SOME MEDIEVAL AND POST-GOLDEN HORDE’S TOWNS OF THE ITIL (VOLGA) AND SYR-DARYA BASINS ACCORDING TO THE ARABIC AND CHINESE MAPS Текст научной статьи по специальности «История и археология»

УДК 94(47+57).027/066+912.43:913.1 DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-3.611-653

SOME MEDIEVAL AND POST-GOLDEN HORDE'S TOWNS OF THE ITIL (VOLGA) AND SYR-DARYA BASINS ACCORDING TO THE ARABIC AND CHINESE MAPS

Nurlan Kenzheakhmet1, Alpamys Abu 2

1 Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University Almaty, Kazakhstan [email protected]

2 al-Farabi Kazakh National University Almaty, Kazakhstan [email protected]

Abstract: Research objectives: The earliest depictions of the towns of the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins in medieval cartography are found on the Idrisi map (1154). The post-Golden Horde towns in these areas are found in the Jenkinson map and the Kunyu wanguo quan tu (Map of the Ten Thousand Countries of the Earth, 1602) by Matteo Ricci. In 1772, the Qianlong neifu yutu (Terrestrial Map of the Imperial Reposito-

ry of Qianlong), which used modern cartographic techniques, enriched the geographic information of Central Asian countries and filled the gaps in contemporary European maps.

Research materials: Influenced by the map of Al-Idrlsi', the geographic gaps and blind spots on the European maps were filled, reconstructed, and connected with the new world geographic knowledge, forming a relatively complete world map. At the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, a large amount of overseas geographic knowledge was introduced by Western missionaries who entered China.

Results and novelty of the research: The analysis of Arab, European, and Chinese maps made it possible to assess the degree of accuracy of their information about the postGolden Horde cities of the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya basins. The authors managed to determine the geographical ideas of Arab, European, and Chinese geographers about Central Asia. Specifically, this article examined the place names of the Itil Basin (including Western Siberia) and the Qazaq Steppe (including adjacent regions) in the European-Russian imperial maps and in the Qing Chinese maps. Historical maps provide rich resources of knowledge that graphically encode information about the state of a fraction of the real world at a certain point in time.

Keywords: Al-Idrlsi's Map, European maps, Qianlong neifu yutu (Terrestrial Map of the Imperial Repository of Qianlong), Itil Basin, Central Asia, Qazaq Steppe

For citation: Kenzheakhmet N., Abu A. Some Medieval and Post-Golden Horde's Towns of the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins According to the Arabic and Chinese Maps. Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review. 2021, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 611-653. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-3.611-653

The Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins' Cities on the Al-Idrisi's Map

The Volga (Itil) is usually called Itil (or Atil) in Arabic [17, "Itil"]. On the Al-Idrïsï's Map, place names in the Itil Basin and the "adjacent regions" provide clear evidence that the map makers drew from earlier Islamic maps and Arabic accounts

© Kenzheakhmet N., Abu A., 2021

for their geographical information. In addition to its fairly accurate contours, the Al-Idnsi's Map demonstrates knowledge about more than ten places in the Itil Basin, and more than ten in the Syr Darya-Talas Valley. On the northern coast of Caspian several names appear on the map: Atil, al-Bayda, Khamlikh, Burtas, Sawan, Bulghar, al-Bayda', no nearer than 200parasangs from Balanjar, according to al-Taban, the western town of the Atil [46, p. 38-39]. According to the Arab geographers, Atil was a double town, for it was divided by the Atil River into a western and an eastern part, the former being the residence of the king and his army (al-Bayda), and the latter the commercial centre (Khamlikh) [34, p. 452]. The ruins of this city are located along the Volga delta at the northwestern corner of the Caspian Sea.

Al-Idrisi called the Aral Sea as Buhayrat Khwarazm. East of the Aral Sea occurs several cities, such as Ghuzzia, Khwara, Kahand, Jajan, Asfinjab (modern Sayram in Kazakhstan), and Taraz (modern Taraz in Kazakstan).

The Al-Idrlsl's Map's Influence on the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries' European and Jesuit Maps

The Kitab Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-afaq (Entertainment for He Who Longs to Travel the World), composed in 549/1154 by al-Idrisi, became the first Arabic geographical work to be printed in Europe, in 1592 [36; 21; 23, p. 104]. In the history of European maps of Central Asia, the book of Idrisi plays a certain, though not very important, part. As Tolmacheva pointed out, Arab geography represents an important chapter in the emergence of European Orientalism at the turn of the seventeenth century. In terms of knowledge of the globe and precision in map making, European cartography was by then so far ahead of al-Idrisi, however far ahead he had been of his contemporaries, that this resurrection of his map by a modern scholar is valuable primarily in historical terms. Although Islamic maps were of limited geographical value, they were far superior to medieval European maps [48, p. 141, 143, 149]. The cartographers of the seventeenth century obviously felt convinced that the book of Idirisi was of such great importance that they had to enter the names of his itinerary in one way or other.

Before the eighteenth century, Western knowledge of Siberia, Central, and Northern Asia (including Manchuria) was extremely limited. This area was known simply as "Tartary" [16, p. 625-626].

Ortelius's Tartariae sive Magni Chami Regni typus, published in Latin in 1570 in Antwerpen, Duval's (1619-1683) L'Asie, printed in Paris 1664, Guillaume de L'Isle's (1675-1726) Carte de Tartarie, printed in Paris in 1706, d'Anville's Carte la plus generale et qui comprend la Chine, la Tartarie chinoise, et le Thibet, shows some al-Idrisi influence. For European cartographers like Guillaume de L'Isle, the Idrisi's work was valued for the systematic descriptions, collected from a variety of sources, of those parts of the Asian continent that were still unfamiliar to European travellers.

Notes scattered in various places around the map (all the writing is in Latin) indicate that Guillaume de L'Isle carefully consulted the text of Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-afaq. Virtually identical versions of the sections of "Pays des Calmoucs" of the Carte de Tartarie, are to be found on the Idrisi's maps. The nomenclature is a mixture of European, often Latinized, names and transcriptions of Arabic place names. Idrisi's map carried new information for the regions traversed

by Islamic trade routes as well as contemporary Europe. According to David L.B. Jupp, d'Anville's Carte la plus generale et qui comprend la Chine, la Tartarie chinoise, et le Thibet includes more recent information from Central Asia and information from the Russian-backed first Bering expedition (1725-1728). Otherwise the information was obtained during the Jesuit-led Kangxi survey of 17041719 [25, p. 2]. However, the Aral Sea Basin, Talas-Chu valleys, Mâwarâ'an-nahr as well as some other areas west of the Xinjiang was based on information provided by Idrïsï's maps. The four maps marks the place names with legend Idnsi, along which the following names are entered (see Table I).

Table I

d'Anville's

Carte la

Ortelius's plus

Tartariae Guillaume generale et

al-Idrisi sive Magni Duval's de L'Isle's qui

[33, IV, Chami L'Asie Carte de comprend Remarks

87-89, VI] Regni typus (1570) (1664) [14] Tartarie (1706) [22] la Chine, la Tartarie chinoise, et le Thibet (1737) [6]

Ard Baschirdo- Pascarti Baskirie ou Bashkortostan

Basjirt al Dahila rum Horda Pays des Baskirzi

Jebel M. de Caf Siberia

Qüfaya

DadamI Dademi Dademi Perhaps mod. Dadem-Ata, a shrine to the south of the city of Oral in western Kazakhstan. On the Idrisi map, a town Hanqakat is placed east of DadamI. This is evidently mod. Anqaty, a town south of Oral in Western Kazakhstan.

Sahadrüj/ Sahrüh Schadrug Sahadrug Russia

Siqra Cafra? Sacra

Marsan Marzan Marzan

Gaüzban/ Chauran Perhaps mod.

Gauran Qusman, a town south of Oral in Western Kazakhstan.

Harqan Arkan Charcan ou Arcan Perhaps mod. Qara-ghandy, a town south of Oral in Western Kazakhstan.

Darqü Darcu

Daranda Daranda

Badega Badega

Hiam Hyan Hyam Perhaps, it refers to the Jem River (Emba in Russian) in Western Kazakhstan.

Gargun /Gorgoz Garghun The Irgiz River in Aktobe and Kostanay regions in Kazakhstan.

Jajan Giagian

nahr rüda Rudhan R. de Rudhan

Danbaha Daubana Danhaba Perhaps, Zhympyty or Zhambayty, a town south of Oral in Western Kazakhstan.

Lohman Lochman Locman Perhaps, Ulyqpan-shegen ('shegen' means well in Kazakh), a place south of Oral in Western Kazakhstan.

Garlan Cherman German

Dahlan Teras Taras Taras ou Dahlan Taraz Kazakhstan

Salahi /Salhi Salg Shalg Shilji, Shelji or Shalji, a city near Taraz [12, p. 87; 34, p. 119; 30, p. 445]

Barsjan al Sufla Bersagian Barskhan or Lower Barskhan near Taraz. According to ibn Khurradadhbih, Lower Barskhan was situated three farsakhs east of Taraz (near mod. Taraz).

Bark Borac Mod. Merki in southern Kazakhstan

Buhaire Tehama Lac Theama Kazakhstan

Jarlak Haulac

Bakalak M. Shabalak

Ailaq Eilach Ilac Ilak Uzbekistan

Saikant Tachkunt Tashkunt Tashkent

Al Sas Alchach Al Shash Uzbekistan

Farab Farah Farab ou Otrar Otrar ou Farab Kazakhstan

Safgan /Sabran Sabran Sabran Mod. Sauran in Kazakhstan.

Jebel Mazgar Moreghar M. M. Moreghar Mugodzhar Hills in the Aktobe Region of northwestern Kazakhstan.

Nahr Morga Margha R. Margha

Nahr Jihun Gihun R. Uzbekistan

Nahr al Sas Iaxartes R. de Sihun ou d'Alchach Sihon ou Sirr olim Jaxartes Tajikstan-Uzbekistan

Uasah Wasah

Asfinjab Isfenztab Eshsijab Old name for Sayram in southern Kazakhstan.

Al Sogd Al Sogd Uzbekistan

Damurla Damuria Tabar or Tuwur in the Old Turkic inscription and Chubu'er during the Yuan period, mod. Dawo'er near Khorgos in Western Xinjiang.

Qaranitia Lac Carantia Kazakhstan

Dahrah Darha

Haqan Hizilj Chagan Calachitce Kakan de Kazalg' Kazakhstan

Barsjan al'alia Bersagian la Haute Upper Barskhan was on the southern shore of the Lake Issyk-Kul (mod. Barskaun hillfort on the River Barskaun).

Atas Aatas Kyrgyzstan

Jebel al Batm/ Botm M.de Botom Buttam Mountains, by this name they understood all the mountainous region between the upper courses of the Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya, distinguishing First, Central, and Outer Buttam (evidently the Hisar, Zarafshh, and Turkestan ranges) [31, p. 446; 8, p. 82]

Osrusana Esreusina Oshrusa-nah Tajikstan

Hojanda Cotzend Kogenda Tajikstan

Kasan Casan Uzbekistan

Harmuq Horma

Tibet Thebet Thibet ou Tobrot et Tobbat

Salünla Sachania

Banjara Bengiar

The Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins' Cities on the Matteo Ricci's World Map

Ricci's (Li Madou iOHÄ, 1552-1610) and Li Zhizao's 1565-1630)

map of "Kunyu wanguo quantu" (Complete Geographical Map of Ten Thousand Countries) was printed in 1602 [34]. The fourth edition, known as "Liangyi xuanlan tu" (Mf^^ÄHMap of Observing the Mysteries of the Heaven and the Earth), was printed in 1603 [11, p. 26, plates 57, 58, 59; 35, p. 673-694; 54, p. 46, n. 43].

According to Zhang Qiong, Ricci's major Western sources in these areas were Alessandro Piccolomini (1508-1578), Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598), Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594), Petrus Plancius (1552-1622), and Christopher Clavius [54, p. 49, n. 46].

In my opinion, Ricci's World Map was effectively a translation of information from Ptolemy's "World map", Arabic maps such as Idrisi, Marco Polo, Chinese, and European cartographers.

Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Theater of the World) by Abraham Ortelius, first published in 1570, was reissued in more than thirty editions over the next forty years. This map was based on a mixture of Jesuit, Arabic, and earlier sources, including the Tartaria map intitled "Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus" (hereafter Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570). Ortelius also included Anthony Jenkinson's rare map of Russia (called as Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae Descriptio) drawn in 1562 (hereafter Anthony Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) [37]. Much of what we know about Anthony Jenkinson's (1529-1611) map is from Ortelius atlas. These became the basis of the historians beginning in the nineteenth century. Only in the 1987 did Jenkinson's unique wall map come to light, in Poland. This map entitled "Nova absolutaque Russiae, Moscoviae, et Tartariae, descriptio authore Antonio Jenkinsono Anglo, Clemente Adamo edita, et a Nicolao Reinoldo Londinensi, ari insculpta. Anno salutis, 1562". According to Krystyna Szykula, the original turned out to be much larger than Ortelius' 44 by 35, 3 cm; it measures 101.7 x 81.7 cm [45, p. 325-340]1.

South and east of the Caspian Sea, there are six figures of Khans. They are (going from the south): "Ismail Sophi" near the Ardabil town ("Ardwen" in the map); "Kvrcot Chan" near Balkh ("Balgh" in the map); to the north of "montes paraponise" - "Alie Chan" near AJsow (Aqsu) and Andugan ("Audeghen" in the map, Andeghen on the Anthony Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; modern Andijan); "Mahvmet chan" in "Shamarchan" region; "Blag chan" in "Boghar" region (with

1 I would like to thank Dr. Roman Hautala for his help in the reading of the original Latin

text.

cities "Cojin", "Ghudowa"=Ghijduvan); "Azim chan" in "Turkmen" region; and "Aphis chan" in "Taskent" region, to the north of "Tajkent" city.

"Ismail Sophi" near the Ardabil town ("Ardwen" in the map) is the Latin corruption of Ismail Sefewi (1487-1525), the founder of the Safavid Dynasty. Jenkinson called him Ismael Sophie [15, p. 132, 152]. In 1562, Jenkinson visited the court of the great Sophie, called Shaw Tamasso (Shah Tahmasp, 1514-1576) [15, p. 343].

"Kvrcot Chan" near Balkh ("Balgh" in the map), to the north of "montes paraponise". According to a passage on the map, related to this Khan (Princeps hic cum Indis plurima habet certamina, qui ad austrum illi finitimi sunt), "this prince is at war with the Indians, who are his neighbors from the south" [26, legend 23]. Perhaps, Kurkani or Gurkani is a self-designated name for the Timurid khans, after Temur's title Gurkan, the Persianized form of the Mongolian kuragan, "son-in-law", a title he assumed after his marriage to a Chinggisid princess. This Gurkan should be Babur (1483-1530).

' 'Alie Chan" north of Kashgaria (Cajcara in the map), near Audeghen or AcJow (=Aqsu, the capital city of Moghulistan). There is a picture of khan here, with the following legend: "Cajcarae princeps Mahumetanus est, ac cum Kirgijs bella mouet" [26, legend 24a]. Perhaps, this is a corruption of Alacha khan, the nickname of Sultan Akhmad Khan (died 1503), a khan of Moghulistan [18, p. 121]. He was the second son of Yunus Khan (1416-1487).

"Aphis chan" in "Taskent" region, to the north of "Tajkent" city. Here is a legend: "Rex hic aduersus Cassachios assidua bella mouet, quae gens nuper prope exterminata fuerat" ("This King is waging a continual war against Khasack tribes. Once they have been close to extermination" [46, p. 129]). Perhaps, it refers to Darwish Khan (1557-1578), the ruler of Tashkent, a son of Nawruz Akhmed Khan (1510-1556).

"Mahvmet chan" in "Shamarchan" region is, perhaps, Pir Muhammed Khan (1511-1561), the Khan of Samarqand.

"Blag chan" in "Boghar" region is Abdullah Khan II (1534-1598), the ruler of the Khanate of Bukhara. He was a King of Bukhara at the time of Jenkinson's visit in 1558 [3, p. 206, 247].

"Azim chan" in "Turkmen" region, with the legend: "Turcomannorum imperium inter quinque fratres est partitum, quorum qui primas tenet Azim Chan nominatus est. Reliqui uero, Soltani appellantur. Quisque solum oppida uel potius castra sub ditione et imperio suo tenent. Horum Vrgence Principem locum tenet. Incolae Mahumeticam sectam agnoscunt, uiuuntque iuxta Nagaiorum consuetudinem, ac cum Persarum Principem (uulgo Sophi nuncupato) continenter belli gerantur". (The Turkoman Empire is divided between five brothers. One of them, the leading one, is called Azim Khan. The rest are called Sultans. Each of them holds the cities, or rather castles, at his own power and command. Among them [castles], Urgench takes the first place. The inhabitants recognize the Mohammedan sect, live according to Nogai customs, and constantly wage war with the ruler of the Persians [called Sophi among the common people]).

Azim chan is Hajim Khan, also known as Hajj Muhammad Khan (1519-1603), the tenth Uzbek ruler from the Shibanid dynasty in the Khwarezm state, who ruled from 1558 to 1603, the grandfather of Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur Khan (1605-1664) [3, p. 272; 4, vol. I, p. 270; 15, p. 68, 70]. According to Jenkinson, all the land from

the Caspian Sea to this city of Urgench, is called the land of Turkeman, and is a subject to Azim Khan [15, p. 72; 5, p. 307].

North and northeast of the Caspian Sea ("Mare Caspivm" in the map), two Hordas of Nagaia (Noghay) occur, centered in Saraichik (Jerachick) and Shakashick (JhakaJhick), and a Horda of Cassackia (Qazaq Khanate), with legend. There is a quite detailed fragment of territory of Cassakia (=Qazaq Khanate), which is therefore why it should be quote here [15, p. cxxxii, 90; 49, p. 71; 5, p. 185; 42, p. 396]. The name of this region is marked as Cassakia. In a passage on the map, Anthony Jenkinson even discussed the custom of the Kirgessi (=Cassaks): "Kirgessi gens cateruatim degit, id est in hordis, habetque ritum huiujmodi; cum re diuinam ipJ orum J acerdos peragit, J anguinem, lac et fimu iumentorum accipit, ac terre mijcet, inque vas quoddam infundit, eoque arborem Jcandit, atque cocione habita, in populum Jpargit, atque h^c ajperjio pro Deo habetur et colitur. Cum quis diem inter illos obit, loco Jepultur^ arboribus JuJpendut" (The Kirgessen people live in troops or hordes. They have the following custom: when a priest performs a religious ceremony, he obtains blood, milk and dung of beasts of burden, and mixes it with earth. He pours this in a specific vessel and climbs a tree with it, and when there is a gathering, he sprinkles it over the people, and this sprinkling is considered to be divine, and is worshipped. When someone of them dies, that person is hung up in a tree by way of burial). This edition is almost identical with the Anthony Jenkinson's unique wall map of Russia (1562), but with minor differences in characters: "Kirgejsi gens e/t, quae cateruatim degit, id est in Hordis, apidueque cum mhogholis gerit, habetque ritum ijtiujmodi. Ipsorum antiJtes aut Jacrificus, quo tempore rem diuinam peragit, Janguine, lacte et fimo iumentorum acceptis, ac terrae mixtis, ac in uas quoddam infusis, una cum hoc arborem Jcandit, atque hinc diu ad populum concionatus, in Jtultam plebeculam Jpergit. Populus uero in terram pronus, adorabunduJque, aspersiunculam hanc pro deo colit: firmeque credit, nihil eJJJe perinde Jalutare ac terram, pecus, armentaque et cum quis inter eos diem obit, loco Jepulturae arboribus JuJpendit" (The Kirgiz are a people living in detachments, that is, in the Hordes. This people is also incessantly waging wars with the Mongols [=Moghols - N.K.], and this people have the following ritual: When a high priest or sacrificer performs a service, he takes the blood, milk, and dung of the beasts of burden, mixes them with earth and pours them into one vessel. Then he climbs a tree with it and turns from there to the people who have long gathered below for this. He sprinkles the foolish common people from the tree. The people, bowing to the ground and praying, honor these splashes for God. They also strongly believe that there is nothing more to be worshiped than land and flocks and herds. And when one of them dies, instead of burying him, they hang him from the trees) [46, p. 140].

According to Anthony Jenkinson, "the people that warre (=war) against Taskent are called Cassaks of the law of Mahomet, and they which warre (=war) with the said country of Caskayre (=Kashkaria) are called Kings (=Kirghis), Gentiles and Idolaters" [15, p. 90-91; 5, p. 185].

According to Peter Heylyn, "Kirgessi not burying their dead bodies, as in other places, but hanging them upon Trees, though they think again: certain enough that they will be devoured or sweetened, before they return back to the same station. Much reverence yet they give their Priests, by whom sanctified and besprinkled in their public meeting, with a certain mixture, compounded of Blood, Milk, Earth,

and Cow-dung, a most sweet Confection, but good enough for them that desire no better. And yet with these the Muscovite is fain to hold fair compliance, and to send them every year some Presents for fear they should join with the Nagaians: or otherwise disturb him in his Caspian Trade down the Volga River" [39, lib III, p. 167].

In this part of the map of "Kunyu wanguo quantu", Ricci called Cassakia as Ge'ermo ii^S (=Ge'erheishi^^M^, =Kirgessi on the Jenkinson's map), with a passage: "Ciguo sizhe bumai, dan yi tielian gua qishi gan (=yu) shulin

(The dead bodies in this country are not buried, but they hang their bodies in the woods with iron chains).

Moving beyond this sphere, immediately neighboring countries such as Astrakhan, Turchestan, and Zagatai are labeled using the names of Turkic origin. In this part of the map of "Kunyu wanguo quantu", to begin from the north, the following cities or countries are marked: Nanwoya ^^^(=Nagaia on the Jenkinson's map); Yasidalagan ®fAAH^(=Astracan on the Jenkinson's map) [2, p. 272]; Wu'erwa he ji Yide ^^KMBP^ff (=Volga et Hedel in Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570); Tu'erkesitang (=Turchestan), Chawatai

^KM (=Zagatai). These names do not describe places or countries but, rather, ethnicities. The two place-names in the Caspian appearing as Yimu guo — @0and Nuren guo^AIS, were known by Chinese geographers. However, these are simply translation of Arimaspi, Amazones.

For other locations on the map in the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins, see Table II.

Table II:

The Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins' cities on the Matteo Ricci's World Map

№ Kunyu wanguo quantu European sources/maps Modern location

1. Beigao hai (literally, "High Sea of the North") Mar de Bachu (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Caspian Sea

2. Ge'ermoqi ^^ Colmack (Anthony Jenkinson 1562) Qalmaq

3. Ge'ermo Most likely an error for Ge'erheishi it refers to Kirgessi, another name for Kazakhs (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562); also see 39, lib. III, 165, 167. Qazaq

4. Qi'ermuxi guo ^SBS Ciremifiorum horda (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Russia

5. Qilijili ^fi^fi Khirkhlz or Qirqiz, a Turkish tribe of the ancient country of Southern Siberia whose name is also written as Khirkhlz, Kharkhir or Kirghiz (EI2, "Kirgiz"). The name appears as either Qirqir or Qirqiz or Qirqiz in Arabic accounts. Mod. Khakasia, Russia

6. Yu'aliya WPffl^ Vgori (Ugria), on Jenkinson's map "lorghoria", the country of "Zlata Baba", or Golden Old Woman, worshipped by the people of Obdora at the mouth of the Obi (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562). Russia

7. Xiajia InM XiajiasiSM^(Xin Tangshu 217b. 6146). Another name for Khirkhiz or Qirqiz. See Qilijili. Khakasia

8. Tianfang ^^ The place name or country name Tianfang in Chinese was almost used to refer to Mecca. According to the Mingshi, Tianfang, ancient Yunchong (al-Hijaz), was known as Tiantang (Heaven or Heavenly Realm), and also Mojia (Mecca) (Mingshi 332.8621: According to its location on the map (east of Turkestan, west of Dada), this was probably a mistake made by the copyist, and it should refer to Tanguth, Tangunt or Tangut. The Tanguts, called the Dangxiang (^M) or Western Xia (Xixia HÄ) in Chinese, was an empire which existed from 1038 to 1227 in modern northwestern China and southernmost Mongolia.

9. Yasidalagan тшш-п Astracan (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570; 40) Astrakhan

10. Wu'erwa he ji Yide шжмшч Literally means "Volga is Itil," =Volga et Hedel (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570); according to Peter Heylyn, "Rha, by the modern Latines called Volgo; by the Tartars, Edi", see 39, lib. III, 165. Volga River

11. Dumona tt^IP Tumen (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; Plancius 1594) Russia

12. Bai'ermiya й/ЖШ Permia/Weliki Perm (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; 40; 32) Perm Krai, Russia

13. Heduola ^^Ш Obdora (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Obdor (06gop, 06gopna)

14. Moyi ^^ Moyeda (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Russia

15. Gongduola Condora (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Kondia or Konda

16. Duyina tt^^ Dvina (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Russia

17. Nanwoya Й^Ж Nagaia (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; 40) modern Veliky Ustyug, Russia

18. Wuduye Vstiuge (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Russia

19. Mai'erduya Mordva (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562; 40) Russia

20. Shidiya Yimao nei Scithia intra Imaum Montem/Schithia intra Imaum (the Scythia within the Imaus) (Totius Europae et Asiae Tabula Geographica, Auctore Thoma D. Aucupario. Edita Argentorati, Scythia was divided by Mount Imaus into two parts, called respectively Scyth-

mdxxii/i522), also see [39, p. iói, 168]. ia intra Imaum, i. e. on the northwestern side of the range, and Scythia extra Imaum, on its southeastern side.

2i. Shideya Yimao wai Scithia extra Imaum Montem/Schithia ultra Imaum (The Scythia beyond the Imaus) (Totius Europae et Asiae Tabula Geographica, Auctore Thoma D. Aucupario. Edita Argentorati, mdxxii/i522)

22. Jitayixige ëfûl Kitaijko (Asia ex magna orbis terrae descriptione Gerardi Mercatoris desumpta, studio et industria G.M. Iunioris. Edita A° M.D.LXXXVII/1587).

23. Yimao shan ЦШ Imaus Mons (Asia ex magna orbis terrae descriptione Gerardi Mercatoris desumpta, studio et industria G.M. Iunioris. Edita A° M.D.LXXXVII/1587)

24. Heiqitai Kara Kithai (40)

25. Chawatai ШЖШ Zagatai (Ortelius i570)

2б. Maolinayi'er тшя/ Mavrenaher (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Transoxiana

27. Maolinanke'er Mavrenaher (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Transoxiana

28. Tu'erkesitang Turchestan (40) Kazakhstan

29. Baiying & Щ Poin, Peim (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570); Pein visited by Marco Polo, ancent town to the east of Khotan Modern Kenya, Xinjiang

30. Yao'ergeng Ш/ffl Ergimvl/Ergimul (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Evirghol? (Modern Araturk? Chinese Yiwu №

3i. Hami Camul (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Qumul

32. Tulufan Turfan (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Turfan, Xinjiang

33. Yanqi Calis (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Qarashahar, Xinjiang

34. Dasigengdi Taskent (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Tashkent, Uzbekistan

35. Suye he By "Suiye he" most likely refers to the Sur or Syr river in Central Asia, anc. Jaxartes. In Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570, it bears its Kazakh name, Sirusion (=Syr Özen). Syr-Darya

3б. Sama'erhan Samarchand (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus i570) Samarqand, Uzbekistan

37. Da Congling Monte Dalanguer (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570)

3S. Xuandu shan шш Monte Vshonte (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570)

39. Gaogasuo shan Imaus mons qui & Caucashus (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Caucasus Mountains

40. Dagelisidan Tacalistan (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Tokharistan ?

41. Dibula Й^Щ Tipvra (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Tripura, India ?

42. Sanguo HS Sim? (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570)

43. Yesaiba 1ШШ Iesel Bas (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Qyzyl Bash (Read Head), Turkic name for Safavids

44. Hejiaru МЙПЛ Ocrage (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)

45. Delili Dabolisitan Diar Taperistan (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)

4б. Rulan ЛШ Gilan (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Iran

47. Ladasi Щ^Д Tares (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)

4S. Senouli Seriar (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)

49. Tabasidan Taperistan (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Iran

50. Jiasi ÍPfÁ Kax or Kath (Cante in the Jenkinson's map) (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Beruniy, Karakalpakstan

51. Rexisitu Sirisitvr (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)

52. Yixidiru Istigias (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570)

53. Gelazuoni Charassan (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Khorasan

54. Yimu guo S Arimaspi (Sarmatia et Scythia Russia et Tartaria Europaea, 1б97) A legendary tribe of one-eyed people of northern Scythia who lived in the foothills of the Riphean Mountains, variously identified with the Ural Mountains or the Carpathians

55. Nvren guo £AS Amazones (Sarmatia et Scythia Russia et Tartaria Europaea, 1б97)

56. Bodiwu'erqi Petigorski (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Beshtau (Горы Пятигорья), Northern Caucasus

57. Mohede hu Palus Meotis (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Sea of Azov

58. Qilimoya М^ШЖ Crimea (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Crimea

59. Gaidaqi ЖА^Л Caitachi (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570) Crimea

60. Wachaliya S^SS Gazaria (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570)

61. Genaduole Anadole (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570) Turkey

62. Bocu Bozoc (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570) Turkey

63. Borang Ш! Pegian (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570) Turkey

64. Runou A^ Genic (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570)

65. Yamaxiya SSffiS Amasia (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570) Turkey

66. Boliliuni feSAM Bolli Roni (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570)

67. Suwasi ШШШ Svvas (Ortelius, Tvrcici Imperii Descriptio 1570) Sivas, Turkey

68. Fuluodeme'er ШШЩШ& Volodemer (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Vladimir (Владимир-на- Клязьме)

69. Ouluoba Sha'ermaqiya Sarmatia Europaea (Ptolemy's "World map"; Sarmatia et Scythia Russia et Tartaria Europaea, 1697). Detailed description of Sarmatia Europaea, see 39, lib. III, 167.

70. Yaxiya Sha'ermaqiya S^S^/S^S Sarmatia Asiatica (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570)

71. Esugedaye Scythia (see Peter Heylyn 1677, lib. III 161, 168; Sarmatia et Scythia Russia et Tartaria Europaea, 1697)

72. Mengrililiya ^BASS Mengrelia A historic province in the western part of Georgia.

73. Re'a'erruyana Ш/AS^ Georgiani (Ortelius, Tartariae Sive Magni Chami Regni typus 1570) Georgia

74. Danai he AAM Tanais (Jenkinson/Ortelius 1562) Russia

75. Chilagaiya Erachaian (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)

76. Dalaba Ш4Е Starabat (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Iran

77. Moshantu Mesandaran (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Iran

78. Hulumosi Ormuz (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570); (also see 39, lib. III 147) Iran

79. Xi'erman M/S Chirman (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Kerman, Iran

80. Bosi ^^ Farsi (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Iran

81. Yadeborang ^WiâH Adilbegian (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)

82. Ge'erdalan Caldaran (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)

83. Dige'erbo Diarbech (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)

84. Shawusi j^fA Savas (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570)

85. Wade'er Gavadel (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Pakistan

86. Gebu'er Cabvl (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Kabul, Afghanistan

87. Gandaga Candahar (Ortelius, Persici Sive Sophorvm Regni Typus 1570) Afghanistan

88. Yindusitang Indostan (Ortelius, Indiae Orientalis Insvlarvmqve Adiacientivm typus 1570) India

89. Yalagan Aracam (Ortelius, Indiae Orientalis Insvlarvmqve Adiacientivm typus 1570)

90. Mengdao ^^ Mandao (Ortelius, Indiae Orientalis Insvlarvmqve Adiacientivm typus 1570)

91. Banggela Bengala Ortelius, Indiae Orientalis Insvlarvmqve Adiacientivm typus 1570) Bangladesh

92. Piniu ^ Pegu (Ortelius, Indiae Orientalis Insvlarvmqve Adiacientivm typus 1570)

93. Ma'erdamang Martabam (Ortelius, Indiae Orientalis Insvlarvmqve Adiacientivm typus 1570)

94. Jia'erdandan i/^H Cardandan (Ortelius, Indiae Orientalis Insvlarvmqve Adiacientivm typus 1570)

The Itil (Volga) Basin, Siberia, and Kazakh Steppe's Place Names in the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) Maps

After the Qing-Zhunghar war, the Qing sought to expand its empire into Tibet and Zhungharia. The Qing dynasty took advantage of international changes in Central Asia. The geographical ambitions of the Qing dynasty in Central Asia led to the redrawing of the frontier boundaries between Russia and the Qing as well as to the crushing of the vassal state of Zhunghar Khanate in 1760 by Qing armies. The Qing dynasty produced important new maps of unprecedented scale and accuracy as political and ideological weapons in their struggle for control of Central Asia. The first was the Jesuit atlas of China: the famous "Kangxi Atlas" (Kangxi Huangyu quanlan tu ^^Mft^^H [Map with a Complete View of Imperial Territory]), drawn on

the basis of surveys conducted by European Jesuits using mathematical techniques and presented to the emperor in 1718. German scholar Walter Fuchs have made significant contributions in the study of the Kangxi Atlas, but the territory of the Atlas did not include the Central Asia and Kazakh Steppe [20]. The most widely known version of the map was that done by Jean-Baptiste d'Anville, printed by Jean-Baptiste du Halde in his Description de la Chine, published in Paris in 1735. In 1737, he published the full atlas of the Qing in The Hague. This map of d'Anville was the basis of the Asian map to the Russian and English geographical research of the nineteenth century. After his initial victory over Dawachi in 1755, the Qianlong emperor (r. 1736-1795) ordered the compilation of large-scale maps. It was finished in 1772 and are now known variously as the Qianlong neifu yutu I^S^^ftH (Terrestrial Map of the Imperial Repository of Qianlong Reign), Qianlong huangyu quantu (Complete Atlas of the Empire from the Qianlong Reign), Yudi quantu ^tt^H (The Whole atlas of the Empire), Qianlong shisan pai tu ^SAH^H (Map of the Qianlong Reign in Thirteen Rows). The Qianlong neifu yutu appeared in many different editions and different formats. The title of the version of the Qianlong atlas in the 1966 reprint is Qingdai yitong ditu — (China's National Atlas of Ching Dynasty) [55; 52].

German scholar M.J. Klaproth translated the place names of Central Asia (Asie centrale on the BnF online digital library of Gallica, the website of the French National Library in Paris) in the Qianlong neifu yutu into French [27]. For the sake of comparison, here is a list of place names of the Central Asia, Volga Basin, and adjacent areas in the Qianlong neifu yutu and the Asie centrale as follows (note: Manchu place name object type: bira (bila) = river; hoton (hetun) = city; alin = mountain; omo (emo) = the sea; gashan (keshan) = country; sekiyen (siqin) = water source, source; dabakhan = pass or hill; in addition, the lacks place names from Asie centrale are marked with *; modern Cyrillic and Latin place names are filled in the "Remarks" column):

Table III:

The place names of Central Asia and the Itil Basin in Qianlong neifu yutu

№ Qianlong neifu yutu [52] location on Qianlong neifu yutu Asie centrale Remarks

Fifth rows west 3 ]

1. E'erqisi bila WM^M'BË west 34-35 F. Ertsiss F. Irtish Ertis River

2. Duomu hala west 35-36 Tom-khara on the border of Russia-Kazakhstan

3. Tailan Ha'erhai ^ffi^ÄÄ west 33-34 Tairam khalkhai

4. Mosige bila west 36-37 F. Mossghe

5. Yiximusigui hetun frmmmm^ west 37-38 Ville Ischimskoi HmnMCKnn/Ishimsky

6. Yisikemu bila PM^B^Ë west 38-39 F. Ischim HmnM/Ishim River

7. Bu'erhasutaibila Îl^fê^Ë west 38-39 F. Bourkhassoutai

8. Duola bila ^Ë'MË west 37-38 Tara* Tapa/Tara River

9. Duola hetun west 39-40 Tara* Tapa/Tara city

10. Bayan ha'er hana EM^àl^ùWi west 39-40 Bayan-khara-khana

11. Yi'erdisi bila west 40-41 Ertsiss* EpTic/Ertis

12. Dimuyansigui hetun mmmmrnrn^ west 39-40 Demianovsky

13. Waga gashan K^^M west 40-41 Vagay gashan* Baran/Vagay

14. Balake hetun EË^M^ west 41-42 Abalak* A6anaK/Abalak [41, T. VI, p. 393]

15. Tuobo'er hetun ftWlM^ west 42-43 Tobol* To6oni>CK/Tobolsk

16. Exi'er bila W^l'BË west 44-45 Esil* Ecin/Esil

17. Tuobo'er bila ftWl^Ë west 44-45 Tobol* To6tm/ Tobol

18. Yizete bila west 46-47 Iset* HceTt/Iset

19. Dumen hetun west 46-47 Tumen* TroMeHt/Tyumen [41, T. VI, p. 404]

20. Dula bila MË'BË west 45-46 Tura* Typa/Tura

21. Da'erlinsigui hetunâl#^ west 44-45 Darlingskoi (ville)

22. Wudiduo'ersiga west 45-46 Oudidorsga (ville)

23. Naiweyangsigui hetun mrnmrnm^ west 48-49 Nayuiyangskoi (ville)

24. Naiwa bila MK'MË west 48-49 F. Naiwa HenBa/Neiva/Nevya

25. Wutega west 48-49 Outega (ville) yT«K/ Utyakovo [13, p. 490]

26. Jugu'er hetun Ë^lM^ west 52-53

Fifth rows west 4 [£№00]

27. Samara bila ^ïfË^Ë west 53-54 F. Samara CaMapa/Samara River

28. Samala hetun west 53-54 Samara (ville) CaMapa/Samara city

29. Dedu'er gashan west 54-55 Dedour (ville)

30. Badaya gashan Eâ®^ west 55-56

31. Mosikewa SSS^K west 54-55 Kheskewa MopKBamn?

32. Wusa keshan Jt^^a west 54-55 Oussa (village)

33. Gama bila ^ïf^Ë west 54-55 KaMa/Kama. Also called as Cholman Idel [41, T. VI, p. 167 ]

34. Wo'erga bila {fM^^Ë west 54-55 F. Wolga Bonra/Volga

35. Xishuan bila west 54-55 Sitsiuen Cti3paH/Syzran River?

36. Gazan hetun west 59-60 Kazan (ville) Ka3aH/Kazan

37. Sula bila ^Ë^Ë west 60-61 Cypa/Sura or Cyntna/Sulcha

38. Ega bila W^^Ë west 61-62

39. Gelesima bila fèftSï^Ë west 63-64

40. Basiduofu hetun west 64-65

41. Mikehai hetun west 64-65

42. Delatema hetun fêË#ïïÎ№ west 65-66

43. Sateguo hetun west 65-66

44. Sefei'a'siga gashan west 59-60 Sefiasga (village) CBnaxcKt/Sviyazhsk [41, T. VI, p. 180; 13, p. 489]

45. Dula bila ^Ë^Ë west 60-61

46. Dedusi hetun west 57-58 Dedous (ville) Tetus, TeTromn /Tetyushi

47. Suzhawaya bila west 51-52 F. Soutchawaya

48. Guoleisi hetun west 57-58

49. Laisuo'er hetun west 57-58 Лаишево (тат. Лаеш) ?

50. Nisina hetun west 60-61 Нижний (Новгород) /Nizhny (Novgorod)

51. Guoluoguowaiside hetun west 61-62 Гороховец/ Gorokhovets

52. Woluodimo'er hetun {шйшжда^ west 62-63 Володимгарь/Vladimir (Владимир-на-Клязьме)

53. Gelisima bila Клязьма/Klzayma

54. Mosikua hetun Москва/Moscow

55. Luosan hetun Рязань/Ryazan

56. Danbofu hetun Тамбов/Tambov

Sixth rows west 3

57. E'erqisi bila Ш^^Ш'Ш west 32-33 F. Ertiss EpTic/Ertis

58. Dabusun nao'er west 31-32 Lac de Sel

59. Nanuyi bila ШШ^'Ш west 30-31 F. Nay

60. Nanuyi seqin west 29-30 Source du Nay

61. Talong Ha'erhai west 30-31 Taroung-kharkhai

62. Bogui Ha'erhai ЯЙВ^« west 31-32 Bogoui-kharkhai

63. Ha'erda'erjin Ha'erhai west 31-32 Aldarghin-kharkhai

64. Chahan E'erbo ШШШЯ west 31-32 Tsachan-Olbo Ад Оба (Ад Y6i)

65. Kala E'erbo west 31-32 Khara-Olbo ^ара Оба (^ара Y6i)/Qara Oba

66. Eluosi Xi'er bila Ш^ШШШ'Ш west 32-33 Oross-Sirbi

67. Hailatu ЩШШ west 31-32 Khairatou

68. Hai'er kumen bila west 31-32 F. Khair koumun

69. Tulun gaiqi nao'er HfëiiA}^ west 31-32 Lac Touloun gaighi

70. Ba'erqiketu E^A^H west 32-33 Bartsiktou

71. Handahaitu Rfc^H west 31-32 Khandakhaitou

72. Tuibo'er ffiW^ west 32-33 Tchouibor

73. Heyue'er kalonggu west 32-33 Khoyor Karoungou

74. A'erqituhan alin west 32-33 M. Artsitoukhan

75. Eluosi Buli'er W^WAM^ west 32-33 Oross Boulir

76. Eluosi Cenboluote west 32-33 Sempolot (ville Russe) CeMefi/Semey [41, T. VII, p. 22]

77. Eluosi Jiange'er tula W^WMfè^HA west 32-33 Gher-Toura (=Kenggher- Toura) Ville Russe Oustkamen-gorsk OcKeMeH (Ycrt -KaMeHoropcK)/ Oskemen

78. Wuliyasutu west 32-33 yjinacyTy /Uliyasutu

79. Cha'er bila g^A west 32-33 F. Tsar map/Shar

80. Kundulun Cha'er i^Ag^ west 33-34 Koundouloun Tsar

81. Wulan Chuqian west 32-33 Oulian-Tchoutsian

82. Wuxun Chuqian west 32-33 Oussou-Tchoutsian

83. Tu'ergun H^fB west 32-33 Tourghen

84. Wulan Bulake west 32-33 Oulan boulak

85. Abu IKA west 32-33 Abou

86. Ebugen WAfB west 32-33

87. Eluosi E'erboke W^WWMW^ west 32-33 Oross Obbok

88. Eluosi Hami'er W^SAnS^ west 32-33 Oross Kaningdsoung

89. Ke'ertuositai west 32-33 Kortosotai

90. Abulaikeyi K^W^^ west 33-34 Ablai-kei A6tmanKHT/Ablaykit (Ablayin Qiyid)

91. A'ertai Mulu west 30-31 Altay Mourou (dos ou crete de l'Altai)

92. Hai'er kumen bila west 31-32 F. Khair koumun

93. Buketulamu bila ^^Hfiil^fi west 31-32 F. Bouktourma E:p;TBipMa/Bukhtarma

94. Bulu'er bila west 31-32 F. Bouroul A; Eepen (Eeprien)/ Aqberel

95. Chui bila n^fi west 31-32 F. Tchoui

96. Bu'ergake bila ^^^^^fi west 31-32 F. Bourgak

97. Changjisitai bila anln#fi west 31-32 F. Tchanghistai ffiHHFHCTan/ Shyngghystay

98. Changjisitai kalun g^l^^ft west 31-32 Tchanghistai Karaoul

99. Nalin bila west 31-32 Haptm/Naryn

100. A'ershatai bila M^^n^fi west 30-31 F. Archatai

101. Eyiman bila W-^S^fi west 30-31 F. Oiman

102. Kukewusu ^^^^ west 30-31 F. Koukeoussou

103. Hetuo'er dabahan west 29-30 M. Khotokhor Dabakhan

104. Zha'erman bila fL^S^'fi west 30-31 F. Dcharman ^apMa/Zharma

105. Kuba dabahan west 29-30 M. Koubou Dabakhan

106. Haji'er kumen bila west 29-30 F. Khadsir Koumun

107. A'erhute bila west 29-30 F. Arkhout

108. Chahan wusu west 29-30 F. Tsagan-oussou

109. Chui bila n^fi west 29-30 F. Tchoui

110. Boluo Bu'ergasu bila west 28-29 F. Boro-bourgassoutai

111. Da'erqintu bila west 28-29 F. Darkintou

112. Zhasitai bila ftlêôË west 29-30 F. Dchastai

113. Na'erga bila ¿ft^^^Ë west 29-30 F. Narga

114. Wukeke bila west 30-31 F. Oukek yKOK/Ukek

115. A'erchatu bila K^gg^Ë west 30-31 F. Archatai

116. Hala bila fëË^Ë west 30-31 F. Khara

117. Hezhuo ' erbu' ergasutai west 32-33 Khodcherbourk hasoutai

118. Kundatu i^ffl west 32-33 Koundatou

119. Wuliyasutu west 32-33 Oulanyasoutai

120. Wulanqihusutu west 32-33 Oulikhousouto u

121. Jinjilike bila A^M^Ë west 37-38 F. Ghindsilik

122. Bacha bila E^^Ë west 37-38 F. Batchai

123. Mohe'ercha'er ^^D^g^ west 34-35 F. Mokhor-tsar

124. Cha'er seqin g^fel^ west 34-35 Source de Tsar

125. Alake alin west 34-35 M. Alak

126. Ta'ergusi Wuliyatai west 33-34 F. Targous Ouliatai

127. Ahaitu NW® west 33-34 Akhaitou

128. Ebeitu west 33-34 Ebeitou

129. Wudatu west 33-34 Outatu

130. Tulutai west 33-34 Touloutai

131. Kalaguo'er west 33-34 R. Kara-koul

132. Kukuguo'er west 33-34 R. Koukou-koul

133. E'erqisi bila west 32-33 F. Ertsis

134. Kulan-aji'ergan bila west 32-33 F. Koulan-adsirkhan

135. Lebuxi bila ft^H^fe west 37-38 F. Lebssi

136. Chahan wusu west 37-38 A;cy/Aqsu

137. Kukuwusu ^^^^ west 37-38 F. Koukou-oussou KeKcy/Koksu

138. Halata'er bila B^feif^fe west 38-39 F. Kharatal ^aparan/Karatal

139. Biji bila west 38-39 F. Bidsi Btixti/Byzhy

140. Cha'er bila g^fe west 39-40

141. Xila nao'er Hfei^^ west 39-40 L. Sira-noor

142. A'erhui alin west 40-41 M. Arkhouy

143. Kukesali bila west 40-41 F. Kouksari

144. Bahanasi bila E^S№fe west 41-42 F. Bakhanas Ba;aHac/Bakanas

145. E'erkebuqi bila SS^^^^^fe west 40-41 F. Ergheboutsi

146. Alaketu'a Kfe^SK west 40-41 M. Alaktou

147. Ba'erkaxi nao'er E^^®^^ west 40-41 L. Balkassi-noor Ban;am/Balksh

148. Cha'er bila g^fe west 39-40 F. Tsar

149. Cha'er bila g^fe west 40-41 F. Tsar

150. Cha'er bila g^fe west 41-42 F. Tsar Char Gurban [41, T. VII, p. 24]

151. Amanha'erhai west 41-42 Amankharkhai AMa;aparan/ Amanqaraghay

152. Xidete Eleimo alin west 42-43 M. Sidet-elouimo EpenMeH/Ereimen Ereimen Schidor in the Renat map [56, p. 686; 7, p. cciv]

153. Bayan alin west 41-42 Bayanaula Bayan-Ola [56, p. 645; 50, IV, p. 117]

Sixth rows west 4

154. Wenggun alin west 43-44 M. Ongoun

155. Hu'erha'erjin west 44-45 F. Khourkhaldsin ^opranxtm (Ken)/ Korgalzyn

156. Nula bila west 44-45 F. Noura Hypa/Nura

157. Yisete emo west 47-48 L. Isset

158. Miyasi emo AKAW^ west 47-48 L. Miass Muacc/Miass [41, T. VI, p. 312]

159. Halaguote'er west 47-48 F. Khara-gochir

160. Eleke bila S^ft^^A west 47-48 F. Elek

161. Wula'ertu alin west 48-49 M. Oural tou

162. Kukuguote'er west 48-49 Koukou-goter

163. Chahan bila west 48-49 F. Tsakhan

164. Taqi hetun west 48-49 Taki Opan/Ural in Kazakhstan [41, T. VI, p. 220]

165. Gashun west 49-50 Gachun TamoH/Gashon

166. De'erteke'er alin west 50-51 M. Derdekor

167. Ebo hetun west 51-52 Ofou (ville) y^a/Ufa

168. Saladuofu hetun AA^ffiP^ west 53-54 Siratow (ville) CaparoB/Saratov

169. Ha'ermisi west 58-59 Qarmish (KapaMtimeBo?)

170. Yi'errisi bila west 53-54 F. Yrjich (Bontmofi) Hprro/ Irgiz River

171. Galamen bila west 52-53 F. Galamun Karaman [41, T. VI, p. 113]

172. Wo'erga bila west 54-55 F. Wolga Bonra/Volga

173. Xilahamisi hetun west 55-56 Sherkamish* [43, T. VI, p. 120] KaMtimn/Kamy shin

174. Teng № west 57-58 Don* ^OH/Don

175. Manacha i^ftg west 57-58 Manacha* Manych [28, p. 52]

Sixth rows west 5

176. Hala Tengjisi west 65-66 Qara Tengiz* Black Sea

177. Yisitanba'er hetun Kongka'er juchu west 66-67 Istanbul

Seventh rows west 3

178. Nalin bila west 33-34 Narym

179. Sali alin west 31-32 M. Sari Cayp/Saur

180. Hetongha'erhai kalun west 33-34 Khotongkarkha i-Kharaoul ^aTHH^aparan/ Katonkaragay

181. Zaisang nao'er ^^^^ west 32-33 L. Dsaisang-noor 3ancaH/Zaysan

182. Edong bila WS^Ö west 32-33 F. Etoung YngeHe/Üydene

183. Temu'erchuo'erhe alin west 32-33 M. Tomour-dchor

184. Temu'erchuo'erhe bila west 32-33 F. Temour-Tchorkho K^aHgticy-Oopra/Qandy su-Shorgha

185. E'erhechuo'er alin west 32-33 M. Orkchodchor Op;amap/Orqashar

186. Ha'erba alin west 34-35 M.Khalba K^an6a xoTacti/ Qalba

187. Kebukuketu alin west 34-35 M. Kobkouktou KeKneKTi /Kokpekty

188. Abuta'ermoduo kalun west 33-34 Abtalmodo Kharaoul

189. Abuta'ermoduo bila west 33-34 F. Abtalmodo

190. Boluonai alin west 34-35 Boronai

191. Ha'erba dabahan ^^EÄES west 34-35 M. Khalba dabakhan K^an6a xoTacti/ Qalba

192. Kuliyetu west 35-36 Kourietou

193. Bukun bila west 34-35 F. Bougoun EyKeH/Buken [41, T. VII, p. 25]

194. Ta'erbahatai alin west 34-35 M. Tarbakhatai Tap6araTaH/Tarbagatay

195. Baketu alin west 34-35 M. Baktou Ba;TBi/Bakty

196. Baketu kalun E^S^A west 33-34 Baktou-Kharaoul Ba;TBi/Bakty

197. Hama'er dabahan BA3A&ER west 33-34 M. Khamar dabakhan XaMap acyti/Khamar

198. Jimo'ersike kalun west 33-34 Dsimorsek Kharaoul ^HMepceK/Jimersek

199. Wunahen Tuoluohui west 33-34 KyHexeH-Tonoxafi/Kunekhen-Tolokhay

200. Zhuluhuzhu bila west 32-33 F. Dchourou-khoudchou ®yp-xyxy/Zhur-khuzhu

201. Zhuluhuzhu kalun west 32-33 Dchourou-khoudchou Kharaoul ®yp-xyxy/Zhur-khuzhu

202. Yu'er bila SA^fi west 34-35 F. Yur rop/Yur

203. Ya'er bila SA^fi west 34-35 F. Yar £p/Yar

204. Alaketuhu'er nao'er Kfi^ffl^AAA west 34-35 Alaq-Tughul nor [24, I, p. 401; 41, T. VII, p. 40] AnaKen/Alakol

205. Wenduketai A'ershan west 34-35 Oundouktai archan yHgyKTan/Unduktay

206. Shaba'ertu Helai AEAffl^ft west 35-36 Shabartou-Kholai na6apm/Shabarty

207. Emi'er bila SS^A^fi west 34-35 F. Emil EMin/Emil

208. Katun bila i^^fi west 34-35 F. Khatoun K^aTtmcy/Qatynsu

209. Yamatu bila S^ffl^fi west 34-35 F. Yamatou ^aMaHTti/Zhamanty

210. Ya'erhatu bila SA^ffl^fi west 34-35 F. Yarkhatou BIpraHTti/Yrghayty

211. A'ergalingtu IKA^Affl west 35-36 Argalingtou ApraHaTti/Arghanaty [56, p. 148-149]

212. Abulai Hasake KA^^A^ west 37-38 Ablai-Khassak

213. A'erhui alin west 36-37 M. Arkhouy Ap;ar/Arqat [43, p. 61]

214. Chahan buhutu west 35-36 M. Tsakhan-boukhoutou

215. E'erkebuqi gatu'erga west 36-37 Erkebtsi-gatulga

216. Agusi IKiSS west 35-36 Agous Aare3/Ayagoz

217. Aitangsu west 35-36 R. Aitangsou ArnaHcy/Aytangsu

218. Zhaomoduo west 36-37 Dchaomodo ^ao-Mogo/Zhaomodo in Eastern Kazakhstan. According to Humboldt, Zhaomodo means "Hundred Trees" in Mongol. The Kazakh name Juz-aghash also means "Hundred Trees" [24, II, p. 224]

219. Chahan tuohui gKffiff west 36-37 OaraH-Toran/ Shaghan-Toghay

220. Heluosi bila ÎD^S^Ë west 36-37 F. Khoross

221. Bahanasi bila west 36-37 F. Bakhanass Ea;aHac/Bakanas

222. Kukusa'er bila west 36-37 F. Koukou ssar

223. Chahan tuohui g^ft^ west 36-37 Tsakhan-tokhoui

224. Lebushi bila ft^+^Ë west 36-37 F. Lebchi Tenci/Lepsi

225. Huchake alin west 36-37 M. Khoudchak

226. Kukutuomu dabahan west 35-36 KeKTyMa/Koktuma

227. Jinjilike dabahan ^M^&E« west 35-36

228. Bicha bila west 34-35 F. Bidcha

229. Jinjilike bila ^^M^Ë west 34-35 F. Ghintsirik ^yH^YPeK/Zhunzhurek

230. Lebuse xiqin ft^fef!^ west 35-36 Source du Lebchi Lebsi sekiyen

231. Bashigan bila EfrT^Ë west 35-36 F. Bachkhan Eac;aH/Baskan

232. Sha'ergan bila ^^H^Ë west 35-36 F. Scharkan Cap;aH/Sarkan

233. Chahan Wusu west 35-36 F. Tsakhan-oussou Чаган-усу/Chaghan-usu A;cy/Aqsu [24, II, p. 224]

234. Bomu Wusu west 35-36 F. Boumou-oussou Бум-усу

235. Halazhekede bila В^Ё^ЙШ^Ё west 36-37 F. Khara Dchikte ^аражиде/Qaraj ide [56, p. 198]

236. Halata'er bila west 37-38 F. Kharatal ^арагал/Qaratal

237. Talan Huduke west 37-38 Talan Khuduk

238. Wulan E'erji west 37-38 Oulan-erghi ¥лан-Ерхе/Ulan-Erkhe

239. Qichenhala АРАиЁ west 36-37 Tsitchin-khara Шыжыц/Shyjyng

240. Modeyinwuhua ШШН4А west 37-38 Motein-oukhoua

241. Ba'erkashi nao'e EA^++AA west 38-39 Balkhach-noor Балкаш/Balqash

242. Alaketu alin west 38-39 M. Alaktou Алатау/Alatau

243. Talan Huduke west 37-38 Talan Khuduk*

244. Guobi ?№ west 40-41 Gobi

Seventh rows west 4 И

245. Han alin west 42-43 M. Khan Хан тауы/Khan tau

246. Gu'erban Hasuluke alin west 43-44 M. Gourban khaslouk Yш ^азыльщ/Üsh Qazylyq [50, IV, p.117]

247. Zanbula alin west 43-44 M. Dsengboula Жамбыл/Zhambyl

248. Huma bila ЙЙ^^Ё west 44-45 F. Khouma К^мак/Khuma/ Qumaq

249. Beile gu'er ШЙ^А west 44-45 Lac Beile-noor ou Khochi koul Билiкeл/Beile-gul/ Peile noor. Also called Qabanqulaq or Khoschi-gul [24, II, p. 260]

250. Guobi ?№ west 44-45 Gobi

251. Yilakeluo bila west 45-46 F. Yroklo

252. Bei Hasake А^АЙ west 44-45 "Northern Kazakh" in Chinese

253. Ama'er ji Hasake Kï^^jj^ west 45-46 Amargi Hasak* "Northern Kazakh" in Manchu

254. Guqingu'erban Tuoluohui west 45-46 M. Goutsingour-ban Tolokhai ou Les trente trois collines TonaFan/Tolaghay [56, p. 461]

255. Akesaha'er Ba'erbei west 45-46 Akssakhar Barbai A;caK;an Eap-6ti/Aqsaqal Barby [41, T. VII, p. 41]

256. Xihe'erlike nao'er HM^m®^ west 45-46 L. Sikhorlik Sikirlik [7, Renat Map, no. 34]

257. Seyiku bila west 46-47 F. Seïkou Seiku [3, p. 181 (text), p. 191 (trans.); 47, Turkili Haritasi]

258. Shunguo'erlu bila west 47-48 F. Schungorlou OBiHFBipnay /Shynggyrlau [28, p. 69; 56, p. 336]

259. Suiku bila west 47-48 Suoikou

260. Gegen bila fèfg^Ë west 47-48 F. Keghen

261. Ya'erkasi ^^^ west 47-48 CaFti3/Saygis,Sakis [41, T. VII, p. 44] Alternatively, an error for Yrghyz [56, p. 132]

262. Yinde'er alin west 48-49 M. Yender HHgep/Inder [28, p. 70; 56, p. 270; 41, T. VII, p. 37]

263. Eyi'er west 48-49 Oir Ontm/ Oiyl [28, p. 69; 56, p. 116]

264. Qi'er ^^ west 48-49 Gir ^ntrn/Qiyil [56, p. 106]

265. Dapoxun nao'er west 48-49 Lac de Sel HHgep Keni/Inder koli; Diuder-Tuz, Tuzdykul [41, T. VII, p. 41]

266. Temu'er bila west 48-49 Temir* TeMip/Temir [41, T. VII, p. 45; 56, p. 124]

267. Muhu'ertuo'er alin west 48-49 Mughalzhar* MyFanxap Tayti/ Mugodzhar Hills [56, p. 114]

268. Halaku'er west 49-50 Qara kol* [9, p. 65; 28, P. 69]

269. Samu'er west 50-51 Samur* KaMtic-CaMap Kengepi/KaMtimt-CaMapt [41, p. 216, 221]

270. Heyue'er ezhun ^D-feA^S west 50-51 Hoyir Özen* Perhaps KHtm/Qiyil; also see Qi'er AA (above)

271. Eyichuke hetun west 50-51 Üyshik* [1, p. 98] Ampay/Atyrau Torghuts called it y3«Ht Banra3HHt [41, T. VI, p. 219]

272. Nalin elesu west 51-52 Naryn els* Els= desert in Mongolian, HaptiH/Naryn desert [56, p. 277; 41, T. VI, 211]

273. Taben nao'er west 53-54 Taben nao'er means "Five lake" in Mongolian. Perhaps, Besköl in western Kazakhstan [56, p. 295]

274. Halaku'er B^öAA west 49-50 Qara köl [9, p. 65; 28, p. 69]

275. Tu'ergute zhi Ayuxi han suoju zhi di mm^m^Mmm^m^m west 54-55 Ayuki Khan's Torghut state Also called Ayuqi MAA- Ayuqi MIA- or Ayuqi MI^, Eyueqi §№A in Chinese sources (Ayuki /Öyoki, 16401724)

276. Dabuxun nao'er SAfflAm west 54-55 Bogdan Dubassun (Bogdo lake) [41, T. VI, p. 136]

277. Eji'er bila fS^m^fi. west 55-56 Edil* Bonra/Volga

278. Suo'erla gashan «mö^a west 56-57

279. Zali hetun west 56-57

Seventh rows west 5

280. Suochikesa'er gashan «^im^a west 57-58

281. Re'ernuoza gashan Sm^ft^a west 57-58

282. Sa'er gashan im^a west 57-58

283. Gulikesan gashan west 57-58

284. Akexi hetun west 55-56 Akish/Akash* [41, Т. VI, p. 128] Волгоград/Volgagrad (Tsaritsyn)

285. Bukeda alin west 55-56 Ko Bogdo*[41, Т. VI, p. 137] Bogdo

286. Yanggala hetun west 55-56 Yankala/Yankh ala*[41, Т. VI, p. 137] Черный Яр/ Chyorny Yar

287. Shuo'erbo bila ЯШЯ^Ё west 56-57 Sorpa/Shorba* [41, Т. VI, p. 134]

288. Zhamubeiluke huizi deng juchu west 55-56 Camboyluk (Jamboyluk) Nogais*

289. Se'erkesi hetun бШ^ЖЛ^ПФ west 55-56 Serkes*

290. Asidalahan hetun west 55-56 Astrakhan* Astrakhan

291. Eji'er bila W^^^fi west 55-56 Edil* Volga

292. Yetesan huizi deng juchu west 57-58 Yedisan* Yedi uruv, Zhetiru (Zhetiru in the Middle Zhuz) [47, p. 166]

293. Kumo bila west 58-59 Kuma* Kumogol [41, Т. VI, p. 88]

294. Jilei Duonatesi west 59-60 Seversky Donets*

295. Duan bila iffi^fi west 60-61 Don*

296. Aiduo'er bila g^W^fi west 63-64 Aydar* Айдар/ Aydar [28, p. 38]

297. Duo'er bila ^W^fi west 64-65 Торь/Tor [28, p. 36]

Seventh rows west 6

298. Mo'edi emo ЩШЙШЩ west 74-75 Maeotis or Mayutis

299. Gelansa hetun west 68-69 Kalansse

300. Damen hetun west 72-72 Тамань

301. Fodelebisongda gashan west 69-70 Atrabezunda/Trabzon

Eighth rows west 4

302. Yili bila west 37-38 F. Ily !ле/Ш

303. Sha'erteke west 37-38 Sardek

304. Kukuwusu west 36-37 F. Koukou-oussou KeKcy/Koksu

305. Boluohaji'er dabahan ffüte&föaem west 36-37 Borokhoudsir dabakhan Bopo-xoxnp acyti/Borokhojir asuyi

306. A'ertanemo'er dabahan west 36-37 M. Artan-emor dabakhan AnTHHeMen/Altynemel

307. Gu'erban Biji Gurban Bije Btixti/Bizhe River

308. Chalin bila west 37-38 F. Tsaring Oaptm/Charyn

309. Chunji kalun ft^^fö west 35-36 Tchoundsi Kharaoul OoHxti/Shonjy

310. Tuoli kalun ffiM^fö west 35-36 Toli-Kharaoul

311. Shabu'ertuohai kalun AAAffiA^fö west 35-36 Tchabour-dchechi-Karaoul

312. Ha'ergagatu'erga B^A^HÄ^ west 37-38 Khargagatour-ga Khulgan gatulga [24, II, p. 225]

313. Mingbulake BJAÖ^ west 37-38 Mingboulak MHHÖ^na^/Myngbulaq

314. Nalin bila west 37-38 F. Narin Haptm/Naryn

315. Tamuhan kalun west 36-37 Tamkhan Karaoul

316. Tamutalike west 36-37 Tamghantarik

317. Temu'erlike dabahan west 36-37 M. Temourik TeMipniK/Temirlik

318. Temu'erlike kalun west 36-37 Temourik-Karaoul

319. Gegen kalun föß^fö west 36-37 Geghen KereH/Kegen

320. Gegen bila föß^ö west 36-37

321. Hantengge'er alin west 36-37 M. Khantengher XaH Tsuipi/ Khan Tengri

322. Ha'erqila kalun ^ÄAÖ^fö west 36-37 Kharkira-Kharaoul K^apK;apa/Karkara

323. Ha'erqila bila ^ÄAÖ^Ö west 36-37 F. Kharkira K^apK;apa/Karkara

324. Tetu dabahan west 36-37 M. Tem-Dabakhan

325. Tekesi seqin west 36-37 Source du Tekes TeKec/Tekes

326. Kunakesa'er ^^^^^ west 36-37 F. Kounouksar

327. Bayanzhu'erke west 36-37 Bayandchouke

328. Habuqihai gatu'erga west 38-39 Kapchagai-gatulga Kanmaran/ Kapshagay

329. Sha'erbo'er ^ÄttÄ west 38-39 F. Schabor CaptiGen/Sarybel?

330. Saleke bila M^Ë west 38-39 F. Salek OeneK/ Shelek

331. Tu'ergen bila HÂfB^Ë west 38-39 F. Tourghen TypreH/Türgen

332. Gu'erban Chabuda'er bila west 38-39 F. Gourban-tsabdar

333. Eyigun alin west 38-39 M. Oigoun

334. Yixiketu bila west 38-39 F. Issiktou

335. Asu bila west 38-39 F. Assou

336. Asu dabahan I^âEl west 38-39 M. Assou-dabakhan

337. Ta'erga'er bila ifÄ^Ä^Ö west 38-39 F. Talgar Tanrap/Talgar

338. Mo'ergensali alin west 39-40 M. Morghen-sari

339. Gu' erban Alimatu ÄÄÄlMilH west 39-40 Gourban-Arimat AnMaTti/Almaty

340. Hashikeleng bila fëfr^fë^Ë west 39-40 F. Khachikleng KacKeneH/Kaskeleng

341. Chama'ergan bila gïfÂT^Ë west 39-40 F. Tsamargu OaManraH/Shamalgan

342. Kulutu bila west 40-41 F. Kourtou Kypri/Kurti

343. Hashitake bila fëfrig^Ë west 40-41 F. Khachtak KacTeK/Kastek

344. A'ergalingtu IÄ^®H west 40-41 Argalingtou ApraHaTti/Arghanaty

345. Hashitake dabahan ^frf^lEl west 40-41 M. Khachtak-Dabakhan KacTeK/Kastek

346. Ya'erhatu dabahan »Ä^HäEl west 41-42 M. Yarkhatou-Dabakhan

347. Chui bila ^fi west 42-43 F. Tchoui my/Chu

348. He'erhetu bila iPW^H^fi west 42-43 R. Khotkhatou KparaTti/Quraghaty [56, p. 360]

349. Gu'erban Hayintu bila ^WA^HH^fi west 42-43 F. Gourban Khayntou

350. Ashaba'er bila KAEW^fi west 42-43 F. Khochabar

351. Botuomaitake Wft^f^ west 42-43 M. Botamai-tak BoTaMofiHaK/Botamoy-naq [56, p. 347]

352. Talasi bila iffiA^fi west 44-45 F. Talas Tanac/Talas

353. Ashai alin west 44-45 M. Achai

354. Heselate alin west 44-45 M. Khoserat

355. Boshi'ahashimo west 44-45 Bochakhach-mo

356. Temo' erhabahake west 44-45 Temor-khabakhak

357. Asha bila IKA^fi west 45-46 F. Acha Aca/Asa

358. Agu'er nao'er IKiWAA west 45-46

359. Minbula ftAfi west 45-46

360. Biku'er nao'er ^AWAW west 46-47

361. Halaha'erbake teheba ^fi^WE^^SE west 46-47 Qaraqalpaq tehe ba (Tehe ba means "homeland" in Manchu) KapaK;annaK;cTaH /Karakalpakstan

362. Suo'ertunyi nukete west 46-47 Solto?

363. Baibisitan nukete west 47-48

364. Xi'er bila ®W$fi west 47-48 Ctipgapnfl/ Syr Darya

365. Minbula ftAfi west 45-46 MtiHGynaK/Mingbulaq

Eighth rows west 5 AffifflS

366. Haina'er bila A^W^fi west 50-51 KanHap/Qaynar [41, T. VII, p. 45; 56, p. 100]

367. Tashigan iffrT west 48-49 Tashkent* TamKeHT/Tashkent

368. Zhemu bila west 50-51 Jem* ®sm (EM6i)/ Emba

369. Mang'axilu dabahan west 50-51 Manggishlaq dabagan* MaHra-CTay/Manghy stau

370. Wa'erji Hasake zhecheng west 50-51 Wargi Hasak jecen* (wargi means "west" in Manchu) west Qazaq border

371. Halazhake RâËfL^ west 53-54

372. Halaweng'er huduke west 53-54

373. Tamangsumen huduke west 53-54 L. Tapoun-ssoumoun-Khodouk

374. Buxun nao'er ^ffl^W west 53-54 Lac. Boussoun

375. E'erheji huizi hetun west 54-55

376. Tu'erkumen suoju zhidi west 52-53 Pays de Turkmen TypKMeH/Turkmen

377. Dalintubo huduke west 52-53 Source ou Lac Dserin Toubo

378. Hulamaji huduke west 52-53 Source ou Lac Khouramadsi

379. Dabuxun nao'er â^ffl^W west 52-53 Lac de Sel

380. Qiawa hetun west 52-53 Ywa XuBa/Khiva

381. Bokete'er huizi hetun west 51-52 Bokter ville des Boukhars On the right bank of the Yaik, the name of Bagthiar occurs on Jenkinson's map. The Bakhtiari were relocated to the Turkoman frontier by Nadir Shah.

382. Xilawate huizi hetun west 51-52 Sirawat villes des Boukhars A corruption of Shahri-Vezir. This "castle", or fortified town, of Shaysure (Sellizure on Jenkinson's text) has been identified with Shahr, or Shehr Vezir (Shahr

signifying town), now marked by the ruins of Dev-Kesken, or Dev Kesken qala, is an archaeological site in the Dashoguz region of northern Turkmenistan, 62 km west of Koneurgench [15, p. 69].

383. Abalagazha han zhizi exianshi han suoju zhidi west 51-52 Demeure de Enouchi khan fils d'Abla khodcha-khan Ануша-хан/Anusha khan (1663-1686)

384. Ala'ertuohui Esiboke deng suoju west 50-51 Demeure de chef Aral-Tokhoui Ossbok Арал взбектер^Ага1 Uzbeks [19, p. 651]

385. Daligang'a emo west 51-52 Lac Daliganga Арал Teui3i/Ara1 sea [=Dari-\ang\a]

386. Halakezi huizi hetun west 51-52 Karakhodsu ville des Boukhars Qara-Hajji? [19, p. 54-55]

387. Wu'ergenqi huizi hetun west 51-52 Ourghenz, ville des Boukhars Ургенч /Urgench

388. Tengjisi emo west 54-55 Тещз/Tengiz Tatars called it Chagan Tengis (Чаганъ Тенгисъ), Kalmyks called it Kulsom Tengis (Кулсомъ Тенгисъ) [41, T. VI, p. 87]

389. Sama'erhan ШЗДЯ? west 50-51 Samarkhan Самарканд/Samarkand

390. E'ertuba 1РЯНЕ west 49-50 Ortouba Истаравшан /Istarawschan (Ura-Tjube)

391. Hejiyan west 48-49 Khodsiyan Khodchend Худжанд/ Khuj and

392. Ajige buka'er zhecheng west 49-50 Ville Adsigheb-chardche Little Bukhara border [ajige means "little" in Manchu, "A^A=Bukhara;"^ ^=jecen (border)"]

393. Naiman nukete АЖ^Й^ west 48-49 Nayman-Nouktè Найман/Nayman pastoral area

394. Dayate nukete west 47-48 Tayat- Nouktè Теит/Teyit

395. Jibuchake alin west 46-47 M. Kibdchak ^tmmaK/Qypchaq

396. Lianlabashi huizi deng juchu west 58-59 Mali bash

397. De'erji hetun west 58-59 Tarki* TapKu/Tarki [the place referred to, evidently Terki, is at the mouth of the Terek, Dagestan, 28, p. 60]

398. Te'erben hetun west 59-60 Derbent* ^ep6eHT/Derbent

Eighth rows west 6 AffiS^

399. Shamaji hetun west 59-60 Shamakhi, Azerbaijan

400. Gu'er bila ^Ä^Ö west 60-61 Kur Kura River

401. Nashiwang bila west 61-62 Nakhchivan

402. Eliwang hetun west 62-63 Erivan Yerevan

403. Alasi bila KÖS№Ö west 63-64 Aras Aras or Araxes River

Eighth rows west 7 Affiffl^

404. Sahalian modeli g^SSMM west 63-64 Sahaliyan mederi (Black Sea in Manchu) Black Sea

405. E'erselong hetun west 76-77 Erserum Erzurum

Eighth rows west 8 AffiBA

406. Hongga'er guo zhi han suoju Gongsidangdinabole hetun west 80-81 The city of Constantinople, where Khwand-kar or Khunkar Khan lived [3, p. 212 (text), p. 227 (trans.); 38, [I], p. 88-89, n. 258; 7, [II], p. 330] Istanbul

407. Mola hetun west 87-88 Mora

Ninth rows west 5

408. Zhumute huizi suoju zhi buluo west 50-51 Horde Boukhare Dchoumte HoMyg/Yomut (Yomud) Yomut or Yomud, one of the Turkmen tribes lived

in Gorgan, Turkmenbashi, east coast of the Caspian, Khiva and Dashoguz [51, p. 353]

409. Wulanguma elesu west 51-52 Dessert [Wulan=Ulan means "red" in Mongolian +guma=qum ("desert" in Turkic) +elesu=els ("sand" in Mongolian)]. KtBBmKyM/Qyzylqum

410. Teke huizi zhi buluo juchu west 49-50 Horde Boukhare Tek Takka [Teke] [51, p. 351]

411. Anbabuka'er zhecheng west 48-49 Anbabkardchè Anba $E=amba in Manchu, means "Great"; "Buka'er A^A=Bukhara; "zhecheng ^^=jecen (border)". Great Bukhara border"

412. Duluma huizi zhi buluo juchu west 49-50 Horde Boukhare Doulouma ^ypMeH Durman?

413. Kekelun huizi zhi buluo juchu west 49-50 Horde Boukhare Kokrun DoKneH/Goklen. The dwelling place of Goklen Muslims

414. Zhanyisiba'er huizi hetun west 49-50 Ville Boukhare Dchensozubar Sabzawar or Sabzevar Muslims city

415. Hazha'erbashi hongmaozi deng juchu nALMEAMiA^mm west 53-54 The dwelling place of the Qyzylbash=Read Heads. KH3tm6am/Qyzyl-bash [28, p. 71; 3, p. 211-215 (trans.); 19, p. 27-29]

416. Nishai huizi zhi buluo juchu mmA^m^mm west 49-50 The dwelling place of Nashay Muslim tribes. Nashay or Nesa, a town near Bagir (near mod. Ashkabad) [3, p. 226 (trans.); 19, p. 31, 554]

Ninth rows west 8 ^flÈMÏ

417. Du'erjia guo ^MjiB west 82-83 Turkey

As we have seen above, the information of Qianlong neifu yutu map was obtained during the Jesuit-led survey of Qianlong period. However, the knowledge of the Aral Sea Basin, Volga valleys, Mawara'an-nahr as well as some other areas west of the Xinjiang was based on information provided by local authorities. The western section of the Qianlong neifu yutu describes the general form of the Anatolia, Central Asia, and Siberia, Russia which stretches from Europe in the west to Xinjiang in the east; from the Russia in the north to India and the Persian Gulf in the south; and includes Persia, Badakhshan and Afghanistan.

Conclusion

Al-Idrisi's Maps shows the creation of map images by medieval Arab geographers based on absorbing Ptolemaic geography. Influenced by the map of Al-Idnsi', the geographic gaps and blind spots of the old continent on the European map were filled, reconstructed, and connected with the new world geographic knowledge, forming a relatively complete world map.

Al-Idrisi's Maps also affected the geographical knowledge of Yuan-Mongol Empire geographers. The Kitab Nuzhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-afaq (Entertainment for He Who Longs to Travel the World), composed in 1154 by al-Idrisi, became significant sources for the mapmakers of Kangnido, drawn in 1402. The inclusion of Dasht-i Qipchaq and the Syr Darya Basin in the Kangnido provides clear evidence that the mapmakers consulted Al-Idrisi's accounts for their geographical information. In addition to its pretty accurate contours, the Kangnido demonstrates knowledge about three places in Dasht-i Qipchaq, and more than ten in the Syr Darya-Talas Valley.

For example, Beisa'er was probably a corruption of Basqurt or Bashqarud in Arabic sources, or refers to Bulghar, a town in modern Tatarstan; Beisu ^^ relates perhaps to the al-Bayda', the western city of the Atil, all derived from al-Idrisi.

At the end of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, a large amount of overseas geographic knowledge was introduced by Western missionaries entered China. Among them the most importans are Matteo Ricci's (1552-1610) "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu" (Map of the Ten Thousand Countries of the Earth, 1602), Ferdinand Verbiest's (1623-1688) "Kun Yu Quan Tu World Map" and so on. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the "Map of the Emperor Yongzheng's Ten Pai Emperors" (Map of the Yongzheng reign in ten fascicles) and the Qianlong neifu yutu ^S^^ftH (Terrestrial map of the imperial repository of Qianlong), which were led by western missionaries and used modern cartographic techniques, enriched the geographic information of Central Asian countries and filled the gaps in contemporary European maps.

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About the authors: Nurlan Kenzheakhmet - Ph.D. (History), Professor of the Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University (13, Dostyk ave., 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan). E-mail: [email protected]

Alpamys Zhalghas-uly Abu - Ph.D. candidate (Arhaeology), doctorant, Faculty of History, Arhaeology and Etnology, al-Farabi Kazakh National University (71, Al-Farabi ave., 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan). E-mail: [email protected]

Received March 10, 2021 Accepted for publication May 28, 2021

Published September 29, 2021

НЕКОТОРЫЕ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЫЕ И ПОСТЗОЛОТООРДЫНСКИЕ ГОРОДА

ИТИЛЬСКОГО (ВОЛЖСКОГО) И СЫР-ДАРЬИНСКОГО БАССЕЙНОВ СОГЛАСНО АРАБСКИМ И КИТАЙСКИМ КАРТАМ

Нурлан Кенжеахмет 1, Алпамыс Абу 2

1 Казахский национальный педагогический университет имени Абая Алматы, Казахстан [email protected]

2 Казахский Национальный Университет им. аль-Фараби Алматы, Казахстан [email protected]

Цель исследования: наиболее ранние изображения городов Итильского (Волжского) и Сыр-Дарьинского бассейнов в средневековой картографии встречаются на карте Идриси (1154 г.). Постзолотоордынские города в этой области указаны на карте Дженкинсона и на «Карте десяти тысяч стран земли» (1602 г.) Маттео Риччи. В 1772 году «Карта Императорского хранилища Цяньлуна», в которой использовались современные картографические методы, обогатила географическую информацию о странах Центральной Азии и заполнила пробелы в современных европейских картах.

Материалы исследования: под влиянием карты аль-Идриси географические пробелы и слепые пятна на европейских картах были заполнены и реконструированы. Будучи основанными на новых географических знаниях мира, они сформировали относительно полную карту мира. В конце правления династии Мин и в начале династии Цин западные миссионеры, прибывшие в Китай, представили большой объем зарубежных географических знаний.

Результаты и новизна исследования: анализ арабских, европейских и китайских карт позволил оценить степень точности их сведений о постзолотоордынских городах Итильского (Волжского) и Сыр-Дарьинского бассейнов. Авторам удалось определить представления арабских, европейских и китайских географов о Центральной Азии. В частности, в данной статье были рассмотрены топонимы Итильского бассейна (включая Западную Сибирь) и казахской степи (включая прилегающие районы) на евро-пейско-российских имперских картах и на китайских картах Цин. Исторические карты предоставляют идеальную возможность для определения графически кодированной информации о состоянии части реального мира в определенный момент времени.

Ключевые слова: карта аль-Идриси, европейские карты, «Карта Императорского хранилища Цяньлуна», Итильский бассейн, Центральная Азия, казахская степь

Для цитирования: Kenzheakhmet N., Abu A. Some Medieval and Post-Golden Horde's Towns of the Itil (Volga) and Syr-Darya Basins According to the Arabic and Chinese Maps // Золотоордынское обозрение. 2021. Т. 9, № 3. C. 611-653. DOI: 10.22378/2313-6197.2021-9-3.611-653

Сведения об авторах: Нурлан Кенжеахмет - Ph.D., профессор, Казахский национальный педагогический университет имени Абая (050010, пр. Достык, 13, Алматы, Казахстан). E-mail: [email protected]

Алпамыс Жалгас-улы Абу - Ph.D. кандидат (археология), докторант, исторический факультет, Казахский Национальный Университет им. аль-Фараби (050040, пр. аль-Фараби, 71, Алматы, Казахстан). E-mail: [email protected]

Поступила 10.03.2021 Принята к публикации 28.05.2021

Опубликована 29.09.2021