1Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology and Pedagogy: Problems and Solutions
Volume 4 | TMA Conference | 2023 Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi: muammo va yechimlar
SCIENTIFIC SUBSTANTIATION OF THE MAIN WAYS OF PREVENTING
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Craig Webster
Associate Professor Centre for Medical and Health Science Education
c.webster@auckland.ac.nz M&HS BUILDING 507 - Bldg 507, 28 PARK AVE, GRAFTON, AUCKLAND,
1023, New Zealand
The problem of prevention cardiovascular diseases in modern society is actual and retains its medical and social significance, due to their prevalence, high incidence of disability and extremely high mortality, mainly among the working-age population. Particular attention in this article is given to early detection of cardiovascular diseases, determination of the main risk factors, organizational measures for prevention, adequate treatment, reduction of mortality from cardiovascular diseases.
Keywords: the urgency of the problem, special attention is paid to cardiovascular diseases, prevention, risk factors.
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent a huge socio-economic problem in the modern world, as a result of which they occupy a leading place in the structure of mortality and disability in economically developed countries, as well as in developing countries.In Europe from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) about 3 million people die each year, in USA - 1 million, 1/4 among those who died from CVD are people under the age of 65. In Russia, indicators mortality from diseases of the circulatory system account for about 55% of the total mortality population and are currently the mosthighest in the world. In our country, about 90% CVD deaths due to ischemic heart disease (CHD) and stroke. Indicators mortality in Russia exceeds mortality in economically developed countries in 3 and more times. Unfortunately, in Russia, people of working age suffer from cardiovascular diseases, which affects the economic and social state of our countries. In such a situation, it is necessary to activate disease prevention system at the state level, and at the service level practical healthcare. The greatest clinical significance in terms prevalence, impact on health, life expectancy and work
ABSTRACT
Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology and Pedagogy: Problems and Solutions
Volume 4 | TMA Conference | 2023 Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi: muammo va yechimlar
capacity of the population among cardiovascular diseases are hypertension, angina pectoris, heart attack myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac arrhythmias. These diseases develop gradually due to the influence of certain factors on the human body. As a result, the concept of risk factors is distinguished. Risk factors are features of human life that contribute to the development, progression and manifestation of the disease. All risk factors can be divided into removable (or modifiable) and fatal (non-modifiable). Avoidable are risk factors that can be eliminated or dealt with in one way or another. These include: excessive consumption alcohol, smoking, malnutrition, psychosocial stress, low physical activity. They affect the development of arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, development of obesity. Unremovable are risk factors thatit is impossible to eliminate. These include age, gender,hereditary predisposition.Smoking. In Russia, the prevalence of smoking is 63.2% among the male population and 9.7% among the female population. Smoking is main driver of many pathological states in the body. The main harm is smoking affects the respiratory system and the system circulation. The risk of developing CVD increases with 3 times. Nicotine ingested with tobacco smoke, affects endothelial cells vessels, which contributes to their narrowing, and how a consequence of an increase in blood pressure by 8- 10 mm. rt. Art. As a result of smoking, effects on blood coagulation factors, functions platelets, contributes to the formation atherogenic lipoproteins, which cause development of atherosclerosis. The risk of death from CVD more than doubles when smoking 1 to 4 cigarettes per day.
Alcohol abuse.Due to constant use alcoholic beverages increase the risk of developing CVD. So the risk of stroke in men aged 40-60increases by 50% when consumed pure ethanol, in the amount of 170 g. Alcohol-containingdrinks cause platelet aggregation, which leads to thickening of the blood, reduction of vascular permeability, thrombus formation, increased risk of heart attack and stroke.
Overweight/obesity. Overweight body is the result of irregular and irregular nutrition. Obesity contributes to dysfunction all organs and systems. There is development and progression of arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia. Big importance is attached to the abdominal type of obesity. The main indicator is waist circumference. Waist circumference is considered to be a risk factor men over 102 cm, women over 88 cm.
Psychosocial stress. Psychosocial stress is important factor in the development of coronary artery disease and many other pathologies of card vascular system. In addition, stress reinforces the effect of o
Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology and Pedagogy: Problems and Solutions
Volume 4 | TMA Conference | 2023
Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi: muammo va yechimlar
y
important factors risk. There is an increase in intensity smoking, overeating and irregular meals food with the subsequent development of obesity, a decrease in physical activity, the development of an unstable (crisis) course of hypertension. All this often becomes an obstacle to adherence to treatment and lifestyle changes. Low socio-economic status, social isolation and lack of support, stress at work and in family life, depression has impact on the development of cardiovascular disease. Many people are not satisfied with the conditions accommodation, salary, have a poor emotional state, therefore, when contacting a doctor. There are symptoms of depression and anxiety, which cannot be ignored.
Arterial hypertension. Arterial hypertension is one of the main risk factors development of CVD. Approximately 25% of the adult population suffering from hypertension, in the older age group this number is continuously increasingdue to lack of adherence to treatment, non-compliance - voluntary compliancepatient prescribed regimen. Fourth some patients do not know about their disease, and 15% are treated ineffectively. A quarter of patients did not go to specialists and did not take antihypertensive drugs never, although an increase in blood pressure was often noted. 60% of patients have moderate increase in blood pressure, % of them have symptoms of this disease: headache in the occipital region, tinnitus, dizziness, 1/4 of complaints do not present at all [2, p.153]. Important know that a persistent asymptomatic increase in blood pressure is not prevents the progression of the disease and contributes to the occurrence of life-threatening conditions. In each case of elevated blood pressure the doctor needs: a) determine the frequency and level of increase in blood pressure, working blood pressure and the presence of damage to internal organs, primarily the heart, brain, kidneys. b) establish the cause of the increase in blood pressure (hypertension, symptomatic hypertension).As a result of hypertension there is a development of such associated clinical conditions such as: ischemic disease heart, stroke. The generally accepted level BP below 140/90 mm. rt. Art. and for those suffering diabetes mellitus below 130/80 mm. rt. Art. Therefore, when blood pressure rises above 140/90 mm. rt. Art., you need to contact a specialist, for conducting a set of necessary examinations and taking measures to eliminate the increased pressure: non-drug therapy and prevention of cardiovascular complications, or medical treatment. Thus, in the daily tasks of doctors includes not only the effective treatment of sick patients with an existing pathology, which ensures the prevention of complications, but also the early identification healthy patients with one or more risk factors and the planning
Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology and Pedagogy: Problems and Solutions
Volume 4 | TMA Conference | 2023
Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi: muammo va yechimlar
y
preventive measures aimed at their elimination, therefore, in many multidisciplinary centers there is the concept of Check-Up (Check-up) diagnostics, which is an effective preventive measure for patients, taking into account the prevalence of risk factors in modern socio-economic conditions.Check - Up diagnostics is a general or specialized examination of the body. Its main purpose is to detect diseases internal organs and systems at the initial stage of their development. As part of the cardiology programincludes execution: laboratory research: general analysis blood, urinalysis, biochemical analysis blood (glucose, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, THC, creatinine, urea), blood test for hepatitis B, C,diagnosis of syphilis, diagnosis of HIV infection, diagnosis of atherosclerosis risk, quantitative assessment of microalbuminuria. instrumental research methods:ECG, bicycle ergometry, Echo-KG, ultrasound of neck vessels, Ultrasound of the abdominal organs and kidneys, - installation holter monitor, - daily monitoring of blood pressure. expert advice: consultation cardiologist, ophthalmologist consultation. This way of preventive measures was introduced at a private medical center in September 2017. For the period from September 2017 to December 2017 by Check-Up Cardiology Program diagnostics were used by 20 people. At the reception the doctor had no complaints in 12 patients. 5 people complained about fluctuations in blood pressure, headaches, dizziness, tinnitus. Three were worried about pain in the area heart, shortness of breath. According to the results of laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods revealed that four out of 12 people did not complaining, revealed a change biochemical indicators - elevated level cholesterol and LDL, two of them had changes in ECG in the form of moderate hypertrophy of the left ventricle. These patients will be in the group risk. To prevent further development CVD, they need to follow a diet with restriction of salt, animal fats, necessary adequate physical activity, the appointment of antihypertensive drugs for patients with changes in the ECG. Five people who complained about fluctuations in blood pressure numbers - revealed hypertrophy of the left ventricle according to ECG, change biochemical indicators - an increase in the total cholesterol up to 6.2 mmol / l (according to one patient), LDL up to 3.7 mmol / l (according to one patient), following the results of daily monitoring blood pressure - the maximum numbers of blood pressure amounted to 170 \ 100 mm. rt. Art. Heart rate-102 in min. (By one patient's data). As a result of the Holter monitoring revealed several episodes supraventricular extrasystoles (according to onepatient). Thus, it is necessary to choose antihypertenr ~ therapy for prevention complications of CVD. Three pati<
Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology and Pedagogy: Problems and Solutions
Volume 4 | TMA Conference | 2023
Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi: muammo va yechimlar
y
complained of pain in areas of the heart, shortness of breath revealed changes in Holter monitor in the form of episodes of ischemia, according to ultrasound heart -left ventricular hypertrophy, atherosclerosis of the aorta, decreased ejection fraction in one patient. diagnosed in these patients coronary heart disease requires
In conclusion, according to the results of Check-Up diagnostics, the general condition of the body is assessed and recommendations for maintaining a healthy lifestyle are givenlife, diet, prescribing drugs that prevent the development of complications of existing diseases. It is a complete examination of seemingly healthy people and timely prevention of the development of diseases that will ensure the preservation of the health of the nation, a significant reduction in the level of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases.
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Tashkent Medical Academy Integration of Science, Education and Practice in Modern Psychology and Pedagogy: Problems and Solutions
Volume 4 | TMA Conference | 2023 Zamonaviy psixologiya, pedagogikada fan, ta'lim va amaliyot integratsiyasi: muammo va yechimlar
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