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Musabekova M.N. o 'qituvchi
Ingliz tili tarjima nazariyasi kafedra Tarjimonlik fakulteti O'zbekiston davlat jahon tillari universiteti ChDPI kafeddra mudiri, p.f.d N.Sanaqulov taqrizi asosida
SCIENTIFIC STYLE AND ITS SPECIFICITY
Abstract. The object of this research is the specificity of English-language scientific texts.
The subject of the study are lexico-grammatical techniques used in translating a scientific text.
Key words: scientific style, linguistic, grammatical norms, specificity, logical parts, translation, consistency, nominality, objectivity, accuracy.
Intoduction. The scientific style is one of the functional styles characterized by the communication of new information in a strict, logically organized and objective form. This style is defined as such an organization of linguistic material that serves, first of all, a consistent and systematic presentation of scientific issues; accurate transmission of the results of observation, experiment and analysis; disclosure of general patterns governing the life of nature and society; proof of correctness (or error) one or another theory, concept, etc.
The indication that the scientific style, first of all, is characterized by reflecting the mental activity of a person, and all its genres serve a single purpose of scientific description of the subject of research, is presented in many works.
The sphere of social activity in which the scientific style functions is science. The purpose of the scientific style is to transmit scientific information. The scientific style belongs to the number of book styles, since in most cases the scientific style is implemented in writing. With the development of mass media, with the increasing role of science in society and the growth of various kinds of scientific contacts (congresses, conferences, symposiums), the role of the oral form of scientific speech is also increasing.
The written version of the text is represented by such genres as scientific monographs, scientific articles, dissertations, various genres of educational and scientific and technical literature, speeches in scientific debates, scientific reports, lectures, popular science messages and genres of popular science literature. These genres differ mainly in the compositional structure of the texts. The subsystem of linguistic means, which manifests itself in the texts of these genres, is quite uniform.
Highlighting the main features or main functional features of the style is associated with extralinguistic reasons. Their presence determines compliance with the functional task of this style. Therefore, the main functional features of
the style are universal, they are inherent in all languages that distinguish this functional style.
Translation of scientific and technical literature is a special discipline that arose at the junction of linguistics, on the one hand, and science and technology, on the other hand.
This type of translation should be considered from both linguistic, scientific and technical positions.
Research Methodology. In recent years, an attempt has been made to linguistically study the language and style of English and Russian scientific and technical literature. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the language and style of this type of literature are based on the norms of a written language with certain characteristics.
The vocabulary of scientific and technical literature differs in the following features:
• a large number of special terms are used
• words are selected with great care to maximize accurate transmission of thought
• official words (words) have a large share,
• providing logical connections between individual elements statements; words expressing the author's attitude to a statement)
The grammar of scientific and technical literature is characterized by:
•use only firmly established in writing
grammatical norms:
•widespread use of passive, impersonal and vaguely personal constructions:
•the use of mostly compound and compound sentences:
•predominance of nouns, adjectives and non-personal verb forms.
It has been proven that personal forms of the verb are found 2 times less often in scientific and technical literature, and passive constructions 5-6 times more often than in fiction. This is explained by the fact that, unlike fiction (the main task of which is the creation of images), scientific and technical literature strives to describe and explain certain facts as accurately as possible.
Regarding the method of presentation of scientific and technical literature:
• the main emphasis is on the logical rather than the emotional side of information;
• the presentation is usually not in the first person, but a special "collective" style is used;
• there is no categorical presentation.
Acquaintanceship with the original. It is necessary to read the entire text, using working sources of information as necessary: dictionaries, reference books, specialized literature. You can start working with specialized literature before reading the text, if it is clear in advance what you need to prepare for in advance.
You can start working with specialized literature before reading the text, if it is clear in advance what you need to prepare for in advance.
Identification of logical parts of the original. Dividing the text into complete semantic segments - sentences, paragraphs, periods.
The size of the portion of text to be translated depends on three factors:
• semantic completeness of the passage;
• complexity of content;
• translator's memory capabilities.
This part of the text can be a sentence, a group of sentences, a paragraph, etc., but this part must be complete in meaning.
Rough translation of the text. Consistent work on logically selected parts of the original. After the content of the highlighted part of the text is understood and assimilated, it must be expressed in written form, completely distracting from the original (i.e. without looking at it) and constantly monitoring the style, that is, the quality, uniformity and logic of the presentation.
Re-reading the original, checking it with the completed translation in order to control the correct transmission of the content. It is necessary to verify the translated part of the text with the appropriate place of the original in order to make up for the missing. It is necessary to ensure that there is a logical connection between each subsequent and previous part of the translation.
Final editing of the translation with amendments. When editing a translation, we should adhere to the following principles:
a) if the same idea can be expressed in several ways, then preference is given to the shorter one;
b) if a word of foreign origin can be replaced without damage to the meaning by a word of origin, then the translator is obliged to do this;
c) all terms and names must be strictly unambiguous.
Translation of the title. This is done last of all, taking into account all the features of the text, since the title should reflect the essence of the entire text content.
Now consider the scientific style, which is characterized by the following features:
Analysis and results
Consistency.
To achieve a logical presentation of the material in a scientific style, syntactic techniques such as simple sentences with complicating structures are used: introductory words and phrases (however, on the one hand, according to, etc.).
For example: "There are two fundamental problems of knowledge at the center of the book. First, we have the problem of induction, that is the fact that although we are only able to observe a limited number of events, science nevertheless advances unrestricted universal statements. Second is the problem of demarcation, demanding a separating line between empirical science and non-
science. This book means a major contribution to the philosophy of science and is therefore essential reading for anyone interested in the field" 34
Nominality.
The next feature of the scientific style in English that is worth paying attention to is nominality. This means that modern scientific writing has tended to use more nouns and relatively less verbs.
- Most people would agree that proper nutrition is important (General English).
- There is a widespread agreement about the importance of proper nutrition (Academic English).
- The only way to diagnose the disease accurately is to obtain a blood sample. An accurate diagnosis of the disease depends on obtaining a blood sample.35
Objectivity.
The modern scientific style is not characterized by subjective value judgments, which can only be used to express a purely personal point of view of the author (from my perspective, my point is that, etc). On the contrary, this style is characterized by an impersonal manner of presenting the material, because the main attention in the work is not paid to the personality of the author and his opinion, but to the information and arguments that the author presents to the reader.
Cohesion.
Cohesion represents lexical and grammatical connections both within the whole text and in a separate sentence. In English there are several types of connectives between parts of an academic text.
- Reference - "it", "he", "him", "this", "that", "here", "there", etc.,
- Ellipsis - "A writer is a person who cares what words mean, what they say, how they say it ... and so they use them with care, with thought, with fear, with delight." 36
- Substitution - "Any people anywhere, being inclined and having the power, have the right to rise up, and shake off the existing government, and form a new one that suits them better" (Lincoln 1848)37
Accuracy as a characteristic of scientific style lies in the wide use of special vocabulary and terminology, especially that which is similar in many languages and is international (expert, specialist, function, etc). When referring to statistics, precise figures and facts are often used (15 % of budget, 6 million people, etc).
34 https://pdfcoffee.com/academic-style-4-pdf-free.html Academic style
35 Scientific Writing in English for International Publication: From Text to Context.
adapted from O'Connell, S. - Focus on IELTS. Pearson https://www.eslwriting.org/wp-content/uploads/nominalization-worksheet.pdf http://www.tutorvista.com/content/english/english-
ii/workbook/nominalisation.php#adjectives-into-nouns
36 A Few Words to a Young Writer: Ursula K. Le Guin. https://shortattentionspanpress.wordpress.com/2013/01/18/a-few-words-to-a-young-writer-ursula-k-le-guin/
37 Speech on War With Mexico (January 12, 1848). https://housedivided.dickinson.edu/sites/lincoln/speech-on-war-with-mexico-january-12-1848/
Conclusion/Recommendations. In general, the English education system pays great attention to the development of academic writing. Over time, a whole range of lexical and grammatical techniques have been formed in the English language, aimed at observing the basic principles of scientific discourse. Thus, scientists from other countries should be especially attentive to the way they express scientific style in English in order to feel fully competitive in the international market.
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