CC BY
24
Выпуск 2 (46) Том - 2021
Псковский регионологический журнал. 2013-2021
ISSN 2219--7931 URL - http://prj.pskgu.ru Все права защищены Выпуск 2 (46) Том . 2021
Russian as a native language in the post-Soviet space in comparison with the results of the 1989 census
Манаков Андрей Геннадьевич
Pskov State University Russian Federation, Pskov
Аннотация
In the post-Soviet period, there was a significant narrowing of the Russian language distribution space. The aim of the study is to identify the changes that have taken place since the collapse of the Soviet Union at the level of the post-Soviet countries in the number and proportion of people who named Russian their native language. The novelty of this study is based on the level of regions in the post-Soviet space and the analysis of the dynamics of such indicators as to the share of the non-Russian population, who named Russian their native language. Almost all post-Soviet states experienced a decrease in the number and share of the Russian-speaking population. Currently, the minimum indicators of the proportion of Russians and Russian-speaking people are characterized by the states of Transcaucasia, as well as Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. The biggest losses in the post-Soviet period of both the Russian and Russian-speaking population, in relative terms, were experienced by Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. A special dynamics of these indicators have developed in two states — in the Republic of Belarus and Ukraine. In these countries, the part of the biethnic population that adopted the identity of the titular ethnic group retained the Russian language. Russian, for example, has declined more rapidly in Ukraine than in the categories of people who consider Russian as their native language, and this has led to a decline in the number and share of the Russian population. The situation in the Republic of Belarus, which is unique in the post-Soviet space, was the result of the 1995 referendum that established the status of the state language for Russian. As a result, along with the decrease in the Russian population in the Republic of Belarus, there has been a significant increase in the category of citizens who named Russian their native language.
Ключевые слова: Russian language space, post-Soviet countries, Russian share, Russian-speaking, biethnofory
Дата публикации: 28.06.2021
Источник финансирования:
The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-05-00369 "Transformation of the
Ethnocultural Space of Post-Soviet States: Factors, Trends, Prospects" Ссылка для цитирования:
Манаков А. Г. Russian as a native language in the post-Soviet space in comparison with the results of the 1989 census // Псковский регионологический журнал. - 2021. - Выпуск 2 (46) C. 79-98 [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://prj.pskgu.ru/s221979310013894-6-1/ (дата обращения: 10.11.2021). DOI: 10.37490/S221979310013 894-6
1 Introduction. The Russian linguistic space, which is most often understood as the main geographical area of distribution of the Russian language, is a very multifaceted object of research, studied from the standpoint of various sciences. Ethnosociologists usually pay attention to the multiplicity of indicators characterizing the prevalence of the Russian language. This is, for example, the proportion of the population fluent in Russian, or the assessment of the degree of use of the Russian language in various spheres of life. But even in the characterization of Russian language proficiency, there are several stages. The level of Russian language proficiency is usually determined using sociological surveys, and much less often - population censuses. It should be noted that in the post-Soviet space, almost immediately after the collapse of the USSR, monitoring began to be carried out, including tracking the dynamics of the proportion of the population of young states, to one degree or another speaking Russian. In particular, we can give examples of such studies as "The position of the Russian language in the newly independent states (CIS and Baltic countries)" (2007)1, "The Russian language in the post-Soviet space: a comparative study of the prevalence" (2009)2, "Dynamics the prevalence of the Russian language in everyday communication of the population of the countries of Northern Eurasia "(2018)3 , and others, most of which were carried out within the framework of the regular project " Eurasian Monitor...".
2 These studies make it possible to assess the current situation in the use of the Russian language, they also include an analysis of the dynamics of indicators for certain time intervals, which allows making predictions. But the authors of the reports on the results of the implementation of these projects emphasize that all the parameters of the prevalence of the Russian language used and described in the reports are still subjective in nature. A statistically more reliable indicator recorded during population censuses is the share of the population who consider Russian as their native language. Although this indicator cannot characterize the Russian linguistic space as a whole, it allows one to quantitatively assess the dynamics over the post-Soviet period of the basic component in the vertical structure of the linguistic space, corresponding to the share of the Russian-speaking population in the newly independent states.
3 The goal of the study is to track changes in the number and proportion of people who consider Russian as their native language in different post-Soviet states over the period since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Research information base. As an information background of the research the statistics from the website demoscope.ru4wasusedon the ethnic composition and native language of the population of the Soviet republics on the results of the last All-Union Population Census of 1989, the All-Russian Population Census of 2010 5,as well as statistics on the ethnic composition and native language of the population of other countries of the post-Soviet space based on the results of population censuses held in the first and early second decade of the 21st, presented on the website PopulationstatisticsofEasternEurope & formerUSSR6, official statistical sites of states7, in collections and analytical reports8.
4 The study included statistics on Russian as a native language based on the results of the 2009-2014 population censuses for the following eight states of the post-Soviet space: the Russian Federation (2010), the Republic of Belarus (2009), Estonia (2011), Lithuania (2011), Latvia (2011), Kazakhstan (2009), Kyrgyzstan (2009), Moldova (2014, in the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic the census was in 2015). In the rest of the republics, the proportion of the Russian population is now extremely low, and it does not differ much from the proportion of the population who call Russian their native language.
5
The degree of knowledge of the problem. To date, a significant array of works has
accumulated on the problems of the Russian language space in the post-Soviet period. Numerous publications highlight the issues of the functioning of the Russian language in individual states of the near abroad or in groups of post-Soviet countries. As an example, we can cite works where these issues are considered in the Baltic countries [16; 38], the Republic of Belarus [6; 25], on the territory of Ukraine [19; 23; 35], in Moldova [7; 13], the states of Transcaucasia [3], individual countries of Central Asia [22; 27; 33; 39] or within the entire Central Asian macroregion [8; 21; 34]. In addition, attention is drawn to the role of the Russian language in the formation of the all-Russian identity [10].
6 There is also a significant layer of publications devoted to various aspects of the development and functioning of the Russian language within the entire post-Soviet space. So, a significant place is given to the consideration of the role of the Russian language in the formation of a single information space of the CIS [26], intercultural dialogue in the post-Soviet space [11; 12]. There are works of a general plan, where attention is focused on the narrowing of the Russian-speaking space in the post-Soviet period [24; 29; thirty]. This problem is sometimes touched upon in the process of studying the migration activity of the Russian-speaking population in the post-Soviet space [15; 37], or the linguistic identity of the population of neighboring countries [14].
7 It should be especially noted that in the last decade there have been more works that draw attention to the different status of the Russian language in connection with the different language policies of the neighboring countries [2; four]. There is a growing number of publications considering the Russian language as a geopolitical tool, a factor of Russia's "soft power" in the postSoviet space [1; nine; 28; 31]. Against this background, special attention is paid to the role of the Russian language in the integration processes in the post-Soviet space [5], in particular, in the course of Eurasian integration [32]. The Russian language is also considered as a means of communication in the countries of the "Great Silk Road" [20].
8 The preparatory stage for the study of this topic was our analysis of the post-Soviet dynamics of the Russian population in the regions of Russia [36] and the European countries of the near abroad [18]. We also made an attempt to consider the Russian linguistic space as a reflection of the processes of ethnocultural transformation of territories within a single state [17]. The last article used such an indicator as the proportion of the population who call Russian as their native language. Also, this category of people is usually called "Russian-speaking" or "Russian-speaking", and it is on them that attention will be focused in this article as the basic component of the vertical structure of the Russian linguistic space.
9 Research results. Characteristics of the Russian-speaking population at the end of the Soviet period. In 1989, the last All-Union census took place, the results of which are used to analyze changes in the structure of the population that have occurred in the post-Soviet period. In the Soviet Union, according to the 1989 census, there were 285 million 742.5 thousand people, and just over half of this number were Russians - 50.8%. The share of the population calling Russian as their native language was slightly higher - 57.2%, while the share of the non-Russian population who joined this category was 13.3%. The distribution of the Russian-speaking population across the Soviet republics, first of all, depended on the share of Russians in their population (Pic. 1).
Pic. 1. The share of Russians in the population of the Soviet republics, as well as the population, including urban and rural, who call Russian their native language (according to the 1989 census, %)
11 Only Belarus fell out of this pattern, ranking sixth in terms of the share of Russian speakers (31.9%) and seventh in terms of the share of Russians (13.2%). But it was in Belarus that the excess of the share of Russian speakers over the share of the Russian population was the largest among the Soviet republics (+ 18.7%). But in terms of the share of the Russian-speaking population, as well as the share of Russians, Belarus was surpassed by Kazakhstan, Latvia, Estonia and Ukraine. In the first two republics, Russian was considered native by about half of the population, in the second two - by about a third. In addition, the share of Russians was markedly higher in Kyrgyzstan. The republics, where there was a fairly high proportion of those who called Russian their native language (about a quarter of the population), also included Moldova. In the rest of the Soviet republics, the share of the Russian-speaking population was small, and only slightly exceeded the share of Russians. At the same time, the lowest rates were characteristic of the republics of the Transcaucasus (the minimum is in Armenia, where the share of Russian speakers was only 2%).
12 Based on Pic. 1 it can be seen that Russian-speaking in all Soviet republics was more widespread in urban settlements than in rural areas. Among the rural population, Russian-speakers made up a noticeable share (over a fifth of the population) in only three republics - in Russia, Kazakhstan and Latvia. In the rest of the republics, people who call their native Russian language were largely concentrated in urban settlements. This is clearly shown in Pic. 2.
Turkmenistan Azerbaijan Uzbekistan Tajikistan Estonia Belarus Lithuania Ukraine Moldova Georgia Latvia Armenia Russia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan
[4572
5TT
196.7 195.5
40.6
3Z5
194
1915
71.5
|92.2 191
67.7
GET
189.9 189.6
46.6
|
155 .4
|
70.8
■ E
|76.8
[57T
73.4 174.9
169.5
38.2
i
0 % 20 40 60 80 100
■ the level of concentration in urban settlements of the
population who call Russian their native language □ share of urban population
Pic. 2. The share of the urban population in the Soviet republics and the concentration in urban settlements of the population who call Russian their native language (based on the 1989 census, %)
r~ 40
i
60
i
80
14 Almost exclusively in urban settlements, Russian-speakers lived in Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The least urbanization of this category of the population was shown, apart from Russia, in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan (as a result ofthe development of fallow and virgin lands). Nevertheless, in all the republics, the level of concentration of the Russian-speaking population in urban settlements significantly exceeded the degree of urbanization of the republics as a whole.
15 The proportion of Russian-speakers among the non-Russian, including the titular, population of the Soviet republics is evidenced by Pic. 3. The clear leaders in this indicator were
Russia and Belarus (27.6 and 21.9%, respectively). Also, a relatively high share of the non-Russian population calling Russian as their native language (over 10%) characterized Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Latvia and Moldova. It is necessary to pay attention to the significant differences between the republics in the recognition of the Russian language as the native language of their titular peoples. Only Belarus and Ukraine differed in a relatively high proportion of representatives of the titular peoples who called Russian their native language, Moldova and Latvia were noticeably inferior to them in this regard. In the rest of the republics, representatives of other ethnic groups belonged to this category of the population almost exclusively.
16
Pic. 3. The share of the non-Russian population, including urban and rural, as well as the titular population of the Soviet republics, who call Russian their native language (based on the 1989 census, %)
17 Also in pic. 3, one can draw attention to the high level of urbanization of the non-Russian population, who call Russian their native language. For example, in Russia, 37% of non-Russian residents of urban settlements (and only 14% of rural residents) considered Russian their native language. Every third non-Russian residents of urban settlements in Belarus belonged to Russian speakers, the fourth - in Moldova, the fifth - in Kazakhstan and Ukraine. In rural areas, among non-Russian residents, Russian-speakers were met several times less often. In addition to Russia, the share of representatives of this category of the rural population in Kazakhstan, Latvia and Belarus was slightly increased.
18 Dynamics of the category of main Russian speakers from 1989 to 2010. According to our estimates, the population size within the entire post-Soviet space at the turn of the first and second decades of the 21st century was 288 million people, and compared to 1989, the population grew by 2.4%. Against this background, all indicators characterizing the Russian and Russian-speaking population have a negative trend. So, the Russian population has decreased by about a fifth, the number of Russian-speaking - by 21.6%, etc. Accordingly, the relative indicators have noticeably decreased over the post-Soviet period - the proportion of the Russian population and Russian-speaking, including among the non-Russian population (table).
19 Table Dynamics within the post-Soviet space from 1989 to 2010 (estimate) of the total population, Russians and residents who call Russian their native language
2010
Total population, million people
Russian population, million people
The number of people who call Russian their native language, million people
The size of the non-Russian population who call the Russian language their native language, million people
Share of Russian population,%
Share of the population who say Russian as their native language,%
The share of the non-Russian population calling Russian as their native language,%
1989 (estimate) 285,7 288,1
145,2 163,6
124,7 142,0
18,7 17,3
50,8 57,2
43,3 49,3
13,3 10,6
Dynamics 2010/1989 (estimate)
+2.4
-20.5
-21.6
-1.4
-7.5 -7.9
-2.7
20 Along with the dynamics of the Russian population, the status of the Russian language in the newly independent states is increasingly influencing the change in the proportion of Russian speakers. So, at present, the status of the state Russian language has in the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus (since 1995), the Republic of Abkhazia, the Republic of South Ossetia and the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, the official language - in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the language of interethnic communication - in the Republic Tajikistan, a regional language of a national minority - in Ukraine, a foreign language - in the Republic of Estonia, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan [4]. In the Republic of Moldova in 2018, the Russian language lost the status of a language of interethnic communication and an attempt to restore it at the end of 2020 ended in failure.
21 In pic. 4. the dynamics of three indicators at once in young states for the period after the collapse of the Soviet Union is reflected: the size of the entire population, the number of Russians, as well as the number of people who call Russian their native language.
Pic. 4.Growth from 1989 to 2010 the size of the entire population, Russians and the population who call Russian their native language (estimate) in the states of the post-Soviet space, %
23 Countries are ranked in order of decreasing population growth. The leaders in population growth in the period from 1989 to 2010. are the Central Asian states (Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan), as well as Azerbaijan. The same countries are characterized by a twofold or more (up to 91% in Tajikistan) reduction in the Russian population. The reasons for the growth of the population of these states and the decrease in the number of Russians in them were disclosed by us earlier [36]. Due to the high natural increase, there was an explosive growth in the titular population of the young states, while the Russian population in them experienced a migration outflow and natural decline.
24
In other states of the post-Soviet space, there was a decrease in the population, which was
accompanied by a more significant (with the exception of the Republic of Belarus) decrease in the number of the Russian population. The leaders in reducing the Russian population in this group of countries were the states of the Transcaucasus (Georgia and Armenia), where in Soviet times there was already an extremely low number and proportion of Russians. The number of Russians in Moldova, Lithuania and Ukraine has decreased by about half. Against this background, a not so significant decrease in the Russian population could be observed in Latvia and Estonia (by 38.5 and 27.9%, respectively). The factors of the decline in the number of Russians in this category of countries in the post-Soviet period are, first of all, the migration outflow of Russians and their natural decline. But it is especially necessary to single out three countries (Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova), where a significant role was played by the change in the ethnic identity of some Russians in favor of titular ethnic groups [18].
25 In pic. 4 it can be seen that in most countries the dynamics of the Russian population differs little from the dynamics of the category of people who consider Russian as their native language. The exception is three states - Belarus, Ukraine and Latvia. Each of these three cases requires separate comments. Thus, in the Republic of Belarus, along with a decrease in the number of the Russian population, there was a significant increase (by 21.8%) in the category of citizens who call Russian their native language. This is an exceptional case in the entire post-Soviet space. Even in Russia, the decline in the number of Russians was accompanied by a decline in the Russian-speaking population. A significant role in this was played by the adoption at a referendum in 1995 in the Republic of Belarus of the status of the Russian language as the state language. This allowed bilingual citizens of the Republic of Belarus not to directly link ethnic and linguistic identity. Thus, while the trend towards an increase in the population with Belarusian ethnic identity continued, the number of those who called Russian their native language increased significantly. The same trend continued between the 2009 and 2019 censuses.
26 In Ukraine, due to the low status of the Russian language, the number of people who call Russian their native language has decreased by more than a quarter. The following process was observed here - the ongoing change in the ethnic identity of a part of the Russian population (including a part of biethnophores who call themselves Russians) and Russian-speaking representatives of other ethnic groups in favor of the titular ethnic group was ahead of linguistic assimilation. In other words, some of the Russians who formally changed their nationality to the titular remained in the Russian-speaking category. As a result, the difference between the reduction in the share of Russians (according to ethnic identity) and Russian speakers (according to linguistic identity) was about 20%.
27 In Latvia, the Russian population has also declined faster than the number of Russian speakers. In this country, the leading factor in the dynamics of different groups of the population was the migration outflow against the background of the natural decline slightly differing in different ethnic groups. The latter means that the migration outflow of Russians was somewhat greater than the outflow and assimilation of Russian-speaking representatives of other ethnic groups (Belarusians, Poles, Jews, etc.), who usually have a rather long history of residence in the territory oi Latvia.
28 In some states of the post-Soviet space (Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Moldova), the opposite situation was observed - the number of Russian speakers decreased faster than Russians. It can be assumed that in these countries the migration outflow and assimilation of Russian-speaking representatives of other ethnic groups was somewhat higher than the Russian population.
29 In pic. 5 shows the share of Russians and Russian speakers in 2010 (in most countries - an estimate) and the dynamics of these shares from 1989 to 2010.
Pic. 5. The share of Russians and the population who call Russian as their native language by the states of the post-Soviet space in 2010 and the dynamics of the shares from 1989 to 2010 (estimate)
31 In most countries, the share of Russian speakers decreased more than Russians, with the exception of the abovementioned Ukraine and Belarus. The largest losses of Russians and Russian speakers in relative terms were characterized by Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. A significant part of the countries of the post-Soviet space has almost completely lost the Russian population. First of all,
these are the states of Transcaucasia (Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan) with the lowest share of Russians at present, and secondly, the three Central Asian countries (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan).
32 For nine states of the post-Soviet space, such an indicator was calculated as the share of the non-Russian population who call Russian their native language. Further, this indicator was compared for 1989 and 2010. (pic. 6).
33 Pic. 6.The share of the non-Russian population calling Russian as their native language in the post-Soviet states in 2010 and the increase in this share from 1989 to 2010. (estimate)
34 In some cases, this indicator can be used to judge the proportion of Russian speakers among the titular population of young states. This applies primarily to the Republic of Belarus and Ukraine. It should be noted right away that during the post-Soviet period in these states the share of the non-Russian population (mainly Belarusians and Ukrainians) who call the Russian language their native language has grown. In both cases, this is due to the acceptance by some of the bilinguals (or biethnofors), who previously called themselves Russians, of the identity of the titular ethnic group, but with the preservation of the Russian linguistic identity. At the same time, in the Republic of Belarus, according to the results of the censuses of 2009 and 2019, the choice in favor of the Russian language as a native language began to be made by those Belarusians who in Soviet times and in the 1990s. gave preference to the Belarusian language.
35
Pic. 6. The share of the non-Russian population calling Russian as their native language in the post-Soviet states in 2010 and the increase in this share from 1989 to 2010. (estimate)
36 In other post-Soviet countries, the value of this indicator reflects to a greater extent the proportion of representatives of ethnic groups living outside their national state and traditionally using the Russian language in communication. These are, for example, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars and a number of other peoples living in Russia, Latvia, Kazakhstan, Moldova, etc. Representatives of the titular peoples in these states are much less likely to fall into this category. Even in 1989, representatives of the titular ethnic groups, who call Russian their native language, accounted for over 1% only in six Soviet republics, in the rest of the republics this figure was less than 0.5% (see Pic. 3). Therefore, for 2010 the latter indicator was not calculated separately.
37 In pic. 7 shows the distribution of the regions of the countries of the post-Soviet space by the proportion of the population who call the Russian language their native language (estimate for 2010). It is the variation of this indicator by region that is the main factor in the adoption of the Russian language as a native language by representatives of titular ethnic groups and other ethnic groups in young states, as evidenced by the distribution of regions by the share of the non-Russian population who call Russian their native language, shown in Pic. 8.
Pic. 7.Share of the population who consider Russian as their native language (2010 estimate). The numbers indicate: 1 - modern state borders; 2 - borders of regions and unrecognized state formations; 3 - capitals of states; 4 - other cities; share of the population who consider Russian as their native language, %: 5 - 95 and more, 6 - from 90 to 95, 7 - from 75 to 90, 8 -from 50 to 75, 9 - from 25 to 50, 10 - from 10 to 25, 11 - from 5 to 10, 12 - from 2 to 5, 13 - less than 2.
Pic. 8. Share oPic. 8. Share of the non-Russian population with Russian as their mother tongue (2010 estimate) The numbers indicate: 1 - modern state borders; 2 - borders of regions and unrecognized state formations; 3 - capitals of states; 4 - other cities; the share of the non-Russian population who call Russian their native language, %: 5 - more than 50, 6 - from 25 to 50, 7 - from 10 to 25, 8 - from 5 to 10, 9 - from 2 to 5, 10 - less than 2 or no information.f the non-Russian population with Russian as their mother tongue (2010 estimate) The numbers indicate: 1 - modern state borders; 2 - borders of regions and unrecognized state formations; 3 - capitals of states; 4 - other cities; the share of the non-Russian population who call Russian their native language,%: 5 - more than 50, 6 - from 25 to 50, 7 - from 10 to 25, 8 - from 5 to 10, 9 - from 2 to 5, 10 - less than 2 or no information.
40 Conclusions. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was a significant decrease in the population that considers Russian to be their native language. So, from the moment of the last All-Union Population Census in 1989 to the turn of the first and second decades of the XXI century. the number of the Russian-speaking population has decreased by more than 20 million people, and their share has decreased from 57 to 49% of the total population of the post-Soviet space. Among the non-Russian population, the share of those who consider Russian their native language during this time decreased from 13.3% to 10.6%. Regional differentiation of the Russian-speaking population significantly affects the proportion of non-Russian population who consider Russian to be their native language.
41 The largest losses of both the Russian population and the Russian-speaking residents in relative terms were characterized by Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. A significant part of the countries of the post-Soviet space has almost completely lost the Russian population. The lowest share of Russians (less than 1.5%) is now in the four states of the post-Soviet space - in Armenia, Tajikistan, Georgia and Azerbaijan. In the post-Soviet period, the decrease in the number of Russian-speakers was mainly in the same proportion as that of the Russian population. The exception was made by two countries of the post-Soviet space - Ukraine and the Republic of Belarus.
42 In Ukraine, the decrease in the number and share of the Russian population occurred faster than the categories of people who consider Russian as their native language. Due to the low status of the Russian language, the number of Russian-speaking citizens of Ukraine has decreased by more than a quarter, but the number of Russians at the same time has almost halved. There was an accelerated process of changing ethnic identity by a part of the Russian population (including biethnofors who call themselves Russians) and Russian-speaking representatives of other ethnic groups in favor of the titular ethnos, which was noticeably ahead of linguistic assimilation.
Therefore, there was even a slight increase in the share of representatives of the titular ethnic group who consider Russian to be their native language.
43 A unique situation has developed in the Republic of Belarus, where, along with a decrease in the number of the Russian population, there has been a significant increase in the category of citizens of the republic who call Russian their native language. This has become an exceptional phenomenon within the entire post-Soviet space. An important role in this was played by the adoption in the Republic of Belarus at a referendum in 1995 of the status of the Russian language as the state language. The latter allowed the bilingual population not to directly link ethnic and linguistic identity. On the one hand, the trend towards an increase in the population with Belarusian ethnic self-awareness persisted, on the other hand, among the Belarusians themselves, the share of those who call Russian their native language was growing.
Примечания:
1. Russian-speaking is widespread not only where Russians live. [Electronic resource]: URL:>>>> style-'text-decoration: underline;"> (date of the application 17.01.2021).
2. Russian language in the post-Soviet space: a comparative study of prevalence. Analytical report on the results of secondary data analysis. ANO "Sociological Workshop Zadorin" (ZIRCON Research Group). [Electronic resource]: URL: http://www.zircon.ru/upload/iblock/0e2/090311.pdf (date of application 17.01.2021).
3. Zadorin I. V., Podobed I. V Dynamics of the prevalence of the Russian language in everyday communication of the population of the countries of Northern Eurasia (according to long-term polls within the framework of the "Eurasian
Monitor" project)^_2018._[Electronic resource]_: URL:
http://www.zircon.ru/upload/iblock/3ee/dinamika-rasprostranennosti-russkogo-yazyka-v-bytovom-obshchenii.pdf (date of application 20.01.2021).
4. All-Union Population Census of 1989. Distribution of the USSR population by nationality and language, the population of the Union republics by the most numerous nationalities and language. [Electronic resource]: URL: >>>> style-"text-decoration: underline;">; All-Russian population census 2010. National composition of the population of the Russian Federation.[Electronicresource]: URL: http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_10.php (date of application 10.12.2020).
5. The population of the most numerous nationalities by their native language in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation // Results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. Pp. 240—305.
6 . Population statistics of Eastern Europe & former USSR [Electronicresource] : URL: >>>> (date of application 10.12.2020).
7 . EestiStatistika. [Electronicresource]: URL: https://andmed.stat.ee/et/stat; Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. [Electronicresource]: URL: >>>> National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. Results of the 2009 population census. [Electronicresource]: URL: >>>> National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova.[Electronicresource]: URL:https://statistica.gov.md/pageview.php?l-ru&idc=295&id=2234;
8 . Russian_as_a_native_language_in_Lithuania,_2011._[Electronicresource]:
URL:https://schelkunov.livejournal.com/29016.html; Population census of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2009. Brief summary.[Electronicresource]: URL:https://yvision.kz/post/89105; Results of the 2009 Population Census of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan.[Electronicresource]: URL: >>>> (dateof application 10.12.2020) (date of application 10.12.2020).
Библиография:
1. Alekseev R. A., Fedorchenko S. N. (2014), State policy of the Russian Federation in the field of popularization of the Russian language in the CIS and Baltic countries, Socialnayapolitikaisocial noe partnyorstvo, no. 8, pp. 67-71. (In Russ.).
2. Arutyunova M. A. (2012), Language policy and the status of the Russian language in the USSR and the states of the post-Soviet space, Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 25: Mezhdunarodny'e otnosheniya i mirovaya politika, no. 1, pp. 155-178. (In Russ.).
3. Balbekov R. Yu., Churilov E. V. (2017), Functioning of the Russian language in the countries of the former USSR (on the example of the Transcaucasian republics), Peace in language and culture. Reports of XXVIII Autumn School and XXVIII International Scientific Conference. Ser.
Conceptual and Lingual Worlds, pp. 124-133. (In Russ.).
4. Bozhenkova N. A., Panteleeva A. P. (2019), Sociolinguistic review of the status of the Russian language in the post-Soviet communicative space, Izvestiya Yugo-Zapadnogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Lingvistika i pedagogika, vol. 9, no. 1 (30), pp. 6-15. (In Russ.).
5. Boltovsky S. O. (2012), Preservation and development of the Russian language in the context of integration processes in the post-Soviet space, Abstract of a dissertation for the degree of candidate of political sciences, Moscow State Regional University, Moscow, 2012. 28 p. (In Russ.).
6. Buev A. L., Bukhovets O. G. (2018), State bilingualism. position of Russians and Russian-speaking in the Republic of Belarus, Sovremennaya Evropa, no. 3 (82), pp. 71-82. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope320187182.
7. Grachev M. A., Ryaboy E. S. (2020). Changes in the status of the Russian language in the Republic of Moldova: internal observations and from the outside, Studia Germanica, Romanica et Comparatistica, vol. 16, no. 2 (48), pp. 55-63. (In Russ.).
8. Evdokimov A. N., Davydova T. A., Savkin D. A. (2020), Russian language in Central Asia: current state and prospects, Problemy" postsovetskogo prostranstva, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 373-388. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2020-7-3-373-388.
9. Ivanchenko V. S., Chimiris E. S. (2020), Russian language in the post-Soviet space as a factor of politics, Voprosy" politologii, vol. 10, no. 8 (60), pp. 2473-2486. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.35775/PSI.2020.60.8.012.
10. Ikilikyan S. G. (2017), The role of the Russian language in the formation of the all-Russian identity, Izvestiya vysshixuchebnyx zavedenij. Severo-Kavkazskij region. Obshhestvenny"e nauki, no. 3 (195), pp. 14-18. (In Russ.).
11. Karapetyan E. A. (2016), The role of the Russian language in intercultural dialogue in the postSoviet space, Dialogue ethics. Materials of the international scientific and practical conference, (ed.) Yu. P. Vetrov, Armavir, Armavir State Pedagogical University, pp. 49-52. (In Russ.).
12. Karapetyan E. A. (2016), Russian language in the system of intercivilizational ties in the postSoviet space, Problems of civilizational development of Russia: nature, factors and solutions. Materials of the I International scientific-practical conference of students, graduate students, teachers, Armavir Mechanics and Technology Institute (branch) of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kuban State Technological University", Department of Humanities, Armavir, Armavir State Pedagogical University, pp. 59-63. (In Russ.).
13. Krasnov L. N. (2017), Transformation of the political and legal status of the Russian language in the Republic of Moldova in the context of the Transnistrian conflict, Evrazijskij Soyuz: voprosy mezhdunarodnyx otnoshenij, no. 1 (19), pp. 40-45. (In Russ.).
14. Letnyakov D. E. (2016), Language policy and language identity in the post-Soviet space: the case of the Russian language, Culture. Politics. Understanding (philosophical and political problems of identity: Russia and the modern world). Materials of the IV international scientific conference, Belgorod, pp. 68-76. (In Russ.).
15. Maksimova S. G., Shermatova S. N., Omelchenko D. A., Noyanzina O. E. (2018), Migration activity of the Russian-speaking population and the functioning of the Russian language in member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Society and Security Insights, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 151-171. (In Russ.).
16. Manaev A. S. (2012), Russian language and legislation of the Baltic countries, Nauchno-analiticheskij zhurnal Obozrevatel" — Observer, no. 9 (272), pp. 52-60. (In Russ.).
17. Manakov A. G., Danilkina N. V. (2020), Russian linguistic space as a reflection of the processes of ethnocultural transformation of territories within a single state, Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo obshhestva, vol. 152, no. 6, pp. 3-15. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31857/S086960712006004X.
18. Manakov A. G. (2020), Territorial differences in the share of Russians in the post-Soviet countries of Eastern Europe and the Baltic, Izvestiya Rossijskoj akademii nauk. Seriya geograficheskaya, no. 2, pp. 179-190. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587556620020090.
19. Mitrofanova I. V., Sushchiy S. Ya. (2017), Russians in Ukraine: geodemographic results of the post-Soviet period and medium-term prospects, Sociologicheskie issledovaniya, no. 8 (401), pp. 4558. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.7868/S0132162517080050.
20. Molodov O. B. (2016), Russian language as a means of communication in the countries of the Great Silk Road (on the example of Central Asia), International symposium on "Culture dialogue of the silk road countries", Atatürk Üniversitesi, pp. 397-400. (In Russ.).
21. Molodov O. B. (2015), Formation of a new ethnolinguistic space of the countries of Central Asia, Eurasian paradigm of Russia: values, ideas, practice. Materials of the international scientific conference dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the Buryat State University, (eds.) V. V. Bashkeeva, M. V. Badmaeva, Ulan-Ude, Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat State University, pp. 47-50. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.18101/978-5-9793-0814-2-47-50.
22. Mukash uulu T. (2019), Integration of the Russian language in Kyrgyzstan, Vestnik Mezhdunarodnogo Universiteta Kyrgyzstana, no. 1 (38), pp. 70-72. (In Russ.).
23. Raina O. V., Khmelevsky M. S. (2019), The language situation in modern Ukraine: official policy and reality, Actual problems of modern science. Collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the International Scientific and Methodological Conference, Vladikavkaz, pp. 245-251. (In Russ.).
24. Samsonov N. G. (2006), Russian language in the CIS and Baltic countries, Vestnik Yakutskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 67-73. (In Russ.).
25. Starichyonok V. D. (2012), Russian language in Belarus: state, prospects, Slovo.ru: baltij skij akcent, no. 2, pp. 76-80. (In Russ.).
26. Surma I. V. (2015), Common information space of the CIS: 20 years later, Voprosy" bezopasnosti, no. 5, pp. 41-58. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.7256/2409-7543.2015.5.17473.
27. Tagaev M. D. (2015), Bilingual linguistic consciousness and types of linguistic personalities, Vestnik Kemerovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 4-4 (64), pp. 224-228. (In Russ.).
28. Tertree D. (2017), Russian question in the post-Soviet period, Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Istoriya, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 43-56. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2017.104.
29. Tishkov V. A. (2008), Russian language and Russian-speaking population in the CIS and Baltic countries, Vestnik Rossijskoj akademii nauk, vol. 78, no. 5, pp. 415-422. (In Russ.).
30. Todorova I. D. (2019), Specificity of the Russian language in the post-Soviet states, Bi-, poly-, translinguism and language education. Materials of the V International Scientific and Practical Conference under the auspices of MAPRYAL, comp. U. M. Bakhtikireeva, Moscow, RUDN, pp. 148-152. (In Russ.).
31. Filimonov G. Yu. (2012), Topical issues of the formation of the Russian potential of "soft power", Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby" narodov. Seriya: Politologiya, no. 1, pp. 67-82. (In Russ.).
32. Khudorenko E. A. (2020), Language policy of Russia in the context of Eurasian integration, Politicheskaya nauka, no. 2, pp. 163-182. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.31249/poln/2020.02.08.
33. Tsyryapkina Yu. N. (2013), The Russian-speaking population of the Tashkent region in the conditions of the "nationalizing state" (for example, the city of Angren), Izvestiya Altajskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 4-2 (80), pp. 98-103. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.14258/izvasu (2013)4.2-20.
34. Fierman W. (2016), Trends of language use in prestige domainsin Post-Soviet Central Asia, Alatoo Academic Studies, no. 1, pp. 35-42.
35. Khmelevskij M. S., Raina O. V. (2019), The Russian language in modern Central and Eastern Ukraine, Ethnopedagogical guidelines in a multicultural educational environment as the basis for the formation of ethnic tolerance. Collection of scientific articles based on the results of the International Scientific and Practical Conference, Cheboksary, September 27-28, 2019, (eds.) S. L. Mikheeva, O. A. Dimitrieva, Cheboksary, Chuvash State Pedagogical University, pp. 47-52.
36. Manakov A. G. (2019), Spatial patterns in the transformation of the ethnic structure of the Russian population between the 1959 and 2010 censuses, Geography and Natural Resources, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 106-114. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1875372819020021.
37. Maximova S., Noyanzina O., Omelchenko D., Maximova M. (2018), The Russian-speakers in the CIS countries: migration activity and preservation of the Russian language, MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 212, art. no. 010005, 11 p.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821210005.
38. Sokolova E. O. (2018), The position of the Russian-speaking population and the status of Russian language in Baltic States, Azimuth of Scientific Research: Economics and Administration, vol. 7, no. 2 (23), pp. 415-419.
39. Zakirov A., Tashtemirov I. (2020), Sociolinguistic processes in modern Kyrgyzstan: monitoring and dynamics of development of languages after gaining independence, Alatoo Academic Studies, no. 2 (2), pp. 124-132. https://doi.org/10.17015/aas.2020.202.14.
Russian as a native language in the post-Soviet space in comparison with the results of the 1989 census
Andrei Manakov
Pskov State University Russian Federation, Pskov
Abstract
In the post-Soviet period, there was a significant narrowing of the Russian language distribution space. The aim of the study is to identify the changes that have taken place since the collapse of the Soviet Union at the level of the post-Soviet countries in the number and proportion of people who named Russian their native language. The novelty of this study is based on the level of regions in the post-Soviet space and the analysis of the dynamics of such indicators as to the share of the non-Russian population, who named Russian their native language. Almost all post-Soviet states experienced a decrease in the number and share of the Russian-speaking population. Currently, the minimum indicators of the proportion of Russians and Russian-speaking people are characterized by the states of Transcaucasia, as well as Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. The biggest losses in the post-Soviet period of both the Russian and Russian-speaking population, in relative terms, were experienced by Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. A special dynamics of these indicators have developed in two states — in the Republic of Belarus and Ukraine. In these countries, the part of the biethnic population that adopted the identity of the titular ethnic group retained the Russian language. Russian, for example, has declined more rapidly in Ukraine than in the categories of people who consider Russian as their native language, and this has led to a decline in the number and share of the Russian population. The situation in the Republic of Belarus, which is unique in the post-Soviet space, was the result of the 1995 referendum that established the status of the state language for Russian. As a result, along with the decrease in the Russian population in the Republic of Belarus, there has been a significant increase in the category of citizens who named Russian their native language.
Keywords: Russian language space, post-Soviet countries, Russian share, Russian-speaking, biethnofory
Date of publication: 28.06.2021 Citation link:
Manakov A. Russian as a native language in the post-Soviet space in comparison with the results of the 1989 census // Pskov region studies journal. - 2021. - Issue 2 (46) C. 79-98 [Electronic resource]. URL: https://prj.pskgu.ru/s221979310013894-6-1/ (circulation date: 10.11.2021). DOI: 10.37490/S221979310013894-6
Код пользователя: 0; Дата выгрузки: 10.11.2021; URL - http://prj.pskgu.ru/s221979310013894-6-1/ Все права защищены.
