CC BY
13
УДК 316.613
Logvinenko Е.А.
Student at the Faculty of Pedagogy, Psychology and Communicative Studies Kuban State University Russia, Krasnodar Malutina V.A.
Student at the Faculty of Pedagogy, Psychology and Communicative Studies Kuban State University Russia, Krasnodar Volkodav T. V.
Ph.D., MA in Pedagogy and Psychology, associate professor in the Department of Pedagogy and Psychology and the Department of English Philology Kuban State University Russia, Krasnodar
SOCIAL ISOLATION AS A FACTOR OF SMARTPHONE ADDICTION
IN ADOLESCENTS
Abstract
The article is devoted to the problem of studying the adults' smartphone addiction caused by the lack of real life communication. The research attempts to establish the correlation between smartphone addiction and loneliness in adolescents on the basis of the survey, attended by N= 61 young people (F=37, M=24) aged from 18 to 23 years old, who live in Krasnodar Region.
Keywords: smartphone addiction, loneliness, adolescents, relationship,
users.
Introduction
Loneliness is the unpleasant experience that occurs when a person's network of social relations is deficient in some important way [1, с. 31]. According to Robert Weiss, an American psychologist and therapist, loneliness is an occasional acute experience of anxiety and tension associated with an unsatisfied desire to have a friendly or intimate relationship [2, с.3]. People feel lonely when their relationship with others is not at the desired level. This feeling of loneliness makes them feel unhappy, especially during their youth [3].
In many countries, smartphone addiction has been studied in correlation with loneliness. The results of these studies have shown that the long-term use of the smartphone entails negative consequences. In a recent study, researchers from Korea found out that smartphones satisfy both functional (primary) and emotional needs of users. They sometimes influence user intention and behavior through the interaction between the user and product [4, с. 563]. According to another study, which was conducted by the Chinese psychologist Motoharu Takao in 2009, lonely people tend to maintain daily contact with their peers through calls to make
up for their social loneliness [5]. In 2012 Korean researchers Borae Jin and Namkee Park from the Yonsei University confirmed that if a person is sociable, i.e., often interacts with other people face to face, he has a low level of loneliness. Therefore, a person who prefers to communicate via his smartphone has a high level of loneliness [6, c. 3].
The results of another study, conducted by American Psychologists Robert Kraut and Michael Patterson, showed that introverts, who often use the Internet and other smartphone functions, turn out to be lonely. They have more negative emotions than positive ones as well as a low self-esteem. The researchers emphasize that long-term use of the Internet leads to a decrease in the relationship between family members, which is accompanied by an increase in depression [7, c. 1025]. Thus, many people are very lonely, even if they are constantly among other people. For this reason, young people are immersed in a virtual world where they can communicate in social networks, exchange messages, watch videos, listen to music, etc., trying to fill the emptiness in their social life. Adolescents tend think they are not alone. As a result, they gradually become addicted to smartphones.
Materials and Methods
The present study was conducted on the basis of educational institutes and colleges of Krasnodar Region (Russia) using an online survey, which consists of 15 questions (Table 1). The purpose of the current survey is to establish the correlation between smartphone addiction and social loneliness of adolescents. The subjects of the research include 61 respondents aged from 18 to 23 years old. The total number of the respondents is 37 female students (60,7%) and 24 male students (39,3%).
Table 1. Questionnaire "Loneliness and social isolation as a factor of _smartphone addiction in adolescents " _
Question Possible answer Percentage
1. Sex 1) female 60,7%
2) male 39,3%
2. Age 1) 18-20 72,1%
2) 21-23 23%
3) 24 + 4,9%
3. How often do you use a 1) rarely (by necessity) 3,2%
smartphone every day? 2) 1~3 hours a day 8,2%
3) only in my free time 14,8%
4) most of the time 54,1%
5) constantly 19,7%
4. If you were alone with a stranger, 1) a smartphone 68,9%
what would you prefer, a smartphone 2) a talk with a stranger 31,1%
or a talk with a stranger?
5. How often do you get distracted by 1) constantly 14,8%
a smartphone when you are in the 2) sometimes 80,3%
company of friends? 3) I turn off my phone when I'm 4,9%
in the company of friends
6. How would you prefer to watch a 1) in a movie with a friend 73,8%
film, in a movie with a friend or 2) at home alone 26,2%
through a smartphone at home
alone?
7. What makes you feel more 1) communication via a 42,6%
comfortable, communication through smartphone 57,4%
a smartphone or a real life 2) a real life conversation
conversation?
8. Do your friends get offended when 1) no 37,7%
you are distracted by a smartphone 2) yes 21,3%
while communicating with them? 3) it distracts them 41%
9. Do you use your smartphone as a 1) yes 44,3%
remedy for loneliness? 2) no 21,3%
3) sometimes 34,4%
10. What would you choose, 1) smartphone 13,1%
communication with your family or 2) family 86,9%
your smartphone?
11. What do you usually choose, 1) family 63,9%
communicating with your family or 2) smartphone 36,1%
checking your smartphone?
12. Do you consider people who 1) yes 27,9%
choose to spend most of their time 2) no 29,5%
checking their smartphones, to be 3) I don't know 42,6%
lonely?
13. Do you feel lonely using your 1) yes 21,3%
smartphone? 2) no 34%
3) sometimes 44,3%
14. Do you notice that sometimes you 1) yes 82%
surf the Internet aimlessly (constantly 2) no 1,6%
checking email, updating the news on 3) sometimes 16,4%
the social network, etc.)?
15. How long could you survive 1) not a minute 14,8%
without gadgets and the Internet? 2) one day 44,3%
3) two days 11,5%
4) a week 21,3%
5) month 4,9%
6) half a year 3,2%
Results and conclusion
After analyzing the data obtained in the course of the study, it was found that 19.7% of the respondents are constantly using a smartphone or checking it most of the time (54.1%). It is noteworthy that only two respondents (3,2%) use a smartphone only if necessary. According to the results of the survey, 82% of the participants reported that they spend time aimlessly surfing the Internet, for example, constantly checking emails, updating the news on the social network, etc.
Additionally, it was interesting to find out whether the respondents themselves are able to understand their addiction. It should be noted that a small percentage of the adolescents surveyed (8.5%) is ready to give up their
smartphones for more than a week. The survey showed that 14.8% of respondents admitted that they cannot survive without a smartphone even for a minute. These results indicate that the majority of people surveyed have a vital need for gadgets; they are immersed in the virtual world and escape from the real-life problems and responsibilities.
When choosing between communicating with a stranger and a smartphone, many respondents (68,9%) opted for the latter, which indicates that today's young people are less likely to come into contact with the outside world. Furthermore, 80,3% of the respondents admitted that sometimes they are distracted by a smartphone when communicating with friends. Moreover, young people who took part in the survey, have communication problems in the real world. Nevertheless, 4,9% of the respondents turn off their phones when communicating with friends.
It should be noted that only 21,3% of the participants refuse to use a smartphone as a remedy for loneliness; the rest resort to the phone to protect themselves from loneliness. According to the results obtained, 13,3% of the respondents usually spend more time checking their smartphones instead of communicating with the family. In other words, some adolescents are not interested in spending their free time with relatives.
Thus, the study has established a certain correlation between the two variables (loneliness and a smartphone) in adolescents. Therefore, social loneliness is one of the factors that lead to smartphone addiction.
References:
1. Perlman D., Peplau L.A. Toward a Social Psychology of Loneliness. Personal Relationships: 3. Relationships in Disorder. London: Academic Press. - 1981. - С. 31-56
2. Weiss R. S. (1989). Reflections on the Present State of Loneliness Research. Loneliness: Theory, research, and Applications. - 1989. С. 1-16
3. Teppers E., Luyckx K., Klimstra T.A., Goossens L. Loneliness and Facebook motives in adolescence: A longitudinal inquiry into directionality of effect // Journal of Adolescence. - 2014. - Retrieved from URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4857285/
4. Jin B.S., Yoon S.H., Ji Y.G. Development of a Continuous Usage Model for the Adoption and Continuous Usage of a Smartphone // Journal of Human -Computer Interaction. - 2013. - №29. С. 563 - 581
5. Takao M., Takahashi S., Kitamura M. Addictive personality and problematic mobile phone use // CyberPsychology & Behavior. - 2009. - Retrieved from URL: https://clck.ru/EnAwb
6. Jin B., Park N. Mobile voice communication and loneliness: Cell phone use and the social skills deficit hypothesis // New Media & Society. - 2012. - №0(0). С. 118
7. Kraut P., Patterson M., Lundmark V., Kiesler S., Mukopadhyay Т., Scherlis W. Internet paradox: a social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? // American Psychologist. - 1998. - №53(9). С. 10171031
