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• If population increases by 1 million people, the unemployment rate will increase by 0,14%;
• If general government net debt increases by 1%, the unemployment rate will increase by 0,03%;
• If current account balance increases by 1 billion U.S. dollars, the unemployment rate will decrease by 0,01%;
So, relationship between changes in unemployment rate and above listed macroeconomics indicators can be useful to policymakers and economists. This model is of good explanatory ability and can be used for general data analysis and forecasting.
References
1. Трегуб И.В., Кузнецов В.Д.//Математическое моделирование экономических показателей//Современные проблемы науки и образования. -2013. - №6
2. Богданова М.Е., Трегуб И.В. // Актуальные проблемы математического моделирования в финансово - экономической области. Сборник научных статей. М.: ФА, 2008. - вып. 7. - С. 102-105.
3. Tregub Ilona V. Keynesianism and Modern Economy // Empirical Investigations in International Trade. December 17, 2011
4. http://www.imf.org
Elezovic Z.M. magister
Research Associate in the The Institute of serbian Culture
Leposavic, Serbia
SERBIAN MONASTERIES IN KOSOVO AS WORLD CULTURAL HERITAGE AND CENTERS OF RELIGIOUS TOURISM
Abstract: This paper discusses the Serbian monasteries in Kosovo and Metohija that are on the list of world cultural heritage, as an important element of Serbian national identity. These monasteries are visited by a large number of believers and tourists, which is an example of the relationship of cultural heritage and cultural tourism. The article was written on the project Material and spiritual culture of Kosovo and Metohija (178028).
Keywords: Serbia, Kosovo and Metohija, monasteries, cultural heritage, cultural tourism, religious tourism
Kosovo and Metohia are home for the most important monuments of Serbian cultural inheritance. Because of their extraordinary historical and artistic value, great part of them was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. These monuments are today jeopardized due to contemporary political circumstances in which southern province of Serbia found itself, as Albanians declared an independent state in the year of 2008. Extremists have a very negative attitude towards the Serbian monasteries, although they do not represent only a Serbian cultural heritage, but the heritage that has global, worldwide importance.
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Serbian monasteries in Kosovo and Metohija are a good example of the development of religious tourism as a form of cultural tourism, which implies guided tours of religious needs. It includes visits to various religious destinations in the country and abroad, monasteries, monuments of historical value. It also implies visits to great religious events, holidays and the like. [2, p. 27-28].
The notion of cultural heritage can be regarded as a set of values inherited throughout history. Cultural heritage is closely related to the notion of identity, which is both individual and collective phenomena. Of particular value is a religious cultural heritage, which is authoritative for the national identity of a particular religious or ethnic group. Religion has, nevertheless, remained an important measure of identity, even though many people are not big believers and do not adhere to religious principles [2, p. 1-4].
Monasteries : Decani, Patriarchate of Pec, Our Lady of Ljevis and Gracanica are on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site since the 2006. Serbian monasteries in Kosovo and Metohija, which are listed on the World Heritage List of UNESCO, represent one of the most significant monuments of cultural heritage of the Serbian people. They are an important element of the overall Serbian national identity. This worldwide heritage is regarded today as threatened, and unfortunately it has endured significant physical damage, at the outset of the 21st century, (Our Mother Ljeviska was badly damaged on March 17, 2004). This is an area that is under the protectorate of the UN, and the highest hopes are placed precisely in the international military forces of KFOR to preserve this important cultural heritage. Preservation thereof should be improved through the acts of UNESCO and UN in collaboration with the international military and civilian forces in Kosovo and Metohia [7].
Serbian monasteries in Kosovo and Metohia can be placed in the category of religious cultural heritage sites. There is a magnificent monastery of Decani, whose construction began in 1327, by the order of King Stefan Uros III. After he passed away in 1331, his undertaking was continued by his son, future king subsequently emperor Stefan Dusan, and the construction of the monasteries was finished in the year of 1335. During the time of the Ottoman occupation monastery survived but in very difficult circumstances. Painting of the monastery was finished much later, in the middle of the 14th century. Exceptionally well-proportioned, this monastery is the largest Serbian medieval monument and one of the most important monuments of Serbian cultural heritage. Church of Pec Patriarchate with a large number of medieval sacred temples nearby altogether represent an old center of the Serbian Orthodox Church, which is situated near the town of Pec, on the banks of the river Pecka Bistrica. Within the monastery there are four churches that are unified with its large narthex, whose creation dates back between the 13 th and until the fourth decade of the 14th century. For centuries it has been the seat of Serbian Patriarch [6].
Monastery of Gracanica, was built by King Milutin in Kosovo in 1321. The frescoes of the Gracanica monastery pose a high reach of the cultural traditions of
the Byzantine Renaissance of the Palaeologus on the Balkans, and bear witness to a highly developed art in the Balkans in the first half of the 14th century. Times of 14th and 15th century were a period of great spiritual glory for the monastery. Later, due to the great Turkish devastation the monastery was abandoned and the church was used for parochial needs. Following World War II, the monastery was renewed by a group of nuns and from that time it serves as a nunnery. Our Lady of Ljevis is a medieval episcopal center and monastery in the center of Prizren, which was once named Ljevisa. On the foundation of the Byzantine basilica King Milutin rebuilt the temple between the year of 1307 and 1310. Wall paintings of the church of Our Lady in Prizren (1219) are from the early fourteenth century, and was done in the spirit of a new artistic concept known as the Renaissance of Palaeologus, which represented a decisive role in the future Balkan and European art. Restoration works lasted until the year of 1976. Since the arrival of NATO forces in Kosovo and Metohija during the year of 1999 the church temple is under the protection of German soldiers. Nevertheless, the church was targeted by firearms and burnt down in the 17th of March of 2004 by the Albanian vandals [6].
During the pogrom against the Serbs and their cultural heritage on March 17 of 2004 the Church of Our Lady in Prizren was torched from the inside, altar was desecrated and altar table shattered. Frescoes which are of extreme importance were heavily damaged. The second mission was organized by UNESCO on May 2004, which published their reports about the vulnerability of cultural heritage in Kosovo and Metohija. The Council of Europe in June-august of 2004 organized their mission, which was carried out by experts from the UK and Greece and by the experts from the Republic of Serbia, as well as representatives of the PISG. The Council of Europe has released a report which gave an assessment of the damage caused and an estimate of resource requirements for the restoration of cultural monuments and religious buildings which were destroyed in the March pogrom of 2004, also proposed emergency measures, that is short-term and long-term measures for protection and restoration of monuments and religious buildings. In the mid-2004 the Memorandum of reconstruction was signed considering those cultural and religious heritage that was destroyed. However, due to disagreements between signatories to the Memorandum , the process of reconstruction was interrupted. At the beginning of 2005 a new document was signed, "Memorandum of understanding and general principles of reconstruction of Serbian Orthodox churches, cultural historic buildings and other religious buildings which were damaged during the March riots in 2004", which was signed in the name of Serbian Orthodox Church by His Holiness Serbian Patriarch Pavle and Astrit Harrach on behalf of the Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports of Kosovo provisional government. The second phase of works between the 2006 and 2008 also included the Church of Our Lady in Prizren [4, p. 34].
Strong relationship of cultural heritage and national identity of a nation can be understood by interpreting Frederick Bart. According to him, ethnic identity is
different from other forms of collective identity, the fact that it is oriented to the past and to history [2, p.184].
Serbian cultural heritage in Kosovo and Metohija is the foundation of Serbian national identity. Of particular importance is religious heritage, churches and monasteries, some of which are four monuments on the UNESCO list, which means that they represent a significant world cultural heritage. For the preservation and sustainable survival of this cultural heritage, a key role is played by the UN, the EU and KFOR, which are responsible for security in Kosovo and Metohija. It is certainly an important development in the protection of cultural heritage, the fact that it is now protected by the UNESCO. However, a large number of Serbian cultural heritage in the province is not under the protection of this organization, and we should make efforts in order to apply them to the World Heritage List, as the considerable number of aforementioned heritage deserves. Serbian monasteries in Kosovo are visited by a large number of believers and admirers of this cultural heritage, both from Serbia and the region, and other Orthodox Christian countries, but also from different parts of the world. Thereby this cultural heritage is a good example of the development of religious tourism, i.e. the mutual influence of cultural heritage and cultural tourism.
References:
1. Фредерик Б. Теорще о етницитету,- Београд: Библиотека 20. век, 1997.
2. Gillman D. The idea of Cultural heritage. - Cambridge: University Press, 2010.
3. ХациЬ О. Културни туризам - Нови Сад, 2005.
4. March pogrom in Kosovo and Metohija, March 17-19, 2004. Beograd: Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Serbia, Museum in Pristina (displaced), 2004.
5. ПавловиЬ Д. Наша културна добра и туризам. Београд: Туристичка штампа, 2001.
6. Petkovic S. The Cultural Heritage of Serbia. Beograd: Pravoslavna rec, 2004.
7. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/724 приступлено 09.10.2014.
Erchov S. S., k. р. n. professeur agrégé
Teplinsky S. EL magistrant L'ISO et de la N (Direction^rTY g. de la Mine, la région de Rostov , Russie
LE RÔLE ET LA PLACE DE L'INFORMATIQUE DANS L'ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA GÉOGRAPHIE DANS LES CLASSES DE 10 -
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Dans la société moderne, informatisation occupe une place importante. C'est une place grandissante dans le système éducatif. L'outil principal pour les TIC dans l'éducation est un ordinateur personnel avec le logiciel. Avec l'avènement de
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