CC BY
27CSCSTI 68.31.27
F.T. Jafarov1
SOIL EROSION IN MIL-KARABAKH REGION OF AZERBAIJAN AND ITS REDUCTION
1Agjabadi branch of Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University, AZ 0400, Aghjabadi, 210, Hajibayli Avenue,, Azerbaijan, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Studies show that the fertility of agricultural lands in the country is not satisfactory in the current situation. Soil salinization and erosion (including irrigation erosion) in the Mil -Karabakh regions of the Republic increased significantly. Most of the irrigated lands in Azerbaijan suffer from varying degrees of soil salinization. The presence of saline soils in the central region of Azerbaijan, especially in Kur-Araz lowland, is clearly a major problem today. Approximately 60 % of the Kur-Araz lowland area, with an area of 2.2 million hectares, consists of moderately and severely saline soils. It is possible to apply a system of agro technical, reclamation and agro ameliorative measures to protect soil erosion. The benefits of the conservation agriculture can be summarized as follows; Reduction of soil erosion, reduction of fuel and manpower costs, increase of water use efficiency. With the use of permanent seeding systems in row, plant residues can be stored on the soil surface, increasing crop productivity, reducing production costs, and enhancing the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil.
Key words: Soil erosion, soil fertility, salinization, soil surface smoothing, check row planting, humus
INTRODUCTION In order to meet the population's demand for agricultural products it is required to increase soil fertility. That is why increasing productivity and improving the quality of agricultural crops is still the most important issue.
Another change that has been observed throughout the entire central region is that the ongoing land degradation processes, changing and absolute weather conditions, as well as degraded irrigation systems have turned the cultivated areas into pastures.
Irrigated agriculture in Azerbaijan is mainly located on the Kur-Araz lowland -downstream of the Shirvan and Karabakh rivers, along the banks of the Kura and Araz rivers, and irrigation as a rule. It was implemented by primitive methods. That is why this problem played a major role in soil salinization [1-3].
For hundreds of years, soil contamination with enhanced fertilizers has led to a decrease in its organic content. Organic context of soil does not only provide nutrients to the soil. It is also a key element for stabilizing the most important soil structure. Therefore, many soils are degraded after prolonged intensive plowing [3-5].
The degradation process leads to erosion. Erosion process is widespread in Azerbaijan. The total area of eroded land in the Republic is 3144.7 thousand hectares, which is 36.4% of the total area of the republic. As a result of this process, the soil is washed away and its fertility is reduced. This also reduces the productivity of agricultural crops and has a negative impact on the quality.
Usually, the erosion process is so rapid that the soil cover is quickly washed away and completely loses its importance for farming. In soils affected by erosion, first the amount of humus is drastically reduced, and the water-physical properties of the soil deteriorate. The process of erosion also worsens its composition and nature along with the reduction of humus content. In these conditions, it is important to protect the arable land in the country against erosion [6, 7]
The main purpose of the study; the goal is to improve soil fertility through the preservation of plant residues in poorly fed soils in the Mil-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan.
The following issues have been studied regarding the solution of this problem: Leveling the soil surface
Saving the irrigation water Check row planting in the experiment area
MATERIALS AND METHODS The experimental work was carried out in the Agjabadi farm of Mil-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan in 2017-2019.
The experiment was conducted on one-hectare land.
The experiment was conducted using a traditional control and storage scheme of crop residues used by farmers. The experiment has given farmers greater access to new technologies, which will prove that the results are more important in the long-term sustainability.
To study the soil characteristics, medium samples were collected from 5 locations of the site, dried in the laboratory, trampled, and analyzed by 1 mm sieve. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The experiment was conducted to reduce soil erosion in 1 ha of Agjabadi district of Mil-Karabakh region of Azerbaijan.
For this purpose the surface is smoothed by a laser land leveler. Seeding and development of seeds in the laser-leveled soil area are usually the same, the water is distributed evenly on the soil surface during irrigation, without washing.
With the help of a laser land leveler, it is possible to smoothen the relief of the sowing area by giving it zero and moderate degrees.
In general, laser leveling of the surface of the soil is very effective in preventing water loss and washing of nutrients. During this time, soil erosion, salinity and other negative factors are reduced [8-10].
After the field is prepared for sowing, the check row planting equipment is used for sowing. During sowing with check row planting method, the sowing rate is reduced by 30-40 %, while saving the irrigation water and increasing the labor productivity of the plantation worker more than twice. In check row planting method, sowing machinery makes rows as
well as sows 3-4 rows with 8-14 cm distance in between, during one shift.
The following is the planting system for plants, with the main and intermediate plants being planted in the same area on the soil without climatic conditions. Proper rotation of crops during crop rotation is important in improving crop yields, preserving soil fertility, and fighting against diseases and pests [7, 4].
Crop residues are cut and applied into the field after harvesting, in order to increase the natural fertility of the soil. The aim of this activity is to increase the activity of the microorganisms through plant residues that is, by means of crop residues in the field - to increase the amount of rot in the soil.
During the experiment process sowings of seeds of wheat, corn, sunflower, sorgo and cotton shifted regularly during the autumn, spring and summer at the same place. The plants residue remained on land surface after the harvest period. These residues applied after the chopping procedure by special chopper machine. These residues also protect the soil from sun shine, wind and negative impacts of rain, as well as irrigation and wind erosions. Besides of protection, residues also prevent negative impact of weeds growth [8, 3, 1]. During these works it is possible to get stable productivity, increasing soil fertility, as well as the recovering of micro and macro faunas in unplowed lands.
As the starting, the land levelled by laser, then wheat seed has been planted to this area in fall of 2017. As an interval planning, in the summer of 2018, Pharsa-lus has been planted to this land and again in the autumn of 2018 barley seed has been planted. After the harvest period, as an interval period corn seed has planted at summer of 2019, later, in autumn of the same year, again barley seed has been planted to this area. During this period following seeds have been planted as above-mentioned sequence in 1 ha land:
wheat, bean, barley, corn and again barley and 2019 and sent for laboratory testing. Soil samples have been taken from Results shown in table 1. experimental lands between 2017-2018
Table 1 - Agrochemical classifications of soils
Per year Total nitrogen,% Phosphorus mg/kg Exchange potassium mg/kg Humus % Organic Carbon %
2017 0.135 25.9 191.0 2.7 1.60
2018 0.140 32.6 209.0 2.8 1.62
2019 0.155 34.3 211.0 3.1 1.80
Difference % 14.8 32.51 10.471 15 12.5
As it is described in figure, general nitrogen changed between 0.135-0.155 %, phosporus 25.9-34.3 %, potessium exhange 191.0-211.0 mg/kg, humus 2.73.1 %, organic carbon 1.60-1.80 % during 2017-2019. During the same period, the same farmer has planted 1 ha land of
Table 2 - Agcrochemical classification of soil.
wheat seed and barley seed by traditional way. In the traditionally area the farmer used only autumnal cereals and residues have been removed from site like recent years. Results of samples analysis from that site shown in table 2.
Per year Nitrogen Phosporus Potessium Humus Organic
% mq/kq exchange % carbon
mq/kq %
2017 0.150 20.61 218 3 1.89
2018 0.145 18.32 217 2.9 1.68
2019 0.140 17.50 216 2.85 1.64
Difference% -6.667 -15.1 -0.9174 -5 -13
As it described in the table, between 2017 and 2019, general nitrogen changed between 0.150-0140 %, phosporus 20.6117.50 %, potessium exhange 218.0216.0 mg/kg, humus 3.0-2.85 %, organic carbon 1.89-1.64 %.
CONCLUSIONS This article is about the declining of land erosion and increasing of land fertility through in the central part of the
Azerbaijan. As a result of study, it became a clear that, levelling of soil with laser also check-row planting leads to save a water use and prevent a loss of nutrients during the irrigation. Meaning that, between 2017 and 2019, general nitrogen changed between 0.135-0.155 % phosporus 25.934.3, potessium exhange 191.0-211.0 mq/kq, humus 2.7-3.1 %, organic carbon 1.601.80 %.
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TYmH Ф.Т. Джафаров1
ЭЗ1РБАЙЖАННЫН, МЙЛЬ-ЦАРАБАК АЙМАFЫНДАFЫ ТОПЫРАК ЭРОЗИЯСЫ ЖЭНЕ
ОНЫН, Т0МЕНДЕУ1 1Эзiрбайжан мемлекеттiK педагогикалыкуниверситеттщ Агджабеди
филиалы, AZ 0400, Агджабеди, Гаджибейли дацгылы 210, Азербайджан,
e-mail: faziljafarov@yahoo. com
Зерттеулер к;аз1рп уа;ытта ауыл шаруашылыгы пайдалануындагы жердщ кунарлылыгыныц ;анагаттангысыз жаИ-кYИiн кeрсетедi. Мйль-Караба; аймагында топырактыц эрозйяга ушырауы (оныц iшiнде йррйгацйялы; эрозйя) жэне сортацдануы едэуiр eстi. ЭзiрбаИжанда суармалы жерлердщ едэуiр бeлiгi белгiлi бiр дэрежеде туздануга ушыраган. Эзiрбайжанньщ орталы; белшнде, эсiресе Кура-Араксйн ойпатында туздалган жэне сортацданган жерлердщ болуы бYгiнгi тацда негiзгi проблема болып табылады. Кура-Араксйн ойпатыныц шамамен 60 %-ы 2,2 млн гектарды курайтын ал;ап -орташа жэне ;атты сортацданган топырагы бар жерлер. Топыра;ты эрозйядан ;оргау Yшiн агрохймйялы; мелиоративтiк жэне агромелйоратйвтж iс-шаралар кешенiн ;олдану мYмкiн. Консерватйвтж шаруашылыщтыц артыщшылыгы: топыра; эрозйясыныц темендеу^ жанармай мен жумыс кYшiн пайдалану шыгындарыныц азаюы, су ресурстарын пайдалану тшмдШпн арттыру болып табылады. Тура;ты ;атардагы егiс жYИесiн ;олданумен ;атар, ол топыра; бетiнде eсiмдiк ;алды;тарын са;тау, eсiмдiк шаруашылыгы саласындагы шыгындарды азайту, eндiрiстiк шыгындарды азайту жэне топыра;тыц фйзйкалы;, хймйялы; жэне бйологйялы; ;асйеттерш едэуiр жа;сарту Yшiн мYмкiндiк тугызады.
ТYйiндi свздер: топыра; эрозйясы, топыра; кунарлылыгы, туздану, топыра; бетш тегiстеу, бeлек себу, гумус.
РЕЗЮМЕ Ф.Т. Джафаров1
ЭРОЗИЯ ПОЧВЫ В МИЛЬСКОЙ-КАРАБАХСКОЙ ЗОНЕ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА И ЕЕ
СНИЖЕНИЕ
1Агджабединский филиал Азербайджанского Государственного Педагогического Университета, AZ 0400, Агджабеди, пр. Гаджибейли 210, Азербайджан,
e-mail: faziljafarov@yahoo. com
Йсследованйя показывают неудовлетворйтельное состоянйе плодородйя земель, находящихся в настоящее время в сельскохозяйственном йспользованйй. Засоленйе й подверженность почвы эрозйй (в том чйсле йррйгацйонной эрозйй) в Мйльско-Карабахской зоне значйтельно повысйлйсь. В Азербайджане значйтельная часть орошае-
мых земель в той или иной степени подвержены засолению. В центральной части Азербайджана, в особенности в Кура-Араксинскои низменности наличие засоленных и солонцеватых земель сегодня является основнои проблемой Приблизительно 60 % земель Кура -Араксинскои низменности площадь, которых составляет 2,2 млн гектаров - это земли со среднеи и сильно засоленнои почвои. Для защиты почвы от эрозии возможно применение комплекса агротехнических, мелиоративных и агромелиоративных мероприятии. Преимуществом консервативного хозяиства является: снижение эрозии почвы, уменьшение расходов на горючее и на использование рабочеи силы, повышение эффективности использования водных ресурсов. Наряду с применением системы постоянного рядового посева, оно создает возможность для сохранения растительных остатков на поверхности почвы, роста урожаиности, уменьшения производственных затрат и значительного улучшения физических, химических и биологических своиств почвы.
Ключевые слова: эрозия почвы, плодородность почвы, засоление, разглаживание поверхности почвы, раздельныи посев, гумус.
