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22Body composition of young people aged 17-18 years, practicing and not practicing swimming, with the use of the bioelectrical impedance method
Jendrysek Marek Nowosielska-Swadzba Danuta ', Zwolinska Danuta ', Podstawski Robert 2
1 The Institute of Physical Culture, State Higher Vocational School in Raciborz, Poland 2 Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland
Abstract:
Purpose: Body composition evaluation of youth aged 17-18 of a different physical activity with the help of bioelectric impedance method. Material and Methods:
18 boys practicing swimming and
19 boys not practicing it took part in the study, making up a control group. Height, weight, BMI, lean body mass, the content of fat and water, Rohr factor were evaluated. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test has been used to evaluate the differences in the range of the tissue components between the two groups. Results: Statistically significant differences were found on the p<0,05 level in % fat content. Mean body weight in experimental group was 71.5 kg, while in control group it was 69.4 kg. Minimum and maximum weight in group of swimming-practicing persons was: 56.6-92.2 kg. Increased body weight in the group of swimmers can result from greater amount of active tissue in this group compared with persons of low physical activity. Proportionally, it amounted to 64.3 kg and 61.3 kg. In the tested groups, minimal and maximal values of amount of active tissue proportionately amounted to: 54.178 and 49.5-72,3 kg. Conclusions: Physical activity modifies body composition. Active lifestyle is one of the methods for prevention of overweight and obesity.
Keywords:
body composition, physical activity, obesity, bioelectric impedance.
Ендрисек Марек, Новосельска-Свадьба Данута, Зволинска Данута, Подставки Роберт. Состав тела молодых людей в возрасте 17-18 лет, занимающихся и не-занимающихся плаванием на основе метода биоэлектрического импеданса. Цель: оценка состава тела молодых людей в возрасте 17-18 с различной степенью физической активности с помощью метода биоэлектрического импеданса. Материал и методы: в исследовании принимали участие 18 юношей, занимающихся и неза-нимающихся плаванием (контрольная группа). Были оценены: рост, вес, индекс массы тела, мышечной массы тела, содержание жира и воды, индекс Рошера. Для оценки различий компонентов состава тела был использован непараметрический тест Ман-на-Уитни. Результаты: статистически значимые различия были обнаружены в уровне содержания жирового компонента (р<0,05). Средний вес тела в экспериментальной группе была 71,5 кг, тогда как в контрольной группе он составлял 69,4 кг. Минимальное и максимальное значение веса в группе занимающихся плаванием составило: 56.6-92.2 кг. Увеличение массы тела в группе плавающих может возникнуть в результате большего количества активной ткани по сравнению с лицами с низкой физической активности. Пропорционально, этот показатель составил 64,3 кг и 61,3 кг. В исследуемых группах минимальные и максимальные значения количества активной ткани пропорционально составило: 54.1-78 и 49.5-72,3 кг. Выво-
ды: Физическая активность изменяет состав тела. Активный образ жизни является одним из методов профилактики избыточного веса и ожирения.
состав тела, физическая активность, ожирение, биоэлектрической сопротивле-
Ендр1сек Марек, Новосельська-Свадьба Данута, Зволшська Данута, Подставк1 Роберт. Склад тта моло-дих людей у в1ц1 17-18 рок1в, що за-ймаються I не займаються плаванням на основ! методу бюелектричного !мпедансу. Мета: оцЫка складу тша молодих людей у вiцi 17-18 з рiзним ступенем фiзичноí активной за допо-могою методу бюелектричного iмпедан-су. Матер'1ал i методи: в дослщженж брали участь 18 юнаив, що займаються i не займаються плаванням (контрольна група). Були оцЫеж: зрют, вага, Ыдекс маси тша, м'язова маса тша, вмют жиру i води, Ыдекс Рошера. Для оцшки вщ-мЫностей компонент складу тша був використаний непараметрический тест Манна-У''тж. Результати: статистично значущi вщмшност були виявлеж в рiв-ж змюту жирового компонента (р <0,05). Середня вага тша в експериментальжй груп була 71,5 кг, тодi як в контрольна груп вона становила 69,4 кг. МУмальне i максимальне значення ваги в грут, що займаються плаванням, склало: 56.692.2 кг. Збтьшення маси тта в груп плаваючих може виникнути в результат бтьшо'!' ктькост активно'!' тканини в по-рiвняннi з особами з низькою фiзичною активжстю. Пропорцмно, цей показник склав 64,3 кг i 61,3 кг. У дослщжуваних групах м^мальж i максимальж значення ктькост активно' тканини про-порцшно склало: 54.1-78 i 49.5-72,3 кг. Висновки: Фiзична активжсть змшюе склад тта. Активний споаб життя е одним iз методiв профтактики надмiрноí ваги i ожиршня.
склад тла, фiзична активжсть, ожи-рння, бiоелектричний отр.
Introduction
Recent years, in Poland and in many other countries studies have been conducted on problem of overweight and obesity. Obesity is perceived as a health problem and treated as "Epidemic of XXI century". In medical concept, obesity is treated as a systemic chronic metabolic disease resulting from a disorder of the balance between energy collecting and spending [1]. Obesity is connected with an excessive fat body growth. The period of puberty is a critical period for general fatness development and in terms of body for fat location in the organism [13].
Hirschler V. et al. [8], Anoop M. et al. [1] suggest that there is a correlation between abdominal obesity and late appearance of the metabolic syndrome (ZM). De Ferranti A. et al. [5] state that obesity is a clinical concept of related metabolic disorders, to which belong the following
© Jendrysek Marek, Nowosielska-Swadzba Danuta, Zwolinska Danuta, Podstawski Robert, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.1110
among others: abdominal obesity, hypertension, increased glucose concentration, insulin resistance, lipid economy. In case of children obesity should be treated as a multi-systemic disease [7].
According to Sikorska-Wisniewska G. [18], main obesity causes are: inappropriate eating habits, low physical activity, emotional problems, pregnant women's inappropriate nutrition, genetic factors. The author says that during childhood, environmental impact is very crucial, due to formation of eating habits. Besides, parents have also a significant influence on the children's way of their free time spending. They can offer different forms of physical activity to the child. Significance of a physical activity increases, especially in the prevention of civilizational diseases. Physical activity positively affects our health, emotional and social development. Systematic, long-lasting physical exercises induce changes in organs, systems, cells. These changes affect body composition (lean body mass participation, fat body) [17]. Chabros E.
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and Chrzanowska J. [4] state that obesity and overweight are frequently the result of an inappropriate diet and low physical activity. It has been found that following an appropriate diet together with a regular physical activity constitutes an effective method in the fight against obesity. Regular participation in sports reduces amount of fat body and increases lean body mass. Physical activity leads to reduction of fat body mass size, and also improves its sensitivity to insulin effect. An adequate level of physical activity leads also to regulation of metabolic disorders, which occur with obesity. Bialkowska M. [2] claims that physical activity is effective for secondary and primary obesity prevention, while reduced physical fitness can lead to increased risk of premature death.
Body mass and composition measurements are good tools to evaluate metabolism disorders, in diagnostics of malnutrition, overweight and obesity.
Anthropometric methods evaluating overweight and obesity include: bioelectric impedance method, percentile grid, waist-hip rate (WHR), waist circuit (WC), BMI rate (body mass index). Bioelectric impedance method is a non-invasive, simple method. Besides, thanks to this method, evaluation of body composition mass can be made. Woodrow G. [20], Birch K., et al. [3] state that bioelectric impedance is connected with electrical conductivity of lean, hydrated and anhydrous body fat. The most frequently used weight-height factor is BMI factor.
Material and methods
Ethics
The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Charter of Human Rights and was approved by Ethics Committee of State Higher Vocational School in Raciborz. Each participant was willing to participate in the study voluntarily and confirmed that with a written agreement.
Participants and controls
Tests were conducted in 2013 on a group of young people at age of 17-18 in the morning hours (8.00 - 10.00). The participants were divided into two groups differing by level of physical activity. One group consisted of persons with high level of physical activity, training swimming (18 boys). The second tested group - were the persons not training (19 people), attending only PE lessons (3 times a week).
The subjects were instructed to avoid physical activity, maintain current food intake, with no alcohol and caffeine 48 hours before testing. On test day, the athletes were with empty stomach. The subjects stayed in standard study conditions (temperature 20-22o C - thermo neutral conditions), following the basic procedures of sports metrology.
As a research tool, analyzer of body composition TANITA TBF-300 type has been used, measuring participation of particular body components (Bioelectric analysis of the impedance - BIA). This method uses resistance measurement of electric current in human body. As a result of such research, the following values have been obtained: body mass [kg], BMI - Body Mass
Index (weight - height factor of body mass), FAT % -percentage of body fat, FAT MASS -content of body fat in [kg], FFM -content of lean body mass [kg], TBW -total water content in organism [kg].
The results were processed and subjected to the statistical calculations (mean, standard deviation (SD, ±), min., max.) in Microsoft Open Office Excel 2007 software. Significance level of differences between tested groups was calculated with Statistica 10 program. Calculations were made with the use of non-parametric U Mann-Whitney test to compare two independent groups. The level of significance was p<0,05.
Results
The study involved young people aged 17-18 years, practicing and not practicing swimming. The measurement of body composition with the help of bioelectrical impedance analysis was carried out in two groups of adolescents with different levels of physical activity. In addition to the basic somatic parameters, i.e. body weight [kg] and height [cm], body composition assessment was done, in which lean body mass [FFM kg], adipose tissue [FAT] expressed in kilograms and as percentages as well as the water content expressed in kilograms and as percentages, were specified.
Mean body weight in experimental group was 71.5 kg (± 8.23), while in control group it was 69.4 kg (± 8.84). Minimum and maximum weight in group of swimming-practicing persons was: 56.6-92.2 kg. Increased body weight in the group of swimmers can result from greater amount of active tissue in this group compared with persons of low physical activity. Proportionally, it amounted to 64.3 kg (± 6.10) and 61.3 kg (± 5.90). In the tested groups, minimal and maximal values of amount of active tissue proportionately amounted to: 54.1-78 and 49.5-72,3 kg. Greater volume of active tissue in group with high physical activity has also an effect on BMI. This indicator respectively took values: 22.1 (± 1.92) [kg / m2] and 21.5 (2.48) [kg / m2]. Minimum and maximum values were: 18.9-26.9 [kg/m2] and 16.2-28.5 [kg/m2]. Amount of active tissue, body weight, BMI in group of young people practicing swimming, were not significantly statistically higher, compared with control group. Water content [TBW] expressed in percents and in kilograms, in group practicing swimming, was not significantly higher, compared with control group. These indicators respectively took values: in experimental group: 66.0 (± 4.74), maximum and minimum values: 49.4-71.2 [%], whereas in control group: 65 (± 2.72), minimum and maximum values: 57.2-71.2 [%].
The study and analysis of the results have shown that there were significant statistical differences in body fat expressed in percents. In the group of people practicing swimming, these values amounted to 8.4 (± 3.41), minimum and maximum values were: (2.7-15.4) [%]. Accordingly, in control group, body fat, expressed in [%], took values of 11.2 (± 3.70) 2.8-21.8 [%]. Body fat percentage, expressed in kilograms, was 6.2 (± 3.12) in experimental group, minimum and maximum values were: 1.7-14.2 [kg], while in reference group they were:
Table 1. Somatic evaluation of tested groups of young people aged 17-18.
Parameters Swimmers (group I) N=18 Mean value of standard deviation^ (min. max) Tested group (II) Mean value of the standard deviation..± (min. max) Significance level p<0,05
Age 17,4±0,50 (17-18) 17,7±0,46 (17-18) 0,218448
Body height [cm] 180,0±6,36 (168-192) 179,6±6,06 (167-192) 0,963645
Mass [kg] 71,5±8,23 (56,6-92,2) 69,4±8,84 (53,3-92,5) 0,681643
BMI [kg/m2] 22,1±1,92 (18,9-26,9) 21,5±2,48 (16,2-28,5) 0,370033
FAT % 8,4±3,41 (2,7-15,4) 11,2±3,70 (2,8-21,8) 0,030970
FAT MASS [kg] 6,2±3,12 (1,7-14,2) 8,1±3,65 (1,5-20,2) 0,055574
FFM [kg] 64,3±6,10 (54,1-78) 61,3±5,90 (49,5-72,3) 0,260881
TBW [kg] 47,0±4,51 (39,6-57,1) 44,9±4,32 (36,2-52,9) 0,254493
TBW [%] 66,0±4,74 (49,4-71,2) 65±2,72 (57,2-71,2) 0,104015
Rohrer factor 1,2±0,11 (1,1-1,5) athletic 1,20±0,15 (0,9-1,6) athletic 0,637644
type type
*significance level p<0,05
8.1 (± 3.65), minimum and maximum values: 1.5-20.2 [kg]. Body fat percentage expressed in kilograms, approached level of significance 0 <0.05.
Discussion
Laska-Mierzejewska T. [11] states that in nontraining population, BMI shows rather high correlation with different measures of fatness. People, who train sports, have different composition of body tissues. BMI of contestants may be considered as an active tissue measurement. Jaskolski A. [10] writes that BMI factor is not the best obesity factor for trained people. People with of high physical activity and having mass musculature can have higher BMI value, which may indicate overweight or obesity. In the swimming-training group, high BMI factor can result from a large amount of muscles. Based on the presented opinions, BMI factor should not be compared when people, who differ in the level of physical activity, are examined. In group of the individuals, who practice swimming, in comparison with group II, BMI factor has shown insignificantly higher value. Nazar K. and Kaciuba-Uscilko H. [14] write that BMI factor can increase under the influence of increased physical activity. In group of contestants, body mass was insignificantly higher in comparison with the tested group. Beneficial effects of sports training are visible along with the evaluation of changes in proportions of active tissue and body fat. It can be observed in our studies, where body fat percentage was significantly lower in the contestants' group. It is confirmed by the opinion of Dietz W. H. [6] who claims that long-lasting physical activity promotes fat body reduction. Besides, in the author's opinion, systematic physical activity raises body efficiency and affects psyche positively. A similar conclusion was drawn by Janiszewska R. [9] who investigated students differing in the level of the physical activity. Based on the conducted studies, it can be assumed that intensive sports training affects body composition. In tested group I, amount of lean body tissue was insignificantly higher relative to group II. Our results are consistent with previous results, obtained by Stanula A., et al. [19]. Having investigated
12-year old swimmers with a 3-year training experience, the authors have shown that physical training significantly affects body composition. Janiszewska R. [9] states that systematic, increased physical activity leads to protein body mass increase, LBM increase, reduction of the subcutaneous body fat and visceral, and maintenance of BMI factor within normal range. On the basis of the studies, Orkwiszewska A. et al. [15], while assessing the degree of fatness and tissue composition in the training and non-training boys, suggest, that appropriately dosed physical exercises affect the process of physical development in a modifying way, leading to changes in somatic construction and tissue system.
According to Nazar K. and Kaciuba-Uscilko H. [14], the changes in body composition, connected with physical activity, are important argument in obesity therapy. Besides, the authors state that there are differences in sensitivity of cells, located in various parts of body, to the physical exercises. Moreover, according to Dietz W.
H. [6], systematic physical activity not only raises body's efficiency, but also affects psyche positively. Radochonska A. and Perenc L. [16] state that studies on fatness play important role in the obesity treatment and prevention.
Conclusions
I. Based on the results, it can be concluded that in group of individuals, who practice swimming, body fat proportion, expressed in %, was significantly lower compared with the control group.
2. In group of contestants there were no statistically significant tendencies for lean tissue growth [kg] compared with the control group.
3. In tested groups, BMI was normal. Based on these results, it can be concluded that non-significantly higher rate in group with increased physical activity was associated with content of lean tissues.
4. In group of swimmers, water content was not significantly higher, compared with control group. Conflict of interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Информация об авторах: Ендрисек Марек; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3460-1181; jjendrysek@wp.pl; Государственное высшее профессионально-техническое училище; ул. Словаскиего 55, 47-400, Расиборз, Польша.
Новосельска-Свадьба Данута; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-3089; danuta.swadzba@pwsz.raciborz.edu.pl; Государственное высшее профессионально-техническое училище; ул. Словаскиего 55, 47-400, Расиборз, Польша.
Зволинска Данута; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3353-27-97; danuta.zwolinska@pwsz.raciborz.edu.pl; Государственное высшее профессионально-техническое училище; ул. Сло-васкиего 55, 47-400, Расиборз, Польша.
Подставки Роберт; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1492-252X; podstawskirobert@gmail.com; Университет Вармии и Мазур в Ольштыне; Правоченскиего 7, 10-720, Ольштын, Польша.
Information about the authors: Jendrysek Marek: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3460-1181; jjendrysek@wp.pl; State Higer Vocational School in Raciborz; Stowackiego 55, 47-400 Raciborz Poland.
Nowosielska-Swadzba Danuta: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-3089; danuta.swadzba@pwsz.raciborz.edu.pl; State Higher Vocational School in Raciborz; Stowackiego 55, 47-400 Raciborz, Poland.
Zwolinska Danuta: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3353-27-97; danuta.zwolinska@pwsz.raciborz.edu.pl; State Higher Vocational School in Raciborz, Stowackiego 55, 47-400 Raciborz, Poland.
Podstawski Robert: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1492-252X; podstawskirobert@gmail.com: Yniversity of Warmia&Mazury in Olsztyn: Prawochenskiego7, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland.
Цитируйте эту статью как: Ендрисек Марек, Ново-сельска-Свадьба Данута, Зволинска Данута, Подставки Роберт. Состав тела молодых людей в возрасте 17-18 лет занимающихся и незанимающихся плаванием на основе метода биоэлектрического импеданса // Педагопка, психолопя та медико-бюлопчш проблеми фiзичного ви-ховання i спорту. - 2015. - N11. - С. 67-71. http://dx.doi. org/10.15561/18189172.2015.1110
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Cite this article as: Jendrysek Marek, Nowosielska-Swadzba Danuta, Zwolinska Danuta, Podstawski Robert. Body composition of young people aged 17-18 years, practicing and not practicing swimming, with the use of the bioelectrical impedance method. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports, 2015;11:67-71. http://dx.doi. org/10.15561/18189172.2015.1110
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Дата поступления в редакцию: 18.08.2015 Принята:29.08.2015; Опубликована: 02.09.2015
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/deed.en).
Received: 18.08.2015
Accepted: 29.08.2015; Published: 02.09.2015
IПЕДАГОГ1КА I та медико_б'олог'чн'
- - проблеми ф1зичного
виховання i спорту _
ПСИХОЛОГ1Я
Achievement goals and intensivity of physical activity during free play in children: the moderating role of perceived sport confidence
Marc R. Lochbaum1, Emeka T. Okafor1, David C. Brenner1, Zi§an Kazak Qetinkalp2
'Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, USA 2Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Abstract:
Purpose: to examine the moderating role of sport confidence and resultant the achievement goal profile with physical activity intensity during free play. Material: participants were 28 children participating in an after-school program. The 28 children completed measures of task and ego goal orientations and sport confidence two weeks prior to having their heart rate monitored during a free play session. Results: indicated that children with high sport confidence were characterized (p < .05; Cohen's ds > 1.10) by higher task and ego orientations and average heart rate over the course of the free play session when compared to the low sport confidence children. The moderate sport confidence children were not significantly different than the other groups expect for ego orientation though effect sizes indicated this group tended towards being more similar to the high sport confidence group. The results were confounded as all children in the low sport confidence condition were girls. Conclusions: Sport confidence moderates physical activity intensity during free play in children and is characterized by a higher ego orientation and generally higher task orientation. But given all of the low confident children were females, intervention work is needed at early ages with girls to build sport confidence and motivations for both goal orientations to hopefully increase physical activity intensity during free play.
Keywords: goal orientations, exercise intensity, physical activity, confidence.
Марк Лохбаум Р., Эмека Т. Окафор, Давид Ц. Бреннер, Зисан Казак Цетинкалп. Потребность в достижении успеха и интенсивность физической активности во время свободных игр у детей: замедляющая роль предполагаемой спортивной уверенности. Цель: изучить сдерживающую роль спортивной уверенности и, как следствие, достижение цели через интенсивность физической активности во время свободной игры. Материал: в исследовании принимали участие 28 детей в рамках внешкольной программы. У 28 детей до начала исследований был определен уровень самолюбия в достижении Цели. Во время свободного игровой сессии контролировалась частота сердечных сокращений у детей. Результаты: показано, что дети с высокой степенью спортивной уверенности характеризуются (p<.05; Cohen's ds>1.10) решением более высокого уровня задач в предполагаемой ориентации, регистрируемой по средней частоте сердечных сокращений во время свободной игровой сессии, в сравнении с детьми с низкой степенью спортивной уверенности. Спортивно ориентированное самолюбие детей достоверно не значительно отличается от других групп, хотя показатели эффективности указывают на эту группу, как правило, в направлении более похожем на высокий уровень группы со спортивной уверенностью. Девочки показали разнообразные результаты в условиях низкой спортивной уверенности. Выводы: при умеренной физической интенсивности активность детей во время свободной игры характеризуется более высокой ориентацией самолюбия и, как правило, она повышает целевую направленность. Степень спортивной уверенности при умеренной интенсивности физической активности во время свободной игры детей характеризуется более высокой ориентацией самолюбия и, как правило, имеет более высокую целевую направленность. Но, учитывая более низкий уровень спортивной уверенности среди девочек, необходимо проводить с раннего возраста работу по укреплению мотивации спортивной уверенности. В результате такого подходя мы надеемся увеличить интенсивность физической активности во время свободной игры.
цель ориентации, интенсивность упражнения, физическая активность, уверенность в себе.
Марк Лохбаум Р., Емека Т. Окафор, Давид Ц. Бреннер, Зисан Казак Цетин-калп. Потреба в досягненш усшху i ш-тенсивжсть (шичноТ активност шд час вшьних ^ор у д^ей: уповшьнювальна роль передбачуваноТ спортивно! впев-неностг Мета: вивчити стримуючу роль спортивно! впевненост i, як наслщок, до-сягнення мети через штенсивнють фiзич-ноТ активност пщ час втьноТ гри. Матер-ал: в дослщжены брали участь 28 дтей у рамках позашктьноТ програми. У 28 дтей до початку дослщжень було визначено рь вень самолюбства у досягненн мети. ПЩ час втьного ^ровоТ сесп контролювалася частота серцевих скорочень у дтей. Ре-зультати: показано, що дiти з високим ступенем спортивно! впевненост характеризуются (p<.05; Cohen's ds>1.10) рь шенням бтьш високого рiвня завдань в передбачуванм орieнтацiТ, реестрованоТ по середнм частой серцевих скорочень пщ час втьноТ ^ровоТ сесп, у порiвняннi з дпъми з низькою ступенем спортивноТ впевненостк Спортивно орiентоване са-молюбство дтей дост^рно не значно в^зняеться вщ шших груп, хоча показ-ники ефективност вказують на цю групу, як правило, у напрямку бтьш схожому на високий рiвень групи зi спортивною впев-ненютю. Дiвчатка показали рiзноманiтнi результати в умовах низькоТ спортивноТ впевненостк Висновки: при помiрнiй фь зичнiй iнтенсивностi активнiсть дiтей пщ час вiльноТ гри характеризуеться бтьш високою орiентацiею самолюбства i, як правило, вона пщвищуе цiльову спрямова-нiсть. Ступiнь спортивноТ впевненостi при помiрноТ iнтенсивностi фiзичноТ активностi пщ час вiльноТ гри дiтей характеризуеться бтьш високою орiентацiею самолюбства i, як правило, мае бiльш високу цтьову спрямованiсть. Але, з огляду на нижчий рь вень спортивноТ впевненост серед дiвча-ток, необхщно проводити з раннього вiку роботу по змЩненню мотивацiТ спортивноТ впевненостк У результатi такого пiдходячи ми сподiваемося збiльшити iнтенсивнiсть фiзичноТ активност пiд час вiльноТ гри.
мета орieнтацi'í, iнтенсивнiсть вправи, фiзична актившсть, впевнешсть у rn6i.
Introduction
In all developed nations, daily physical activity participation of sufficient intensity and duration for health benefits for children and youth are alarmingly low. Across all health organizations (i.e. World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), children and youth are strongly recommended to engage in at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity daily. The benefits of physical activity across one's lifespan have been known for decades such as reduction in the risk of hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, depression
© Marc R. Lochbaum, Ph.D., Emeka T. Okafor, David C. Brenner, Ziçan Kazak Çetinkalp, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/18189172.2015.1111
and some forms of cancer. Children who are active are more likely to be active adults, and thus, they will reap the benefits of lifelong physical activity. For instance, a fairly recent research [1] reported that after 50 years of being initially surveyed, the number one predictor of later-life physical activity in an initially healthy sample who were surveyed as children in the 1940's was participation in a high school varsity sport.
Unfortunately, children and youths are insufficiently active, especially girls, thereby setting up another generation of inactive adults. Certainly, we must encourage children's activity levels so they might be interested and talented enough to even participate in high school
