34-35 F. Khatoun K^aTtmcy/Qatynsu
209. Yamatu bila S^ffl^fi west 34-35 F. Yamatou ^aMaHTti/Zhamanty
210. Ya'erhatu bila SA^ffl^fi west 34-35 F. Yarkhatou BIpraHTti/Yrghayty
211. A'ergalingtu IKA^Affl west 35-36 Argalingtou ApraHaTti/Arghanaty [56, p. 148-149]
212. Abulai Hasake KA^^A^ west 37-38 Ablai-Khassak
213. A'erhui alin west 36-37 M. Arkhouy Ap;ar/Arqat [43, p. 61]
214. Chahan buhutu west 35-36 M. Tsakhan-boukhoutou
215. E'erkebuqi gatu'erga west 36-37 Erkebtsi-gatulga
216. Agusi IKiSS west 35-36 Agous Aare3/Ayagoz
217. Aitangsu west 35-36 R. Aitangsou ArnaHcy/Aytangsu
218. Zhaomoduo west 36-37 Dchaomodo ^ao-Mogo/Zhaomodo in Eastern Kazakhstan. According to Humboldt, Zhaomodo means "Hundred Trees" in Mongol. The Kazakh name Juz-aghash also means "Hundred Trees" [24, II, p. 224]
219. Chahan tuohui gKffiff west 36-37 OaraH-Toran/ Shaghan-Toghay
220. Heluosi bila ÎD^S^Ë west 36-37 F. Khoross
221. Bahanasi bila west 36-37 F. Bakhanass Ea;aHac/Bakanas
222. Kukusa'er bila west 36-37 F. Koukou ssar
223. Chahan tuohui g^ft^ west 36-37 Tsakhan-tokhoui
224. Lebushi bila ft^+^Ë west 36-37 F. Lebchi Tenci/Lepsi
225. Huchake alin west 36-37 M. Khoudchak
226. Kukutuomu dabahan west 35-36 KeKTyMa/Koktuma
227. Jinjilike dabahan ^M^&E« west 35-36
228. Bicha bila west 34-35 F. Bidcha
229. Jinjilike bila ^^M^Ë west 34-35 F. Ghintsirik ^yH^YPeK/Zhunzhurek
230. Lebuse xiqin ft^fef!^ west 35-36 Source du Lebchi Lebsi sekiyen
231. Bashigan bila EfrT^Ë west 35-36 F. Bachkhan Eac;aH/Baskan
232. Sha'ergan bila ^^H^Ë west 35-36 F. Scharkan Cap;aH/Sarkan
233. Chahan Wusu west 35-36 F. Tsakhan-oussou Чаган-усу/Chaghan-usu A;cy/Aqsu [24, II, p. 224]
234. Bomu Wusu west 35-36 F. Boumou-oussou Бум-усу
235. Halazhekede bila В^Ё^ЙШ^Ё west 36-37 F. Khara Dchikte ^аражиде/Qaraj ide [56, p. 198]
236. Halata'er bila west 37-38 F. Kharatal ^арагал/Qaratal
237. Talan Huduke west 37-38 Talan Khuduk
238. Wulan E'erji west 37-38 Oulan-erghi ¥лан-Ерхе/Ulan-Erkhe
239. Qichenhala АРАиЁ west 36-37 Tsitchin-khara Шыжыц/Shyjyng
240. Modeyinwuhua ШШН4А west 37-38 Motein-oukhoua
241. Ba'erkashi nao'e EA^++AA west 38-39 Balkhach-noor Балкаш/Balqash
242. Alaketu alin west 38-39 M. Alaktou Алатау/Alatau
243. Talan Huduke west 37-38 Talan Khuduk*
244. Guobi ?№ west 40-41 Gobi
Seventh rows west 4 И
245. Han alin west 42-43 M. Khan Хан тауы/Khan tau
246. Gu'erban Hasuluke alin west 43-44 M. Gourban khaslouk Yш ^азыльщ/Üsh Qazylyq [50, IV, p.117]
247. Zanbula alin west 43-44 M. Dsengboula Жамбыл/Zhambyl
248. Huma bila ЙЙ^^Ё west 44-45 F. Khouma К^мак/Khuma/ Qumaq
249. Beile gu'er ШЙ^А west 44-45 Lac Beile-noor ou Khochi koul Билiкeл/Beile-gul/ Peile noor. Also called Qabanqulaq or Khoschi-gul [24, II, p. 260]
250. Guobi ?№ west 44-45 Gobi
251. Yilakeluo bila west 45-46 F. Yroklo
252. Bei Hasake А^АЙ west 44-45 "Northern Kazakh" in Chinese
253. Ama'er ji Hasake Kï^^jj^ west 45-46 Amargi Hasak* "Northern Kazakh" in Manchu
254. Guqingu'erban Tuoluohui west 45-46 M. Goutsingour-ban Tolokhai ou Les trente trois collines TonaFan/Tolaghay [56, p. 461]
255. Akesaha'er Ba'erbei west 45-46 Akssakhar Barbai A;caK;an Eap-6ti/Aqsaqal Barby [41, T. VII, p. 41]
256. Xihe'erlike nao'er HM^m®^ west 45-46 L. Sikhorlik Sikirlik [7, Renat Map, no. 34]
257. Seyiku bila west 46-47 F. Seïkou Seiku [3, p. 181 (text), p. 191 (trans.); 47, Turkili Haritasi]
258. Shunguo'erlu bila west 47-48 F. Schungorlou OBiHFBipnay /Shynggyrlau [28, p. 69; 56, p. 336]
259. Suiku bila west 47-48 Suoikou
260. Gegen bila fèfg^Ë west 47-48 F. Keghen
261. Ya'erkasi ^^^ west 47-48 CaFti3/Saygis,Sakis [41, T. VII, p. 44] Alternatively, an error for Yrghyz [56, p. 132]
262. Yinde'er alin west 48-49 M. Yender HHgep/Inder [28, p. 70; 56, p. 270; 41, T. VII, p. 37]
263. Eyi'er west 48-49 Oir Ontm/ Oiyl [28, p. 69; 56, p. 116]
264. Qi'er ^^ west 48-49 Gir ^ntrn/Qiyil [56, p. 106]
265. Dapoxun nao'er west 48-49 Lac de Sel HHgep Keni/Inder koli; Diuder-Tuz, Tuzdykul [41, T. VII, p. 41]
266. Temu'er bila west 48-49 Temir* TeMip/Temir [41, T. VII, p. 45; 56, p. 124]
267. Muhu'ertuo'er alin west 48-49 Mughalzhar* MyFanxap Tayti/ Mugodzhar Hills [56, p. 114]
268. Halaku'er west 49-50 Qara kol* [9, p. 65; 28, P. 69]
269. Samu'er west 50-51 Samur* KaMtic-CaMap Kengepi/KaMtimt-CaMapt [41, p. 216, 221]
270. Heyue'er ezhun ^D-feA^S west 50-51 Hoyir Özen* Perhaps KHtm/Qiyil; also see Qi'er AA (above)
271. Eyichuke hetun west 50-51 Üyshik* [1, p. 98] Ampay/Atyrau Torghuts called it y3«Ht Banra3HHt [41, T. VI, p. 219]
272. Nalin elesu west 51-52 Naryn els* Els= desert in Mongolian, HaptiH/Naryn desert [56, p. 277; 41, T. VI, 211]
273. Taben nao'er west 53-54 Taben nao'er means "Five lake" in Mongolian. Perhaps, Besköl in western Kazakhstan [56, p. 295]
274. Halaku'er B^öAA west 49-50 Qara köl [9, p. 65; 28, p. 69]
275. Tu'ergute zhi Ayuxi han suoju zhi di mm^m^Mmm^m^m west 54-55 Ayuki Khan's Torghut state Also called Ayuqi MAA- Ayuqi MIA- or Ayuqi MI^, Eyueqi §№A in Chinese sources (Ayuki /Öyoki, 16401724)
276. Dabuxun nao'er SAfflAm west 54-55 Bogdan Dubassun (Bogdo lake) [41, T. VI, p. 136]
277. Eji'er bila fS^m^fi. west 55-56 Edil* Bonra/Volga
278. Suo'erla gashan «mö^a west 56-57
279. Zali hetun west 56-57
Seventh rows west 5
280. Suochikesa'er gashan «^im^a west 57-58
281. Re'ernuoza gashan Sm^ft^a west 57-58
282. Sa'er gashan im^a west 57-58
283. Gulikesan gashan west 57-58
284. Akexi hetun west 55-56 Akish/Akash* [41, Т. VI, p. 128] Волгоград/Volgagrad (Tsaritsyn)
285. Bukeda alin west 55-56 Ko Bogdo*[41, Т. VI, p. 137] Bogdo
286. Yanggala hetun west 55-56 Yankala/Yankh ala*[41, Т. VI, p. 137] Черный Яр/ Chyorny Yar
287. Shuo'erbo bila ЯШЯ^Ё west 56-57 Sorpa/Shorba* [41, Т. VI, p. 134]
288. Zhamubeiluke huizi deng juchu west 55-56 Camboyluk (Jamboyluk) Nogais*
289. Se'erkesi hetun бШ^ЖЛ^ПФ west 55-56 Serkes*
290. Asidalahan hetun west 55-56 Astrakhan* Astrakhan
291. Eji'er bila W^^^fi west 55-56 Edil* Volga
292. Yetesan huizi deng juchu west 57-58 Yedisan* Yedi uruv, Zhetiru (Zhetiru in the Middle Zhuz) [47, p. 166]
293. Kumo bila west 58-59 Kuma* Kumogol [41, Т. VI, p. 88]
294. Jilei Duonatesi west 59-60 Seversky Donets*
295. Duan bila iffi^fi west 60-61 Don*
296. Aiduo'er bila g^W^fi west 63-64 Aydar* Айдар/ Aydar [28, p. 38]
297. Duo'er bila ^W^fi west 64-65 Торь/Tor [28, p. 36]
Seventh rows west 6
298. Mo'edi emo ЩШЙШЩ west 74-75 Maeotis or Mayutis
299. Gelansa hetun west 68-69 Kalansse
300. Damen hetun west 72-72 Тамань
301. Fodelebisongda gashan west 69-70 Atrabezunda/Trabzon
Eighth rows west 4
302. Yili bila west 37-38 F. Ily !ле/Ш
303. Sha'erteke west 37-38 Sardek
304. Kukuwusu west 36-37 F. Koukou-oussou KeKcy/Koksu
305. Boluohaji'er dabahan ffüte&föaem west 36-37 Borokhoudsir dabakhan Bopo-xoxnp acyti/Borokhojir asuyi
306. A'ertanemo'er dabahan west 36-37 M. Artan-emor dabakhan AnTHHeMen/Altynemel
307. Gu'erban Biji Gurban Bije Btixti/Bizhe River
308. Chalin bila west 37-38 F. Tsaring Oaptm/Charyn
309. Chunji kalun ft^^fö west 35-36 Tchoundsi Kharaoul OoHxti/Shonjy
310. Tuoli kalun ffiM^fö west 35-36 Toli-Kharaoul
311. Shabu'ertuohai kalun AAAffiA^fö west 35-36 Tchabour-dchechi-Karaoul
312. Ha'ergagatu'erga B^A^HÄ^ west 37-38 Khargagatour-ga Khulgan gatulga [24, II, p. 225]
313. Mingbulake BJAÖ^ west 37-38 Mingboulak MHHÖ^na^/Myngbulaq
314. Nalin bila west 37-38 F. Narin Haptm/Naryn
315. Tamuhan kalun west 36-37 Tamkhan Karaoul
316. Tamutalike west 36-37 Tamghantarik
317. Temu'erlike dabahan west 36-37 M. Temourik TeMipniK/Temirlik
318. Temu'erlike kalun west 36-37 Temourik-Karaoul
319. Gegen kalun föß^fö west 36-37 Geghen KereH/Kegen
320. Gegen bila föß^ö west 36-37
321. Hantengge'er alin west 36-37 M. Khantengher XaH Tsuipi/ Khan Tengri
322. Ha'erqila kalun ^ÄAÖ^fö west 36-37 Kharkira-Kharaoul K^apK;apa/Karkara
323. Ha'erqila bila ^ÄAÖ^Ö west 36-37 F. Kharkira K^apK;apa/Karkara
324. Tetu dabahan west 36-37 M. Tem-Dabakhan
325. Tekesi seqin west 36-37 Source du Tekes TeKec/Tekes
326. Kunakesa'er ^^^^^ west 36-37 F. Kounouksar
327. Bayanzhu'erke west 36-37 Bayandchouke
328. Habuqihai gatu'erga west 38-39 Kapchagai-gatulga Kanmaran/ Kapshagay
329. Sha'erbo'er ^ÄttÄ west 38-39 F. Schabor CaptiGen/Sarybel?
330. Saleke bila M^Ë west 38-39 F. Salek OeneK/ Shelek
331. Tu'ergen bila HÂfB^Ë west 38-39 F. Tourghen TypreH/Türgen
332. Gu'erban Chabuda'er bila west 38-39 F. Gourban-tsabdar
333. Eyigun alin west 38-39 M. Oigoun
334. Yixiketu bila west 38-39 F. Issiktou
335. Asu bila west 38-39 F. Assou
336. Asu dabahan I^âEl west 38-39 M. Assou-dabakhan
337. Ta'erga'er bila ifÄ^Ä^Ö west 38-39 F. Talgar Tanrap/Talgar
338. Mo'ergensali alin west 39-40 M. Morghen-sari
339. Gu' erban Alimatu ÄÄÄlMilH west 39-40 Gourban-Arimat AnMaTti/Almaty
340. Hashikeleng bila fëfr^fë^Ë west 39-40 F. Khachikleng KacKeneH/Kaskeleng
341. Chama'ergan bila gïfÂT^Ë west 39-40 F. Tsamargu OaManraH/Shamalgan
342. Kulutu bila west 40-41 F. Kourtou Kypri/Kurti
343. Hashitake bila fëfrig^Ë west 40-41 F. Khachtak KacTeK/Kastek
344. A'ergalingtu IÄ^®H west 40-41 Argalingtou ApraHaTti/Arghanaty
345. Hashitake dabahan ^frf^lEl west 40-41 M. Khachtak-Dabakhan KacTeK/Kastek
346. Ya'erhatu dabahan »Ä^HäEl west 41-42 M. Yarkhatou-Dabakhan
347. Chui bila ^fi west 42-43 F. Tchoui my/Chu
348. He'erhetu bila iPW^H^fi west 42-43 R. Khotkhatou KparaTti/Quraghaty [56, p. 360]
349. Gu'erban Hayintu bila ^WA^HH^fi west 42-43 F. Gourban Khayntou
350. Ashaba'er bila KAEW^fi west 42-43 F. Khochabar
351. Botuomaitake Wft^f^ west 42-43 M. Botamai-tak BoTaMofiHaK/Botamoy-naq [56, p. 347]
352. Talasi bila iffiA^fi west 44-45 F. Talas Tanac/Talas
353. Ashai alin west 44-45 M. Achai
354. Heselate alin west 44-45 M. Khoserat
355. Boshi'ahashimo west 44-45 Bochakhach-mo
356. Temo' erhabahake west 44-45 Temor-khabakhak
357. Asha bila IKA^fi west 45-46 F. Acha Aca/Asa
358. Agu'er nao'er IKiWAA west 45-46
359. Minbula ftAfi west 45-46
360. Biku'er nao'er ^AWAW west 46-47
361. Halaha'erbake teheba ^fi^WE^^SE west 46-47 Qaraqalpaq tehe ba (Tehe ba means "homeland" in Manchu) KapaK;annaK;cTaH /Karakalpakstan
362. Suo'ertunyi nukete west 46-47 Solto?
363. Baibisitan nukete west 47-48
364. Xi'er bila ®W$fi west 47-48 Ctipgapnfl/ Syr Darya
365. Minbula ftAfi west 45-46 MtiHGynaK/Mingbulaq
Eighth rows west 5 AffifflS
366. Haina'er bila A^W^fi west 50-51 KanHap/Qaynar [41, T. VII, p. 45; 56, p. 100]
367. Tashigan iffrT west 48-49 Tashkent* TamKeHT/Tashkent
368. Zhemu bila west 50-51 Jem* ®sm (EM6i)/ Emba
369. Mang'axilu dabahan west 50-51 Manggishlaq dabagan* MaHra-CTay/Manghy stau
370. Wa'erji Hasake zhecheng west 50-51 Wargi Hasak jecen* (wargi means "west" in Manchu) west Qazaq border
371. Halazhake RâËfL^ west 53-54
372. Halaweng'er huduke west 53-54
373. Tamangsumen huduke west 53-54 L. Tapoun-ssoumoun-Khodouk
374. Buxun nao'er ^ffl^W west 53-54 Lac. Boussoun
375. E'erheji huizi hetun west 54-55
376. Tu'erkumen suoju zhidi west 52-53 Pays de Turkmen TypKMeH/Turkmen
377. Dalintubo huduke west 52-53 Source ou Lac Dserin Toubo
378. Hulamaji huduke west 52-53 Source ou Lac Khouramadsi
379. Dabuxun nao'er â^ffl^W west 52-53 Lac de Sel
380. Qiawa hetun west 52-53 Ywa XuBa/Khiva
381. Bokete'er huizi hetun west 51-52 Bokter ville des Boukhars On the right bank of the Yaik, the name of Bagthiar occurs on Jenkinson's map. The Bakhtiari were relocated to the Turkoman frontier by Nadir Shah.
382. Xilawate huizi hetun west 51-52 Sirawat villes des Boukhars A corruption of Shahri-Vezir. This "castle", or fortified town, of Shaysure (Sellizure on Jenkinson's text) has been identified with Shahr, or Shehr Vezir (Shahr
signifying town), now marked by the ruins of Dev-Kesken, or Dev Kesken qala, is an archaeological site in the Dashoguz region of northern Turkmenistan, 62 km west of Koneurgench [15, p. 69].
383. Abalagazha han zhizi exianshi han suoju zhidi west 51-52 Demeure de Enouchi khan fils d'Abla khodcha-khan Ануша-хан/Anusha khan (1663-1686)
384. Ala'ertuohui Esiboke deng suoju west 50-51 Demeure de chef Aral-Tokhoui Ossbok Арал взбектер^Ага1 Uzbeks [19, p. 651]
385. Daligang'a emo west 51-52 Lac Daliganga Арал Teui3i/Ara1 sea [=Dari-\ang\a]
386. Halakezi huizi hetun west 51-52 Karakhodsu ville des Boukhars Qara-Hajji? [19, p. 54-55]
387. Wu'ergenqi huizi hetun west 51-52 Ourghenz, ville des Boukhars Ургенч /Urgench
388. Tengjisi emo west 54-55 Тещз/Tengiz Tatars called it Chagan Tengis (Чаганъ Тенгисъ), Kalmyks called it Kulsom Tengis (Кулсомъ Тенгисъ) [41, T. VI, p. 87]
389. Sama'erhan ШЗДЯ? west 50-51 Samarkhan Самарканд/Samarkand
390. E'ertuba 1РЯНЕ west 49-50 Ortouba Истаравшан /Istarawschan (Ura-Tjube)
391. Hejiyan west 48-49 Khodsiyan Khodchend Худжанд/ Khuj and
392. Ajige buka'er zhecheng west 49-50 Ville Adsigheb-chardche Little Bukhara border [ajige means "little" in Manchu, "A^A=Bukhara;"^ ^=jecen (border)"]
393. Naiman nukete АЖ^Й^ west 48-49 Nayman-Nouktè Найман/Nayman pastoral area
394. Dayate nukete west 47-48 Tayat- Nouktè Теит/Teyit
395. Jibuchake alin west 46-47 M. Kibdchak ^tmmaK/Qypchaq
396. Lianlabashi huizi deng juchu west 58-59 Mali bash
397. De'erji hetun west 58-59 Tarki* TapKu/Tarki [the place referred to, evidently Terki, is at the mouth of the Terek, Dagestan, 28, p. 60]
398. Te'erben hetun west 59-60 Derbent* ^ep6eHT/Derbent
Eighth rows west 6 AffiS^
399. Shamaji hetun west 59-60 Shamakhi, Azerbaijan
400. Gu'er bila ^Ä^Ö west 60-61 Kur Kura River
401. Nashiwang bila west 61-62 Nakhchivan
402. Eliwang hetun west 62-63 Erivan Yerevan
403. Alasi bila KÖS№Ö west 63-64 Aras Aras or Araxes River
Eighth rows west 7 Affiffl^
404. Sahalian modeli g^SSMM west 63-64 Sahaliyan mederi (Black Sea in Manchu) Black Sea
405. E'erselong hetun west 76-77 Erserum Erzurum
Eighth rows west 8 AffiBA
406. Hongga'er guo zhi han suoju Gongsidangdinabole hetun west 80-81 The city of Constantinople, where Khwand-kar or Khunkar Khan lived [3, p. 212 (text), p. 227 (trans.); 38, [I], p. 88-89, n. 258; 7, [II], p. 330] Istanbul
407. Mola hetun west 87-88 Mora
Ninth rows west 5
408. Zhumute huizi suoju zhi buluo west 50-51 Horde Boukhare Dchoumte HoMyg/Yomut (Yomud) Yomut or Yomud, one of the Turkmen tribes lived
in Gorgan, Turkmenbashi, east coast of the Caspian, Khiva and Dashoguz [51, p. 353]
409. Wulanguma elesu west 51-52 Dessert [Wulan=Ulan means "red" in Mongolian +guma=qum ("desert" in Turkic) +elesu=els ("sand" in Mongolian)]. KtBBmKyM/Qyzylqum
410. Teke huizi zhi buluo juchu west 49-50 Horde Boukhare Tek Takka [Teke] [51, p. 351]
411. Anbabuka'er zhecheng west 48-49 Anbabkardchè Anba $E=amba in Manchu, means "Great"; "Buka'er A^A=Bukhara; "zhecheng ^^=jecen (border)". Great Bukhara border"
412. Duluma huizi zhi buluo juchu west 49-50 Horde Boukhare Doulouma ^ypMeH Durman?
413. Kekelun huizi zhi buluo juchu west 49-50 Horde Boukhare Kokrun DoKneH/Goklen. The dwelling place of Goklen Muslims
414. Zhanyisiba'er huizi hetun west 49-50 Ville Boukhare Dchensozubar Sabzawar or Sabzevar Muslims city
415. Hazha'erbashi hongmaozi deng juchu nALMEAMiA^mm west 53-54 The dwelling place of the Qyzylbash=Read Heads. KH3tm6am/Qyzyl-bash [28, p. 71; 3, p. 211-215 (trans.); 19, p. 27-29]
416. Nishai huizi zhi buluo juchu mmA^m^mm west 49-50 The dwelling place of Nashay Muslim tribes. Nashay or Nesa, a town near Bagir (near mod. Ashkabad) [3, p. 226 (trans.); 19, p. 31, 554]
Ninth rows west 8 ^flÈMÏ
417. Du'erjia guo ^MjiB west 82-83 Turkey
As we have seen above, the information of Qianlong neifu yutu map was obtained during the Jesuit-led survey of Qianlong period. However, the knowledge of the Aral Sea Basin, Volga valleys, Mawara'an-nahr as well as some other areas west of the Xinjiang was based on information provided by local authorities. The western section of the Qianlong neifu yutu describes the general form of the Anatolia, Central Asia, and Siberia, Russia which stretches from Europe in the west to Xinjiang in the east; from the Russia in the north to India and the Persian Gulf in the south; and includes Persia, Badakhshan and Afghanistan.
Conclusion
Al-Idrisi's Maps shows the creation of map images by medieval Arab geographers based on absorbing Ptolemaic geography. Influenced by the map of Al-Idnsi', the geographic gaps and blind spots of the old continent on the European map were filled, reconstructed, and connected with the new world geographic knowledge, forming a relatively complete world map.
Al-Idrisi's Maps also affected the geographical knowledge of Yuan-Mongol Empire geographers. The Kitab Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-afaq (Entertainment for He Who Longs to Travel the World), composed in 1154 by al-Idrisi, became significant sources for the mapmakers of Kangnido, drawn in 1402. The inclusion of Dasht-i Qipchaq and the Syr Darya Basin in the Kangnido provides clear evidence that the mapmakers consulted Al-Idrisi's accounts for their geographical information. In addition to its pretty accurate contours, the Kangnido demonstrates knowledge about three places in Dasht-i Qipchaq, and more than ten in the Syr Darya-Talas Valley.
For example, Beisa'er was probably a corruption of Basqurt or Bashqarud in Arabic sources, or refers to Bulghar, a town in modern Tatarstan; Beisu ^^ relates perhaps to the al-Bayda', the western city of the Atil, all derived from al-Idrisi.
At the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, a large amount of overseas geographic knowledge was introduced by Western missionaries entered China. Among them the most importans are Matteo Ricci's (1552-1610) "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu" (Map of the Ten Thousand Countries of the Earth, 1602), Ferdinand Verbiest's (1623-1688) "Kun Yu Quan Tu World Map" and so on. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the "Map of the Emperor Yongzheng's Ten Pai Emperors" (Map of the Yongzheng reign in ten fascicles) and the Qianlong neifu yutu ^S^^ftH (Terrestrial map of the imperial repository of Qianlong), which were led by western missionaries and used modern cartographic techniques, enriched the geographic information of Central Asian countries and filled the gaps in contemporary European maps.
REFERENCES
1. Obdirakhmanov A. Toponomika zhane Etimologiya [Toponymy and Etymology]. Pavlodar, 2010. 238 p. (In Kazakh)
2. 'Abd al-Qadir ibn Muhammad-Amln. Majma' al-ansab wa-l-ashjar. Vokhidov Sh.H. (tr.). Istoriya Kazakhstana v persidskikh istochnikakh [History of Kazakhstan in Persian Sources]. Muminov A.K., Aminov B.B. (eds). Almaty: "Dayk-Press", 2005, vol. 2. 318 p. (In Russian)
3. Aboul-Ghazi Behadour Khan. Histoire des Mongols et des Tatares. Demaisons P.I. (tr.). Amsterdam: Philo, 1970. 393 p. (In French)
4. A General History of the Turks, Moguls, and Tatars: Vulgarly Called Tartars. Together with a Description of the Countries They Inhabit. In Two Volumes. London: J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, A. Bettesworth, F. Fayram, J. Osborn and T. Longman, J. Pemberton, C. Rivington, F. Clay, J. Batley, and Aaron Ward, 1729, vol. 1. 374 p.
5. Angliyskie puteshestvenniki v Moskovskom gosudarstve v XVI veke [English Travelers in Muscovy in the sixteenth century]. Got'e Yu.V (tr.). Leningrad, 1937. 306 p. (In Russian)
6. d'Anville J.-P. Carte la plus generale et qui comprend la Chine, la Tartarie chinoise, et le Thibet (1737). National Library of Australia MAP RM 3521. Available at: https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-232293356 (accessed 23.11.2020). (In French)
7. Baddeley J.F. Russia, Mongolia, China, Being some Record of the Relations between Them from the Beginning of the XVIIth century to the Death of the Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, A.D. 1602-1676, Rendered Mainly in the Form of Narratives Dictated or Written by the Envoys Sent by the Russian Tsars, or Their Voevodas in Siberia to the Kalmuk and Mongol Khans and Princes; and to the Emperors of China. New York: Franklin, 1919, vol. 1. 265 p.
8. Bartold V.V. Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion. Minorsky V., Minorsky T. (tr.). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlam, 1992. 513 p.
9. Batys Qazaqstan Obylysynyng Taryhy [The History of the West Kazakhstan Province]. Oral, 2015. 292 p. (In Kazakh)
10. Blaeu J. Atlas Maior of 1665 "The Greatest and Finest Atlas Ever Published". Based on the Copy in the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna. Cologne: Taschen Verlag, 2005. 511 p.
11. Cao Wanru WÄAet al. (eds). Zhongguo gudai ditu ji, Mingdai BJA [An Atlas of Ancient Maps in China: The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)]. Beijing: Wenwu, 1994. 143 p. 248 plates. (In Chinese)
12. Collins B.A. (tr.), Mohammad Hamid Alta'i (ed.). The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions = Ahsan al-Taqäsim f Marifat al-Aqälim, [by] Al-Muqaddasi. Reading: Garnet, 1994. 424 p.
13. Drevnie goroda i drugie bulgarsko-tatarskie pamyatniki v Kazanskoy gubernii [Ancient Cities and Other Bulgar-Tatar Monuments in the Kazan Province]. Shpilevsky S.M (ed.). Kazan: Tipografiya Sergeya Buzukina, 2012. 585 p. (In Russian)
14. Duval P. L'Asie. Paris, 1664. Available at: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark: /12148/btv1b8469894b (accessed 23.11.2020). (In French)
15. Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia by Anthony Jenkinson and Other Englishmen, with Some Account of the First Intercourse of the English with Russia and Central Asia by Way of the Caspian Sea. Delmar Morgan E., Coote C.H. (eds). New York: B. Franklin, 1964, vol. 1. 176 p.
16. Elliot M.C. The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in imperial and national geographies. The Journal of Asian Studies. 2000, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 603-646.
17. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Second edition. Bearman P.J. et al. (eds). Leiden: Brill, 1954-2005.
18. Elias N. (ed.), Denison Ross E. (tr.). The Tarikh-i-Rashidi of Mirza Muhammad Haidar, Dughlat: A History of the Moghuls of Central Asia. An English Version Edited with Commentary, Notes and Map. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1895. 535 p.
19. Firdaws al-Iqbäl, History of Khorezm. Shir Muhammad Mirab Munis, Muhammad Riza Mirab Agahi (eds), Bregel Yu. (tr.). Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, 1999. 718 p.
20. Fuchs W. Der Jesuiten-Atlas der Kanghsi-Zeit: seine Entstehungsgeschichte nebst Namensindices fur die Karten der Mandjurei, Mongolei, Ostturkestan und Tibet, mit
Wiedergabe der Jesuiten-Karten in Originalgrose. Peking: Fu-Jen University, 1943. 414 p. Available at: www.loc.gov/resource/g7820m.gct00265 (accessed 23.11.2020) (In German)
21. Geographia Nubiensis, id est accuratissima totius orbis in septem climata divisi descriptio continens praesertim exactam universiae Asiae et Africae, rerumque in iis hactenus incognitarum explicationem. Paris: Typographia Hieronymi Blageart, 1619. 328 p. (In Latin)
22. Guillaume de L'Isle. Carte de Tartarie (1706). Available at: http://www.davidrumsey.com/maps4457.html (accessed 23.11.2020). (In French)
23. Hopkins J.F.P. (tr.), Levtzion N. (ed.). Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1981. 492 p.
24. Humboldt A.V. Central-Asien. Untersuchungen über die Gebirgsketten und die vergleichende Klimatologie. 2 Vols. Berlin, 1844. (In German)
25. Jupp D.L.B. Determining projection and scale for maps in early atlases of China held by the National Library of Australia. The Globe: Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Map Society Inc. 2018, no. 84, pp. 1-24.
26. Karta Antonio Dzhenkinsona 1562 goda [Anthony Jenkinson's Map of 1562]. Available at: https://www.kramola.info/blogs/letopisi-proshlogo/zapadnoevropeyskie-karty-na-russkom-anton-vid-antonio-dzhenkinson (accessed 23.11.2020). (In Latin, Russian)
27. Klaproth J. von. Cartographe présumé. Asie Centrale. Available at: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b72002855 (accessed 23.11.2020). (In French)
28. Kniga Bol'shomu chertezhu, ili Drevnyaya karta Rossiyskogo gosudarstva, ponovlennaya v Razryade i spisannaya v knigu 1627 goda [The Book of the "Big Drawing" or Ancient Map of the Russian State Updated in Razryadny Prikaz and Copied in the Book of 1627]. St. Petersbrurg: Tipografiya RAN, 1838. 261 p. (In Russian)
29. Kramers J.H. (ed.). Opus geographicum [i. e. Kitab Surat al-ard] auctore ibn Haukal (Abu 'l-Kasim ibn Haukal al-Nasibi): secundum textum et imagines codicis Constantinopolitani conservati in bibliotheca antiqui Palatii n. 3346 cui titulus est "Liber imaginis terrae". 2 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1938-1939 [rpt. 1967]. (In Latin)
30. Kramers J.H., Wiet G. (trs). Ibn Hauqal: Configuration de la terre (Kitab Surat al-ard): introduction et traduction, avec index. 2 vols. Paris: Maisonneuve and Larose, 1964. (In French)
31. Kunyu wanguo quantu (Complete Geographical Map of Ten Thousand Countries), 1602. Avalable at: https://www.wdl.org/zh/item/4136/view/1Z1/ (accessed 23.11.2020). (In Chinese)
32. Mercator G. Atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura, 1595. Digital reproduction of the copy held at the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection. Oakland, Calif.: Octavo, digital edition, 2000. (In Latin)
33. Miller K. (ed.). Mappae Arabicae: Arabische Welt- und Landerkarten des 9.-13. Jahrhunderts in arabischer Urschrift, lateinischer Transkription und Ubertragung in neuzeitliche Kartenskizzen. Mit einleitenden Texten. [IV:] Asia II. Nord-und Ostasien; [VI:] Idrisi-Atlas. 336 photographische Wiedergaben aller bis jetzt bekannten geographischen Tafeln in den Manuskripten des Idrisi auf 82 Lichtdruck-Tafeln. Stuttgart, 1927. iv + 96 p.; vi + 82 plates. (In German)
34. Minorsky V. (tr.). Hudud al- 'Älam, "The Regions of the World": A Persian Geography, 372 A.H. - 982 A.D. Oxford: Oxford University, 1937. 524 p.
35. Morar. F.-S. Relocating the Qing in the global history of science: The Manchu translation of the 1603 World Map by Li Yingshi and Matteo Ricci. Isis. 2018, vol. 109, no. 4, pp. 673-694.
36. Oblectatio desiderantis in descriptione civitatum principalium et tractuum et provinciarum et insularum et urbium etplagarum mundi. Romae, 1592. (In Arabic)
37. Ortelius A. Theatrum orbis terrarum. Antwerpen: Apud Aegid, Coppenium Diesth, 1570. 53 maps. Copy held at the Newberry Library, Chicago. (In Latin)
38. Pelliot P. Notes critiques d'histoire Kalmouke. Paris: Maisonneuve, 1960, vol. 1. 235 p. (In French)
39. Peter Heylyn. Cosmography in Four Books: Containing the Chorography and History. London, 1677.
40. Plancius P. Orbis terrarum typus de integro multis in locis emendates. Engraved by Jan van Doetecam. Amsterdam, 1594. Available at: https://www.raremaps.com/gallery /detail/69939/orbis-terrarum-typus-de-integro-multis-in-locis-emendatus-au-plancius (accessed 23.11.2020). (In Latin)
41. Polnoye sobraniye uchenykh puteshestviy po Rossii, izdavayemoye Imperatorskoyu Akademiyu Nauk, po predlezheniyu Yeya Prezidenta [Complete Collection of Scientific Travels in Russia Published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences, at the Suggestion of Its President]. St. Petersburg, 1824, vol. 6. 560 p. (In Russian)
42. Qazaqstan Tarihy, T. 2: Qazaqstan Songghy Orta Ghasyrlar Dawirinde [The History of Kazakhstan, Vol. 2: Kazakhstan during the Late Medieval Period]. Almaty: Atamura, 1998. 636 p. (In Kazakh)
43. Qurban-'Ali Khalidi. An Islamic Biographical Dictionary of the Eastern Kazakh Steppe 1770-1912. Franke A.J., Usmanov M.A. (eds). Leiden: Brill, 2005. 179 p.
44. Smith G.R. (tr.). The Conquest of Iran (= The History of al-Tabari [Ta 'rikh al-rusul wa 'l-muluk]). New York: University of New York, 1985 [rpt. 1994]. 216 p.
45. Szykula K. Anthony Jenkinson's unique wall map of Russia (1562) and its influence on European cartography. Belgeo. 2008, no. 3-4, pp. 325-340.
46. Szykula K. Unexpected 16th century Finding to Have Disappeared Just After Its Printing - Anthony Jenkinson's Map ofRussia, 1562. [Sine loco]: IntechOpen 2012. 152 p.
47. Togan A.Z.V. Bugünkü Türkili (Türkistan) ve Yakin Tarihi. istanbul: Arkada§, ibrahim Horoz ve Güven Basimevleri, 1942-1947. 696 p. (In Turkish)
48. Tolmacheva M. The Medieval Arabic geographers and beginnings of Modern Orientalism. International Journal of Middle East Studies. 1995, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 141-156.
49. Tynyshpayev M. Materialy k istorii kirgiz-kazakskogo naroda [Materials for the History of the Kyrgyz-Kazak People]. Tashkent, 1925. 88 p. (In Russian)
50. Valikhanov Sh. Köp Tomdyq Shygharmalar Zhynaghy [Collected Works of Choqan Valikhanov in Many Volumes]. Almaty, 2010, vol. 4. 495 p. (In Kazakh)
51. Vambery A. Travels in Central Asia. New York, 1865. 195 p.
52. Wang Qianjin iA® and Liu Ruofang AAA(eds). Qing ting san da shi ce quan tu ji MEHAA^A®^. Beijing: Wai wen chu ban she, 2007. 688 p. Available at: https://qingmaps.org/ (accessed 23.11.2020). (In Chinese)
53. World Map on Ptolemy's Conic Projection, 1560 by Pietro de Nobili (1560-1579). Rome: Petri de Nobilibus formis, 1560.
54. Zhang Qiong. Making the New World Their Own: Chinese Encounters with Jesuit Science in the Age of Discovery. Leiden: Brill, 2015. 435 p.
55. Zhang Qiyun [Chang Ch'i-yun] (ed.). Qingdai yitong ditu
[China's National Atlas of Ching Dynasty]. Qianlong f£|§ 25th year (1760). Taibei: Guofang yanjiuyuan, 1966 [rpt. of the facsimile edition of the original block-prints published by the National Palace Museum in 1932 under the title: Qing Qianlong neifu yutu Mf^HrtAÄB (Imperial atlas of the Imperial Secretariat from the Qianlong Reign)]. (In Chinese)
56. Zheringning Aty, Elingning Haty: Encyclopediyalyq Anyqtama. Almaty, 2010. 807 p. (In Kazakh)
About the authors: Nurlan Kenzheakhmet - Ph.D. (History), Professor of the Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University (13, Dostyk ave., 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan). E-mail: nurlanken@hotmail.com
Alpamys Zhalghas-uly Abu - Ph.D. candidate (Arhaeology), doctorant, Faculty of History, Arhaeology and Etnology, al-Farabi Kazakh National University (71, Al-Farabi ave., 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan). E-mail: alpamys79@gmail.com
Received March 10, 2021 Accepted for publication May 28, 2021
Published September 29, 2021
НЕКОТОРЫЕ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫЕ И ПОСТЗОЛОТООРДЫНСКИЕ ГОРОДА
ИТИЛЬСКОГО (ВОЛЖСКОГО) И СЫР-ДАРЬИНСКОГО БАССЕЙНОВ СОГЛАСНО АРАБСКИМ И КИТАЙСКИМ КАРТАМ
Нурлан Кенжеахмет 1, Алпамыс Абу 2
1 Казахский национальный педагогический университет имени Абая Алматы, Казахстан nurlanken@hotmail.com
2 Казахский Национальный Университет им. аль-Фараби Алматы, Казахстан alpamys79@gmail.com
Цель исследования: наиболее ранние изображения городов Итильского (Волжского) и Сыр-Дарьинского бассейнов в средневековой картографии встречаются на карте Идриси (1154 г.). Постзолотоордынские города в этой области указаны на карте Дженкинсона и на «Карте десяти тысяч стран земли» (1602 г.) Маттео Риччи. В 1772 году «Карта Императорского хранилища Цяньлуна», в которой использовались современные картографические методы, обогатила географическую информацию о странах Центральной Азии и заполнила пробелы в современных европейских картах.
Материалы исследования: под влиянием карты аль-Идриси географические пробелы и слепые пятна на европейских картах были заполнены и реконструированы. Будучи основанными на новых географических знаниях мира, они сформировали относительно полную карту мира. В конце правления династии Мин и в начале династии Цин западные миссионеры, прибывшие в Китай, представили большой объем зарубежных географических знаний.
Результаты и новизна исследования: анализ арабских, европейских и китайских карт позволил оценить степень точности их сведений о постзолотоордынских городах Итильского (Волжского) и Сыр-Дарьинского бассейнов. Авторам удалось определить представления арабских, европейских и китайских географов о Центральной Азии. В частности, в данной статье были рассмотрены топонимы Итильского бассейна (включая Западную Сибирь) и казахской степи (включая прилегающие районы) на евро-пейско-российских имперских картах и на китайских картах Цин. Исторические карты предоставляют идеальную возможность для определения графически кодированной информации о состоянии части реального мира в определенный момент времени.
Ключевые слова: карта аль-Идриси, европейские карты, «Карта Императорского хранилища Цяньлуна», Итильский бассейн, Центральная Азия, казахская степь
Для цитирования: Kenzheakhmet N., Abu A. Some Medieval and Post-Golden Horde's Towns of the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins According to the Arabic and Chinese Maps // Золотоордынское обозрение. 2021. Т. 9, № 3. C. 611-653. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-3.611-653
Сведения об авторах: Нурлан Кенжеахмет - Ph.D., профессор, Казахский национальный педагогический университет имени Абая (050010, пр. Достык, 13, Алматы, Казахстан). E-mail: nurlanken@hotmail.com
Алпамыс Жалгас-улы Абу - Ph.D. кандидат (археология), докторант, исторический факультет, Казахский Национальный Университет им. аль-Фараби (050040, пр. аль-Фараби, 71, Алматы, Казахстан). E-mail: alpamys79@gmail.com
Поступила 10.03.2021 Принята к публикации 28.05.2021
Опубликована 29.09.2021
