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4Ученые записки Крымского федерального университета имени В. И. Вернадского Социология. Педагогика. Психология. Том 9 (75). 2023. № 2. С. 151-160.
УДК 159.9: 316.624
SOCIAL AND NATURAL CONDITIONING OF ADDICTION BEHAVIOR AMONG THE RUSSIAN POPULATION1
Mulik A. B.1, Shatyr Yu. A.1, Ulesikova I. V.1, Nazarov N. O.2, Yusupov V. V.1, Cherny Y. V.3
1Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Military Medical Academy
named after S. M. Kirov», St Petersburg, Russia
2Branch «Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Volgograd» LLC «CDL-DOMODEDOVO-TEST»,
Volgograd, Russia
3V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Simferopol, Republic of Crimea, Russia
E-mail: mulikab@mail.ru1
The existing combinations of exogenous (social, natural, man-made) factors that determine group and individual patterns and forms of risky behavior undoubtedly have an impact on the level of consumption of psychoactive substances in society. The purpose of the study is to identify factors of environmental conditioning of alcohol consumption and smoking by the population of the Russian Federation. As a result of the study, the presence of systemic links between the main indicators of social and criminal tension of the society with the physical and geographical characteristics of the environment, which together reflect a person's propensity to consume legal psychoactive substances, was revealed. A list of the most significant physical, geographical and social indicators has been identified that are markers of the environmental conditionality of the risks of using legal psychoactive substances for the regions of the Russian Federation: average annual air temperature, murder rate, suicide rate, abortion rate per 100 births. The control ranges of values of physical-geographical and social indicators - markers of the risk of consumption of "legal" psychoactive substances for the population of Russia were calculated.
Keywords: psychoactive substances, alcohol consumption, smoking, social factors in the formation of chemical addictions, physical and geographical factors in the formation of chemical addictions, risky behavior.
INTRODUCTION
According to WHO, the highest level of alcohol consumption per capita in the countries of Northern and Eastern Europe, against the background of minimal alcohol consumption of the population in the states of North Africa and the Middle East2. Tobacco smoking is generally most common in Europe, Southeast Asia and the Pacific, and least common in West, Central and East Africa3.
On the territory of Russia, the levels of consumption of "legal" psychoactive substances (PS) also have pronounced inter-regional differences. According to the
1 The study was carried out as part of the Strategic Academic Leadership Program "Priority - 2030".
2 Alcohol consumption statistics (WHO). [Electronic resource] - URL:
https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/alcohol-recorded-per-capita-(15-)-consumption-(in-litres -of-pure-alcohol) (date of access: 06/12/2021).
3 Tobacco statistics (WHO). [Electronic resource] - URL: https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.sdg.3-a-viz?lang=en. (date of access: 06/11/2021).
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aggregate data of Rosstat, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation for 2020, summarized in the "National Sobriety Rating of the Subjects of the Russian Federation - 2020", alcoholization of the Russian population is more pronounced in the Republic of Komi, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Udmurt Republic, the Sakhalin and Magadan regions1. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, in the Russian Federation, the most unfavorable situation in terms of the relative number of tobacco users is observed among residents of Chukotka, the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Republic of Khakassia and Yakutia2. It should be noted that over the past decade there have been no significant changes in the relative distribution of levels of alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking between the regions of Russia [1, 2]. In general, there is a widespread use of PAS among the youth of the Russian society [3, 4, 5, 6].
Based on this information, it should be assumed that a person's demand for alcohol and tobacco is environmentally determined. The existing combinations of exogenous (natural, technogenic, social) factors that determine group and individual patterns and forms of risky behavior undoubtedly influence the choice and level of consumption of "legal" PS.
Modern research in this direction, as a rule, focuses on the study of the genotype of certain racial and ethnic groups of the Earth's population, which have social and medical problems in conjunction with alcohol and tobacco addiction [7]. Some scientists state the relevance of taking into account the natural and anthropogenic reasons for the development of the phenotype in the genetic analysis of the population predisposition to the demand for PS [8]. At the same time, the expediency of identifying and assessing environmental impacts that are unique for various racial and ethnic groups of the Earth's population is substantiated [9]. Some works analyze the role of extreme environmental factors in the development of mental and physical health problems, which, in turn, determine the demand for PS [10]. A number of studies have determined the presence of systemic relationships between the level of surfactant consumption and the physical and geographical characteristics of the human environment. A positive effect of cold weather and a deficit of solar radiation during the day on alcohol consumption by the population was revealed [11]. A negative relationship was determined between the average annual air temperature and the relative number of smokers among the population of the European part of Russia [12]. Taking into account the pronounced nature of the body's response, primarily to a lack or excess of heat [13, 14], it is this factor that stands out as the main one in the initial assessment the degree of natural discomfort of the environment. The
1 National rating of sobriety of subjects of the Russian Federation. [Electronic resource] - URL: https://cloud.mail.ru/public/3KZf/2ylHoFDb5 (date of access: 06/11/2021).
2 Rosstat. Tobacco consumption. - Access mode:
https://docviewer.yandex.ru/view/1397480623/?*=ZpGtTqoXFPMiH99XgRkh2UGBAnB7InVybCI6InlhLWJ
yb3dzZXI6Ly80RFQxdVhFUFJySlJYbFVGb2V3cnWdHhxT3pjd3c0OW9NdVBuNDJsa
VdpTU9NTmZfYkE0WkxpcmR3NmpWQjJLMGJMWUJ4SnBHb2lvTWh0eF9fdWRpcGI4TzVkazc3ZWliU
khpUG93OWFPSm9MS043UlltQzBJSWc5LS1aS0VaaWluUFJoRWUzak1LZGplWnBmdDFnZFE
9PT9zaWduPWVkdGgzakdVYzJ2NVNad0FnY29mZ3kwR2ZFQlBkTmRjRjV0RTBmNjFhM3M9IiwidGl0b
GUiOiLQotCw0LHQu9C40YbQsCA2Ny4g0J%2FQvtGC0YDQtdCx0LvQtdC9 3 D, free. (date of access:
06/14/2021).
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influence of social stereotypes on the initiation of the use of "legal" PS is substantiated [15, 16, 17]. Data on the role of situational social phenomena in the risk of PAS consumption are presented [18].
In the previously undertaken own studies, on the example of thirteen regions of the Russian Federation, a systematic analysis of the relationships between physical-geographical and biogeochemical environmental factors with indicators of social status, as well as the level of alcoholization of the population of model territories, was carried out. It was revealed that the potential physical and geographical risk factors for alcoholization of residents of certain regions of the Russian Federation are the severity of the northern latitude of the place of residence, a lower level of average annual air temperature, total solar radiation and longitude of the day in the winter season. Correlation analysis of the relationships between chemical environmental factors and the level of alcoholization in the population of the model regions of Russia revealed the presence of a statistical significance of their manifestation. At the same time, the level of alcoholization of residents of certain territories of Russia is positively associated with the systemic severity of indicators of social and criminal tension in the society [19]. It should be noted that in the scientific literature there are no subject characteristics of the functional, psychological and social status of a person permanently residing within the boundaries of local territories of the Russian Federation.
The results of the presented studies indicate the expediency of further studying the relationships between the physical and geographical parameters of the environment, indicators of social and criminal tension in society, as potential risk factors for the consumption of "legal" PS by the population of local territories of the Russian Federation.
Purpose: to identify factors of environmental conditioning of alcohol consumption and smoking by the population of the Russian Federation.
STATEMENT OF THE MAIN MATERIAL
The designated goal determined the focus on the following research objectives:
1. 1. To identify indicators of social and criminal tension in the society associated with the level of consumption of "legal" PS in the regions of the Russian Federation.
2. Determine the potential role of biologically significant physical and geographical environmental factors in the propensity of the population of local territories of Russia to consume alcohol and smoke.
3. Substantiate the list of social and physical-geographical indicators - markers of the environmental conditionality of the risks of alcohol consumption and smoking for the regions of the Russian Federation.
4. Calculate the control ranges of values of social and physical-geographical indicators - markers of the risk of consumption of "legal" PS for the population of Russia.
For the study, information was used on the social status of the population and the physical and geographical characteristics of all regions of the Russian Federation, with the exception of three cities of federal significance. Accounting for the social status of the population of eighty-two regions of Russia was carried out according to official data from
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the Federal State Statistics Service 1 •2 and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation3,4, which provided the following indicators: alcoholization index, number of patients with alcoholism and alcoholic psychosamine per 100,000 population, smoking rate (% of the population), homicide deaths per 100,000 population, suicide deaths per 100,000 population, abortions per 100 births, number of first-time in life with an established diagnosis of HIV infection per 100,000 population, divorce rate, life expectancy. The physical and geographical parameters of the environment were estimated according to the indicators obtained from the National Atlas of Russia [20]. At the same time, as indicators that comprehensively reflect the biologically significant physical and geographical features of individual territories of Russia, the following were used: the average annual air temperature, as the main component of the climatic characteristics of the environment, which determines the comfort of human life; degrees of north latitude and degrees of east longitude, as geographic positions directly related to the longitude of the day and the specifics of the climate in specific regions of the country.
The research scheme included a theoretical analysis of the relationship between the level of alcoholism and tobacco smoking of the population with indicators of social and criminal tension in society, as well as the physical and geographical characteristics of the environment, in the regions of the Russian Federation.
Formation of the primary data base and statistical processing of the results were carried out in MS Excel 2007 (12.0.6611.1000) (Microsoft, USA), Statistica 6.0 (StatSoft, USA). To assess the severity and direction of the relationships of the studied indicators, the correlation coefficients r-Spearman were calculated.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
At the first stage of theoretical studies, an analysis was made of the degree of alcoholization and the level of smoking in the local territories of the Russian Federation. At the beginning, the studied indicators were ranked by regions of Russia, then they were correlated with the regional indicators of the average annual air temperature, the coordinates of the northern latitude and eastern longitude. Используя метод ранговой корреляции, произвели расчёт выраженности и Using the rank correlation method, we calculated the severity and direction of the relationship of the alcoholization index (AI units), the relative number of smokers (% of the population), the average annual temperature (°C), degrees of north latitude (°N.L.) and east longitude (°E.L.). As a result of the correlation analysis, for the first time, a number of points were revealed that characterize the relationship between the natural environment of human life and the level of consumption of "legal" psychoactive substances in Russia. It should be noted that there are pronounced, statistically significant (p<0.001) negative correlations between air temperature and °N.L. (r = - 0.568) and °E.L. (r = - 0.582). The level of alcoholization
'Statistics for Russia. - Access mode: https://russia.duck.consulting/, free.
2Russian statistical yearbook. 2020: Stat.sb./Rosstat. - R76 M., 2020 - 700 p.
3Medical statistics. http://miaceao.ru/medicinskaya-statistika/, free.
4Socially significant diseases of the Russian population in 2019 (statistical materials). - Sat. materials of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. - M.: "TsNIIOIZ". 2020. - 77 p.
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has a statistically significant inverse relationship with the average annual air temperature (p<0.001), as well as a significant direct relationship with °N.L. (p<0.001) and with °E.L. (p=0.015). By analogy with the level of alcoholization, the relative number of smokers in the regions of Russia statistically significantly negatively correlates with the average annual air temperature (p<0.001), and positively correlates with °N.L. (p<0.001) and with °E.L. (p=0.001). When characterizing the specifics of the consumption of "legal" psychoactive substances, one should focus on the presence of a statistically significant (p<0.001) direct correlation between the relative number of smokers and the level of alcoholism in the population of Russian regions (r = + 0.639). The presented results of the analysis of the links between the physical and geographical indicators of the environment with the alcoholization index and the level of tobacco smoking of the Russian population confirm the systemic nature of their manifestation in the main positions (Figure 1).
Air temperature
-0,618 -0,66
Northern latitude
Eastern longitude
0,542
-0,8
-0,6
-0
0,Alcohc>0
2
H Smoking,
0,4
0,6
0,8
Fig. 1. Correlations between the alcohol consumption index and the level of tobacco smoking with some physical and geographical indicators of the living environment of the population of Russia.
As part of the second stage of theoretical research, for each region, a block of indicators of social and criminal tension in the society was formed, the severity of which was correlated with the alcoholization index and the relative number of smokers. The correlation analysis of the obtained results revealed a number of complex relationships between indicators of criminal and social tension with the degree of alcoholization and the level of tobacco smoking in the population of Russian regions. At the same time, the degree of alcoholization of society has a statistically significant direct relationship with the number of patients with alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses (p<0.001), mortality from homicide (p<0.001), mortality from suicide (p<0.001), the number of abortions per 100 births (p<0.001 ), divorce rate (p<0.001), feedback on life expectancy (p<0.001), as well as a trend towards a statistically significant (p=0.057) positive relationship with the number of patients diagnosed with HIV infection for the first time in their lives. The level of tobacco smoking in the population statistically significantly positively associated with the number of patients with alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses (p=0.022), mortality from homicide (p<0.001), mortality from suicide (p<0.001), the number of abortions per 100
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births (p<0.001), with the number of patients diagnosed with HIV infection for the first time (p=0.027), divorce rate (p=0.003) and, conversely, with life expectancy (p<0.001). alcoholism and the level of tobacco smoking of the population of Russia revealed the systemic nature of their manifestation in the main elements of the analyzed positions (Figure 2).
Alcoholism Murders Suicide Abortion HIV Divorce
'///////(//////' 0,499 Y/S/S/S/S/S/S/S/S/S/i q0^447 ///////////////( HSJ //////////////////A 0,6] 6?2
EB3
'/////////{//. ,nf| 11
Life expectancy
-0,8 -0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0 / Alcohol
0,2
0,4 0,6
0,i
Fig. 2. Correlations between the index of alcohol consumption and the level of smoking with some indicators of social and criminal tension among the population of Russia.
The data obtained make it possible to identify a list of the most significant physical, geographical and social indicators - markers of the environmental conditionality of the risks of using "legal" PS for the regions of the Russian Federation: average annual air temperature, murder rate, suicide rate, abortion rate per 100 births. The results of calculating the correlations of the established markers of the environmental conditionality of the risks of alcohol and tobacco consumption indicate the systemic nature of their manifestation on the territory of Russia. All presented relationships are characterized by the presence of pronounced statistical significance (p<0.01).
In order to identify the limits of the potential criticality of the values of the identified markers of the environmental risk of alcoholism and smoking, the empirical boundaries of their maximum manifestation were determined depending on the degree of consumption of "legal" PS in the regions of the Russian Federation. The index of alcoholization of the population was conditionally differentiated into four levels of severity across the territory of Russia: - very low (up to 30 units); - low (31-35 units); - medium (36-39 units); - high (40 or more units). In a similar way, we made a conditional differentiation of tobacco consumption by the population of the Russian Federation according to four levels of the relative number of smokers in the regions: - very low (less than 20%); - low (20-24.9%); -medium (25-29.9%); - high (30% or more). The subsequent distribution of the arithmetic mean values of the identified markers by four levels of environmental risk of alcoholism and tobacco smoking for the Russian population is presented in the Table.
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Table
The ratio of the severity of indicators-markers of the environmental risk of alcohol consumption and smoking in the population of the Russian Federation
Risk markers Risk levels
Very low Low Average High
AnKoront Ta6aK AnKoront Ta6aK AnKoront Ta6aK AnKoront Ta6aK
Average annual temperature, °C +8,4± 0,83 +9,0± 1,01 +5,3± 0,72 +5,6± 0,50 +2,1± 0,61 +2,3± 0,59 +1,3± 0,73 -0,22± 1,01
Murders per 100,000 population 2,6± 0,41 1,8± 0,38 4,6± 0,39 4,4± 0,31 7,7± 1,48 7,6± 1,25 9,2± 1,21 11,2± 1,78
Suicides, per 100,000 population 6,2± 1,35 3,8± 1,59 13,9± 1,34 12,8± 1,17 16,1± 2,08 16,2± 1,32 21,0± 2,35 23,9± 4,01
Abortions, per 100 births 29,0± 3,40 20,4± 4,37 44,4± 2,99 42,1± 2,05 51,7± 2,27 54,5± 2,02 55,6± 2,24 56,7± 2,20
The results obtained make it possible to determine the boundaries of the potential criticality of the values of the selected markers of the environmental risk of alcoholism and smoking for the population of local territories of the Russian Federation. As a risk criterion for the consumption of "legal" PS, it is advisable to take the minimum (and for the average annual air temperature - the maximum) values of the arithmetic mean values of the selected indicators, which are within the boundaries of the average level of environmental risk of alcoholism and tobacco smoking in Russia. Due to the almost complete correspondence between the severity of the analyzed indicators for alcoholism and tobacco smoking for each of the four levels of the risk of PS consumption, it seems possible to take into account the overall risk of demand for "legal" PS without differentiating them by type. Thus, for the average annual air temperature, the control value of criticality is a temperature of 2.3 ° C and below, in terms of the level of murders, criticality manifests itself from 7.6 murders and more per 100,000 population, in terms of suicide, criticality manifests itself from 16.1 suicides and more per 100,000 people. 100,000 population, in terms of the abortion rate, the criticality manifests itself from 51.7 and more abortions per 100 births.
Summarizing the presented results, first of all, it should be stated that there are systemic links between the main physical and geographical characteristics of the environment and indicators of social and criminal tension in society, which together reflect a person's propensity to consume "legal" PS. These connections confirm the universality of the mechanisms for the formation of behavioral deviations in the conditions of natural-climatic and social discomfort in the environment of human life. The identified markers of environmental conditioning of alcohol consumption and smoking
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can be used as target indicators for risk factors for the formation of chemical addictions in the implementation of health-saving technologies for the Russian population.
CONCLUSIONS
1. As the main physical and geographical factors of the environment associated with the consumption of "legal" psychoactive substances by the population of local territories of Russia, the following are determined: the average annual air temperature, geographical coordinates of the northern latitude and eastern longitude of the region.
2. The main indicators of social status associated with the level of alcoholism and tobacco smoking in the population of Russian regions have been identified: the number of patients with alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses, mortality from murder, mortality from suicide, the number of abortions per 100 births, the number of patients diagnosed with HIV for the first time in their lives. infections, divorce rate, life expectancy.
3. A list of the most significant physical-geographical and social indicators has been identified - markers of the environmental conditionally of the risks of using "legal" psychoactive substances for the regions of the Russian Federation: average annual air temperature, homicide rate, suicide rate, abortion rate per 100 births.
4. The control ranges of values of physical-geographical and social indicators -markers of the risk of consumption of "legal" psychoactive substances for the population of Russia were calculated.
СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ И ПРИРОДНАЯ ОБУСЛОВЛЕННОСТЬ АДДИКТИВНОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РОССИИ1
Мулик А. Б.1, Шатыр Ю. А.1, Улесикова И. В.1, Назаров Н. О.2, Юсупов В. В.1, Черный Е. В.3
1ФГБВОУ ВО «Военно-медицинская академия им. С. М. Кирова», Санкт-Петербург, Россия
2Филиал «КДЛ Волгоград» ООО «КДЛ-ДОМОДЕДОВО-ТЕСТ», Волгоград, Россия
3ФГАОУ ВО «КФУ им. В.И. Вернадского», Симферополь, Республика Крым, Россия
E-mail: mulikab@mail.ru1
Существующая совокупность экзогенных факторов (природных, техногенных, социальных), определяющих групповые и индивидуальные закономерности и формы рискованного поведения человека, несомненно, влияет на уровень потребления «легальных» психоактивных веществ.
Цель работы - выявление факторов экологической обусловленности потребления алкоголя и табакокурения населением Российской Федерации.
Для исследования использовались сведения о физико-географических характеристиках и социальном положении населения всех регионов Российской Федерации, за исключением трех городов федерального значения. Физико-
1 Исследование выполнено в рамках Программы стратегического академического лидерства
«Приоритет - 2030».
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географические параметры окружающей среды оценивались по показателям, полученным из Национального атласа России. Учет социального положения населения восьмидесяти двух регионов России проводился по официальным данным Росстата и Минздрава России.
Исследование выявило наличие системных связей между основными физико-географическими характеристиками окружающей среды с показателями социальной и криминальной напряженности общества, в комплексе отражающими склонность человека к потреблению «легальных» психоактивных веществ. При этом в качестве основных физико-географических факторов среды, связанных с потреблением «легальных» психоактивных веществ населением локальных территорий России, определены: среднегодовая температура воздуха, географические координаты северной широты и восточной долготы региона. Установлены основные показатели социального положения, связанные с уровнем алкоголизма и табакокурения населения регионов России: число больных алкоголизмом и алкогольными психозами, смертность от убийств, смертность от суицида, количество абортов на душу населения. 100 рождений, количество больных с диагнозом первичная ВИЧ-инфекция, количество разводов, продолжительность жизни. Перечень наиболее значимых физико-географических и социальных показателей-маркеров экологической обусловленности рисков потребления «легальных» психоактивных веществ в регионах Российской Федерации: среднегодовая температура воздуха, уровень убийств, уровень самоубийств, уровень абортов на 100 рождений. Рассчитаны контрольные диапазоны значений физико-географических и социальных показателей-маркеров риска потребления «легальных» психоактивных веществ для населения России.
Ключевые слова: психоактивные вещества, употребление алкоголя, табакокурение, социальные факторы формирования химической зависимости, физико-географические факторы формирования химической зависимости, рискованное поведение, регионы России, население России.
Исследование проведено в рамках Программы стратегического академического лидерства «Приоритет - 2030».
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